1、高考英语核心语法学案:情态动词情态动词表示说话人的语气和情绪,本身词义不全,不能单独作谓语,后面必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化,有的情态动词有过去式。常见的情态动词有 can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare, used to 等。一、情态动词的基本用法(一)can, could 的用法【完成例句】 (1)他妈妈会说法语。His mother can / could speak French. 【结论 1】表示体力或脑力(知识、技能)所产
2、生的能力。【翻译句子】 (2)Man can / could not live without air. 人没有空气不能呼吸。【结论 2】 表示客观的可能性。【翻译句子】 (3)Could you wait a few days for the money?钱你可以再等几天吗?(4)Could you be here at eight oclock tomorrow morning?你能明天早上 8 点钟到这儿吗?【结论 3】表示请求、建议,用 could 比 can 语气更委婉(回答用原形) 。【翻译句子】 (5)Could / Can I borrow your reference boo
3、ks?我可以借下你的参考书吗?(6)You can smoke in the entrance hall. 你可以在入口大厅抽烟。【结论 4】表示允许、许可,用 could 比 can 更委婉客气。【疑难 1】Can it be true?You cant be serious!Oh, dear, what on earth can this mean?【疑难剖析 1】 否定句、疑问句和感叹句中, can 表示怀疑、惊异、不相信的态度。【疑难 2】They were able to put out the fire without any help from the firefighters.
4、 【疑难剖析 2】 表示“经过努力后终于能”,用 be able to。【疑难 3】You can not be too careful. 【疑难剖析 3】惯用形式“can not (cant)too / over / enough”表示“无论怎么也不( 过分)” ,用来加强语气。【疑难 4】I couldnt but choose to wait. 【疑难剖析 4】 cannot but do sth. 不得不;只好(二)may, might 的用法【例句观察】 May I ask you a question?Might I close the window? You mustnt spe
5、ak like that to your mother.【结论 1】 表示允许、请求。 Might I ? 比 May I ? 语气更委婉和有礼貌。【翻译句子】(7) He might come tomorrow. 他可能明天来。(8) He may be very busy these days. 他这些天可能很忙。【结论 2】表示可能性,表示 “或许,大概”。用于肯定句或否定句中,用 might 比 may 语气更加不肯定。【疑难 1】Study hard that you may work better in the future. They set out early so that
6、they might arrive in time.【疑难剖析 1】用于目的状语从句中,含 “为了” 或“ 以便”之意。【疑难 2】If that is the case, we may as well try. Now that they were all here, she might as well speak her mind. 【疑难剖析 2】 惯用形式 may (might)as well动词原形:不妨做 【疑难 3】May you succeed!May the friendship between us last forever!【疑难剖析 3】表示祝愿。(不用 might)采
7、用部分倒装语序:may 主语动词原形(三)must,have to 的用法【完成例句】 (9)所有人必须遵守条例。Everybody must obey the rules. (10)不准你和你妈妈那样说话。You mustnt speak like that to your mother.【结论 1】must 表示“必须”。强调主观看法,只有现在时形式,否定式是 must not (mustnt),表示“禁止” , “不准”。【翻译句子】(11)走了很远的路你一定饿了。You must be hungry after the long walk.【结论 2】must 表示有把握的推测,意为“
8、一定,肯定”,用于肯定句中。【翻译句子】(12 )因为他的腿断了,他不得不躺在床上。As he had broken his leg, he had to lie in bed. 【结论 3】have to 表示“必须,不得不”,着重强调客观需要,能用于更多时态(过去式和将来式)。【疑难】 How old are you, madam? If you must know, Im twice my sons age. 【疑难剖析】 must 有“偏要、硬要”之意。(四)will, would 的用法【例句观察】 I will do my best to help you. 我会尽力帮你的。He
