1、人教必修 61Unit 1A Short History of Western Painting西方绘画艺术简史Unit 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTINGArt is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As(因为) there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of
2、 them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artist of this period was
3、 not interested in showing nature and people as(正如) they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of (充满了) religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to
4、 paint religious scenes in a more realistic way. The Renaissance(15th to 16th century) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time pa
5、inters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich 人教必修 62people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, t
6、heir houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that(相信) they were loo
7、king through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence(偶然), oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without
8、the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century) In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal(很多，表程度), from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. M
9、any people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes also led to(导致) new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from(脱离) the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris. The Impressionists were
10、 the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to (渴望做)show how light and shadow fell on objects 人教必修 63at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At
11、first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about (对生气)it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous. Modern Art(29th century to today) At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are a
12、ccepted as (作为被接受) the beginning of what we call “modern art“. This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of(几十种) modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. On the one hand, s
13、ome modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to(打算做) paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that the
14、y look like photographs. These styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future? 西方艺术风格变化较大，而中国艺术风格变化较小。人们的生活方式和信仰影响了艺术。中国和欧洲不同，生活方式在长时间里相似。西方艺术丰富多人教必修 64彩，仅凭一篇短短的课文难以描述全面。所以，本篇课文仅描述了从公元 5世纪开始的几种主要风格。中世纪（公元 5 世纪到 15 世纪）在中世纪，画家的主要任务是表现宗教主题。艺术家们并没有把兴趣放在呈现人和自然的真
15、实面貌上，而是着力于体现对上帝的爱戴和敬重。因此，这段时期的绘画充满着宗教的信条。到 13 世纪时，情况已经开始发生变化，像乔托这样的画家以比较现实的风格来画宗教场景。文艺复兴时期（15 世纪到 16 世纪）在文艺复兴时期，新的思想和价值观取代了中世纪的那一套，人们开始更关心人而不是宗教。画家们回到了罗马、希腊的艺术理论上。他们尽力地画出人和自然的真实面貌。富人们想为自己的宫殿和豪宅收藏艺术品，他们高价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画画，画自己的房屋和其他财物，画他们的活动，画他们的成就。在这个阶段，最重要的发现之一是如何用透视法来画出事物的形象。在1428 年，马萨乔成为第一个在绘画中使用透视方法的
16、人，当人们第一次看到他的画时，还以为是透过墙上的小孔，来观看真实的情景，并对此深信不疑。如果没有透视法，人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画，在文艺复兴时期，油画也得到了发展，它使得色彩看上去更丰富，更深沉。印象派时期（19 世纪后期到 20 世纪初期）19 世纪后期，欧洲发生了巨大的变化，从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为主的社会。许多人从农村迁入城市。有着大量的新发明，还有许多社会变革。这些变革也自然而然地导致了绘画风格上的变化。那些打破传统画法的人有在巴黎生活和工作的印象派画家。人教必修 65印象派画家是第一批室外写生的艺术家。他们想把一天中不同时间投射到物体上的光线和阴影画出来。由于自然光的变化
17、很快，所以，印象派画家必须很快地作画。因此，他们的画就不像以前那些画家的画那样细致了，起初，多数人都看不惯这种新式画法，甚至还非常生气。他们说这些画家作画时心不在焉，粗枝大叶，他们的作品更是荒唐。现代艺术（20 世纪至今）在印象派作品的创建初期，他们存在争议。但是，现在已经被人们接受，并且成为现在所说的“现代艺术”的始祖。如今，现代艺术已有几十多种，如果没有印象派艺术，也就没有那么多不同的风格，印象派画家帮助艺术家们用新的方法来观察环境和艺术。有些现代艺术是抽象的，也就是说，画家并不打算把我们的眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来，而是集中体现某些物体的某些品质和特征，用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。
18、另一方面，有些现代派的艺术作品太逼真了，看上去就像一张照片。预言将来艺术的风格倒是很有意思的。The Best of Manhattans Art Galleries曼哈顿艺术画廊荟萃弗里克收藏馆位于第五大道和麦迪逊大道之间许多艺术爱好者都认为这个收藏馆是纽约最好的一家小型艺术陈列馆。亨利克莱弗里克是纽约的一位富豪。他去世于 1919 年，他把他的家具、房子和艺术收藏品都捐献给了美国人民。在这个陈列馆里，你不仅看到 20 世纪以前的西方绘画的珍藏品，而且，你还能浏览弗里克的美丽的故居。在这个漂亮的公寓里，花园也是很值得一看的。古根海姆博物馆人教必修 66第 5 大道和第 88 街交汇处 这家博
19、物馆拥有 5， 000 幅现代油画、雕塑和素描。这些艺术品并不是同时展出的，展品总是在不断地更换。所收藏的艺术品中大部分是印象派和后印象派的作品。古根海姆博物馆的大楼是世界闻名的。当你走进画廊的时候，你会觉得你进入了一个巨大的白色贝壳之中。看画展最好是从顶层看起，一直往下看到底层。展厅里没有楼梯，只有一条环行的小道。博物馆里还有一家极好的餐馆。（纽约）大都会艺术博物馆第 5 大道与第 82 街交汇处 这家博物馆是美国收藏艺术品最多的一家，它的艺术品收藏涵盖了 5，000多年来世界上众多国家的文明史，其中包括美洲、欧洲、中国、埃及、非洲和南美洲。这家博物馆展出的不仅仅只是艺术，它还给你介绍了古代
