1、一、写作 （一）存在问题1.不会写 所谓不会写指的是，当考试拿过一篇文章不知如何下手，不知如何提笔进行写作。笔者认为主要是存在以下两个原因：一是考生的确无话可说；二是心里虽然有话，但是拿捏不准该写哪句为妙。于是思前想后、犹豫不决，始终不敢提笔进行写作。 2.写不好 所谓写不好就是，拿过作文题，没有明确的写作思路，不按套路出牌；或是简单汉语逻辑思维写作，不符合英语写作标准，近而没有文采。原因在于：第一是平时没有养成良好的写作习惯；第二对于英语写作的句式特点以及整体文章结构框架不了解。 （二）解决办法第一，首先必须熟悉英语四级写作具体要求。英语四级考试要求考生在30分钟内写出120字的文章。体材主
2、要有议论文（分为“Topic 题型”和 A&B 又称“ 正反观点题”）应用文（主要是书信） 、图表文等。针对不同的体裁，写作思路是不同的。比如，以议论文举例来说： 1.议论文写作思路 第 2 页2.议论文分类：阐述主题型作文(Topic)；正反观点型作文(A&B)3.阐述主题型作文写作：（这类题型作文要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述） 4. 正反观点型作文 (A&B)（这类题型作文通常从正反两方面来分别论述，最后得出你自己的结论。采用论点加论据写作形式。 ） 第二，熟悉英语写作的几个重要概念。1.英语文章段落结构特点英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构成：主题句+扩展句+结尾句 (
3、1)主题句：所谓主题句，就是英语文章段落的中心思想句。它是英语文章段落的灵魂，在英语文章段落中居于主导地位。我们都知道英语文章一般喜欢开门见山，所以主题句一般位于英语文章段落的句首。其他句子都要围绕它而展开。 (2)扩展句：所谓扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证的句子。通常我们写扩展句所采用的方法是举例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that-)、列数据(according to the recent study/survey,-)等。 第 3 页(3)结尾句：所谓结尾句就是总结句。英语写作也类似于汉语写作，最后
4、再把自己本段落的写作目的陈述一下。但是在英语写作中结尾句毕竟还是少数。 因此我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构 60%-70%都是由主题句 +扩展句构成。2.主旨句作为主旨句就是英语文章的中心思想句。英语文章一般首先用一句话概括一下作者的写作目的或意图，我们就把这句话称之为主旨句。没有受过写作训练的考生是不会写主旨句的。因此这样的文章就不能够称之为好的英语文章，自然也得不到阅卷人的青睐了。 第三，学会遣词造句。1.遣词： (1)词汇等级所谓词汇的等级就是，我们在写作的过程中，如果想出一个基本词汇来之后，能够在这个基本词汇的基础上把它在提升一下，也就是我们一般写作所提倡的用“难词”。比如，我们一提到
5、“重要的” ，大多数同学首先会想到“ important”这个单词，那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词：significant, vital, main, basilica, crucial, momentous etc (2)词汇准确性 第 4 页所谓词汇的准确性是指，我们在有一个词近而想到它的同义词之后，要结合语境选择恰当的用词。在这里必须指明的是，并不是词汇等级越高越好，必须还要考虑到适合于不同的语境。比如，眼睛大，这个“大的”形容词，我们首先会想到 big,近而想到 great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc。那么是不是用后面的
6、词就可以了呢？或者说用上 enormous 等词更能博得阅卷人的好感呢？答案是否定的。在这里很明显用后面的词来修饰眼睛是不可以，只能用 big，因为我们听过一首英文歌曲叫做 “I am a big big girl, in a big big world.”big 表示眼睛大而迷人可爱的。2.造句： (1)词组 很多考生平时写作不太擅长用词组，对于他们而言最习惯的就是想到汉语，然后对应汉语思维写出英语句子，这种写作只能是单词的罗列组合，谈不上什么技巧文采可言，因此，写出来的文章必然就是所谓平淡如流水，没有英语的味道。如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同
7、，更具有英语的味道。比如上面所说的“重要的” 这个单词，当我们想到 important 的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到“be of importance”。因为，语法中规定：形容词等于 of 加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in-”。很多同学说自己的文章凑不够字数或是没有文采，那么采用词组进行写作是不是就可以解决以上问题了呢？第 5 页四级写作 2011 四级考试写作备考：高分句型1. It 作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型She had said what it was necessary t
8、o say.2. 强调句型It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us.3. “All+抽象名词“或“ 抽象名词+itself“(very+形容词)He was all gentleness to her.4. 利用词汇重复表示强调A crime is a crime a crime.5. “something(much)of“和“nothing(little)of“something of“相当于“to some extent“，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为 “anything of“，可译为“ 有点“，“
9、略微等。“译为毫无“，“ 全无“。“much of“译为“大有“ ，“not much of“可译为“算不上“ ，“称不上“，“little of“可译为“几乎无“ 。something like 译为“ 有点像，略似。 “They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar.6. 同格名词修饰是指 of 前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物， “of“以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰“of“后面的那个名词。如“her old sharper of a father“，可
10、译为：“她那骗子般的父亲“ 。Those pigs of girls eat so much.7. asascan(may)beIt is as plain as plain can be.8. “It is in(with)as in(with)“It is in life as in a journey.9. “as good as“相等于，就像，几乎如；实际上，其实，实在。The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him.10.“many as wellas“和“might as well a
11、s“ “many第 6 页as wellas“可译为 “与其，不如，更好“，“以这样做为宜“，“ 如同，也可以“等等。“might as wellas“表示不可能的事，可译为“犹如“ ，“可与一样荒唐“，“与其那样不如这样的好“等等。One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.11.“to makeof“的译法(使成为，把当作)I will make a scientist of my son.12. oo+不定式“，not(never)too+不定式“，“toonot+不定式She is too angry t
12、o speak.13. only(not, all, but, never) too to do so 和“too ready (apt) + to do“结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是“not“，“all“but 等字后+“tooto ，“不定式都失去了否定意义，在“too ready(apt) +to do“结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。You know but too yell to hold your tongue.14. “no more than“句型A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul
13、 is a man.15. “not so muchas“和“not so much as “结构，“not so muchas“=“not so much as “，其中 as 有进可换用 but rather，可译为：“ 与其说是 毋须说是“。而“not so much as“=“without(not)even，“可译为“甚至还没有“。The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.16. “Nothing is morethan“和“Nothing is so as“结构，“Nothing is morethan“和“Not
14、hing is so as“都具有最高级比较的意思，“Nothing I“可换用“no“，“nobody“ ，“nowhere“，“little“，“few“ ，“hardly“，“scarcely“等等，可译为“没有 比更为 “，“像再没有了“，“最“等。Nothing is more precious than time.17. “cannottoo“结构,“cannottoo“意为“It is impossible to overdo“或者，即“无论怎样也不算过分“。“not“可换用“hardly“，“scarcely“等，“too“ 可换用“enough“ ，“sufficient“等
15、。You cannot be too careful.18. “否定+but “结构，在否定词后面的“but“，具有“which not“，“who not“，“that not“ ，等等否定意义，构第 7 页成前后的双重否定。可译成“没有 不是“ 或“都“等。Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.1)Its well known to us that .2)As is known to us，.3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.4)From the graph(tab
16、le，chart)listed above ，it can be seen that .5)As aproverb says， “Where there is a will，there is a way.例如：As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is n
17、o longer an“ivory tower.As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.再如： Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opini
18、ons on it.4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient， possible)for sb.to do sth.2)We think it necessary to do sth.3)It plays an important role in our life.例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business.Soon， computers will be fo
19、und in every home，too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.5.表示措施1)We should take some effective measures.第 8 页2)We should try our best to overcome(con quer)the difficulties.3)We should do our utmos
20、t in doing sth.4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.6.表示变化1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.2)A great chang
21、e will certainly be produced in the worlds communications.3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.例如：Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain
22、to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins. 7.表示事实、现状1)We cannot ignore the fact that.2)No one can deny the fact that.3)There is no denying the fact that.4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.5)However，thats not the case.例如：We cannot ignore the fact tha
23、t industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve 第 9 页these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment8.表示比较1)Compared with A，B.2)I prefer to read rath
24、er than watch TV.3)There is a striking contrast between them.例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least，they contribute to peoples healt
25、h by giving them due physical exercise.新四六级备考专题：包含报考信息、四六级新题型介绍、四级满分牛人经验谈等9.表示数量1)It has increased(decreased)from.to.2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800，000.3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.例如：With the improvement of th
26、e living standard，the proportion of peoples income spent on food has dec reased while that spent on education has increased.再如：From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.注：“From the
27、 graph listed above， it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月 CET -4、6短文写作的第一段。10.表示看法第 10 页1)People have(take，adopt ，assume)different attitudes towards sth.2)People have different opinions on this problem.3)People take different views of(on)the question.4)Some people believe that.O
28、thers argue that.例如：People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category o
29、f losers.再如：Do“lucky numbers ”really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it.注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。11.表示结论1)In short，it can be said that.2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.3)From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that .例如：From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved.注：例句 1 可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句 3 则多用文章结论段的第一句。1. It 作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型She had said what it was necessary to say.2. 强调句型It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us.