9、said that they would help us. 他说他们会帮助我们的。【结论 1】用于各种人称,表示意志或决心。 will 指现在,would 则指过去。【完成例句】(13)你可以教我怎样驾车吗?Would you teach me how to drive a car?(14)当你看见他能给他捎个便条吗?Will you please give him a message when you see him?【结论 2】用于第二人称的疑问句中表示有礼貌的询问和请求,would 比 will 更委婉。【完成例句】(15)鱼没水就会死。 Fish will die without wa
10、ter. (16)星期天当他在北京的时候就会来看我。He would come to see me on Sunday when he was in Beijing. 【结论 3】表示习惯性、经常性、倾向性,意为 “总是”, “惯于”。 will 指现在,would 是指过去。【疑难 1】That will be the man you want to see. Perhaps she would be willing to meet us. 【疑难剖析 1】表示说话人的推测,意为 “大概,也许”。would 的肯定性不如 will 强,语气比较弱。【疑难 2】 That will do. T
11、he machine wont work. He tried the door again, but it wouldnt open 【疑难剖析 2】. 表示功能,译作 “能”或“行”。【疑难 3】would 与 used to 的区别:We would sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去常有的习惯,但言下之意是现在可能还有这样的习惯。)We used to sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去常有的习惯,但言下之意是现在没有这样的习
12、惯了。)There used to be a park here. 【疑难剖析 3】 used to 表示过去的某种习惯,现在已经没那样的习惯了;would 表示过去有某种习惯,现在可能还有。表示过去的状态,只能用 used to,不能用 would。(五)shall, should, ought to 的用法【翻译句子】(17)我可以把灯关掉吗?Shall I turn off the light?【结论 1】shall 用于第一、第三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见。【翻译句子】(18) You should keep your promise. 你应该信守诺言。【结论 2】sho
13、uld 意为“应该”,表义务、责任,也可表示劝告、建议。 【翻译句子】(19)妈妈现在应该回来啦。Mother should be back by now.【结论 3】 should 表示按常规、常理推测,意为 “可能” 或“ 应该”。【翻译句子】(20) I should think you are mistaken. 我倒认为你是错的。【结论 4】提出意见、建议时,可用 should 表示委婉、谦逊的语气,意为“可”, “倒是”。【翻译句子】(21)你应该在回家前完成作业。You ought to finish your work before you go home.【结论 5】ough
14、t to 表示责任和义务“应该”,语气比 should 强;还可表推测。例如:You have practiced for a long time. There ought to be no difficulty for you. 【疑难 1】You shall go with me. You shall not leave your post. 【疑难剖析 1】shall 用于第二、第三人称作主语的陈述句中,表示说话人的决心、意志、许诺、命令、警告、威胁等。【疑难 2】Why should you be so late?你今天来得怎么这么晚?How should I know?我怎会知道!(
15、意为:我不知道。 )【疑难剖析 2】Why / How should 结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思,意为“竟会” 。(六)need 的用法【例句观察】 You neednt water the tomato plants now. Need he come now? Yes, he must. / No, he neednt. / he doesnt have to. 【结论 1】need 作情态动词表示“需要”, “必要” 。通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句中,且只有现在时,其他时态用“have to”的相应形式代替。【翻译句子】(22) The house needs
16、repairing. The house needs to be repaired. 房子需要修理。【结论 2】need 还可以用作行为动词,其变化和一般的动词相同。若主语为动作承受者时用动词主动形式表示被动意义或用不定式的被动形式。【疑难 1】Must I finish my homework now? No, you neednt. 【疑难剖析 1】 “Must?”一般疑问句的否定回答要用: No, sb. neednt. (七)dare 的用法【翻译句子】(23) She dare not go there.她不敢去那儿。(24) How dare she do such a thing
17、?她怎敢做那样的事情? 【结论 1】 dare 作情态动词表示“敢于”用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。【翻译句子】(25) I dare say he is right.我想他大概是对的吧。Theyve lived here since 2008.【结论 2】 惯用短语“I dare say”意为“我想,大概”。 【翻译句子】(26) 你敢往海里跳吗?Do you dare to jump into the ocean?(27) 我不敢问她。I dont dare (to) ask her.【结论 3】dare 还可以用作行为动词,其变化与一般动词相同。 (在否定句中时,dare 后的“to动词