20、的生活方式。你可以看到埃及的寺庙，明朝的御花园，18 世纪法国豪宅中的住房，以及许多其他特殊展品。现代艺术博物馆第 53 街（位于第 5 和第 6 大道之间）令人惊奇的是，在同一博物馆里竟能容纳下 19 世纪后期到 21 世纪的如此众多的名家巨作。西方艺术的收藏包括有莫奈、凡高、毕加索和马蒂斯等著名艺术家的作品。有几句话需要提醒你注意：博物馆票价不菲，常常拥挤。惠特尼美国艺术博物馆麦迪逊大道 945 号（靠近第 75 街）惠特尼博物馆藏有极好的当代美国画和雕塑品。馆内没有永久性的展出，展品都是随时更换的。惠特尼博物馆每两年有一次特殊的展览，展品是仍然在世的人教必修 67画家们的新作。这家博物馆
21、还展出当代影视艺术家的录像和电影作品。A few simple forms of English poems英语诗歌的几种简单形式Unit 2 A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMS 简体英文诗There are various reasons (why people write poetry)定从. 人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。 Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way (that will give the reader a strong impression)定从. 有些诗是为了叙事，或者
22、说是描述某件事并给读者以强烈的印象。 Others try to convey certain emotions. 而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情。Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves. 诗人用许多不同风格的诗来表达自己的情感。In this text, however, we will look at a few of the simpler forms. 本文只谈了几种格式比较简单的诗。Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is
23、nursery rhymes. 孩子们最早学习的英文诗是童谣。 These rhymes like the one on the right (A) are still a common type of childrens poetry. 像右边的这首童谣（A ）至今仍然是常见的。 The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. 童谣的语言具体但富有想象力，这使得小孩子
24、们快乐，因为它们押韵，节奏感强，并较多重复。The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. 童谣不一定有什么意义，甚至有的看来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学，也容易背诵。By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language. 通人教必修 68过童谣中的文字游戏，孩子们学习了语言。（ A）Hush, little baby, dont say a word,小宝宝
25、，别说话，Papas going to buy you a mockingbird.爸爸给你买个小嘲鸟。If that mockingbird wont sing,小嘲鸟，不会唱， Papas going to buy you a diamond ring.爸爸给你买个钻石戒。If that diamond ring turns to brass,钻石戒，变成铜，Papas going to buy you a looking-glass.爸爸给你买个小镜子。If that looking-glass gets broke,小镜子，打破了，Papas going to buy you a bi
26、lly-goat.爸爸给你买个小山羊。If that billy-goat runs away,小山羊，跑掉了。Papas going to buy you another today.爸爸今天再去给你买一只。One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that list things.像（B）和（ C）这样的列举事物的清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种。List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and
27、 a rhythm to the poem.清单诗可长可短，可以重复一些短语，较为灵活。形成固定句型和诗的节奏。Some rhyme (like B) while others do not (like C).有些清单诗有韵脚（如 B）,但有一些没有（如 C） 。（B ）I saw a fish- pond all on fire 我看到鱼塘在燃烧I saw a fish-pond all on fire,我看到鱼塘在燃烧，I saw a house bow to a squire,我看到房子向地主哈腰，I saw a person twelve-feet high,我看到人高一丈八，人教必修
28、 69I saw a cottage in the sky,我看到茅屋在天郊。I saw a balloon made of lead,我看到气球用铅做，I saw a coffin drop down dead,我看到棺材把死人抛。I saw two sparrows run a race,我看到两只麻雀在赛跑，I saw two horses making lace,我看到两匹马儿绣花包。I saw a girl just like a cat,我看到姑娘像只猫，I saw a kitten wear a hat,我看到小猫带花帽。I saw a man who saw these too
29、,我看到有人在一旁瞄，And said though strange they all were true.虽奇怪，但也把实情报。（C）Our first football match 我们的第一场球赛We would have won .我们本来会得冠军 if Jack had scored that goal,如果杰克踢进了那个球，if wed had just a few more minutes,如果我们还有几分钟，if we had trained harder,如果我们训练的更严格，if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,如果本把球传给了乔，if wed
30、 had thousands of fans screaming,如果有大批球迷助威，if I hadnt taken my eye off the ball,如果我死死盯住球，if we hadnt stayed up(熬夜 ) so late the night before,如果我们头晚不熬夜，if we hadnt taken it easy（放轻松） ,如果我们没有放松警惕，if we hadnt run out of (用尽 )energy.如果我们没有精疲力竭，We would have won .我们本来是会的冠军的 人教必修 610if wed been better!如果我
31、们能干的更好！Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of five lines.另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的，叫做五行诗。 With these, students can convey a strong picture in just a few words. 用五行诗，学生可以用少量的词语传递一幅动人的画面。Look at the examples (D and E) on the top of the next page.请看下一页上
32、端的 D 和 E 两个例子。（D）Brother 兄弟Beautiful, athletic 爱美，又爱运动Teasing, shouting, laughing 爱闹，爱叫，又爱笑Friend and enemy too 是我的朋友Mine 也是我的敌人（E ）Summer 夏天Sleepy, salty 困乏，咸涩Drying, drooping, dreading 干涸，枯萎，恐怖Week in, week out 周而复始Endless 永无止境Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of (=consist of 由组成) 17 syllables.俳句诗（Haiku）是一种日本诗，由 17 个音节组成。It is not a traditional form of English poetry, but is very popular with (受到欢