18、原形” 可以省略 to)。二、情态动词的特殊用法情态动词除各自有自己的词义外,还可以表示猜测和责备(虚拟) 等意义。情态动词表推测用法 can / must / may / should 这四个情态动词可以用于推测,可以对现在状态、现在正在进行的动作、过去已经发生的动作或对将来发生的动作进行推测。(一)对现在状态、现在正在进行的动作的推测,用“情态动词动词原形”结构。1. can【完成例句】(28) He is in hospital. He cant be at school.他在住院,他不可能在校学习。(29)英语课开始了,他们不可能在打网球。English class has begun
19、. They can not be playing tennis now. 【结论 1】否定句:意为“ 不可能”。【完成例句】(30) Can he have been to America?他会不会去过美国? 【结论 2】疑问句:意为“ 会不会”。2. may【完成例句】(31)他有辆车,他可能坐车来,但我不确定。He has a car. He may come by car, but I am not sure. (32)他们在上体育课。男孩们可能正在打球。They are having PE. Boys may be playing basketball.【结论 1】肯定句:意为“ 也
20、许,可能”(might 的可能性更小 )【完成例句】(33)没有人来接电话,他可能不在家。No one comes to answer the phone. He may not be at home.【结论 2】否定句:意为“ 也许不 / 没有,可能不 / 没有 ” (注意与 cant 否定猜测时意思的对比)。3. must【完成例句】(34)地面是湿的,昨天晚上肯定下过雨。The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 【结论】只能用于“肯定句” 表示猜测,意为:“ 肯定,必定”(I am sure that)4. should, ou
21、ght to 【例句观察】 Its spring now. It should be warm. 现在是春天了,应该暖和点了。The new coat ought to be ready on Thursday. 新外套到礼拜四应该能准备好了。【结论】 肯定句 “理应,应当”(按常规、常理、风俗习惯等进行推测) 。 (二)对过去所发生的事情的推测,用“情态动词完成式”结构。【完成例句】(35)房间里没有灯光,他们肯定已经上床睡觉了。Theres no light in the room. They must have gone to bed.【结论 1】must have done 一定做过某
22、事。【完成例句】(36)他昨天不可能住酒店,他住在我家。He couldnt have lived in the hotel because he stayed with me in my house. 【结论 2】can have done / cannot have done 表示对过去所发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定,通常用在否定句和疑问句中。【翻译句子】(37)你本来可以把工作做得更好一些的。You could have done the work better.【结论 3】 could have done 本来可以做而实际上未做。【完成例句】(38)他也许可以给你更多的帮助,尽管他很忙。H
23、e might have given you more help, even though he was very busy. 【结论 4】may / might have done 也许 / 或许已经;本来可能(但实际上没有发生);本来应该或可以做某事(含有轻微的责备语气 )。【翻译句子】(39)你本应该更加仔细地做这个练习。You should / ought to have done the exercise more carefully. 【结论 5】should / ought to have done本来应该做而实际上未做。(有“弦外之音,言外之意”。事实上,动作在过去并未发生过。
24、)而 ought not to have done; shouldnt have done 表示“ 本来不应该做而实际上做了 ”。【完成例句】(40)你本来不必来校上课,因为今天是星期天。Today is Sunday. You neednt have come to school for lessons.【结论 6】neednt have done 本来没必要做而实际上做了。【疑难 1】You must go now, neednt you?You mustnt smoke here, must / may you?【疑难剖析 1】当 must 作“必须” 意义时,其反义部分用 neednt;当含有 mustnt 时,其反意部分用 must / may。【疑难 2】You must be hungry now, arent you?You must have heard about it, havent you?You must have watched that football match last night, didnt you?【疑难剖析 2】当情态动词表推测时,反义部分的动词形式根据情态动词后面所隐含的时间来确定。