1、1713: A Year of Significance,HAN Qi(Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, CAS),Significant for What?,1)A Year of celebration: 60th birthday, 18th day of the 3rd month of 52th year of the Kangxi emperor 万寿盛典2)Establishment of the Academy of Mathematics (Suanxue guan，算学馆),What happened during
2、 the celebration?Who attended the celebration?What happened afterwards?Reconstruction of the Academy,Mathmaticiens du Roy,Jean de Fontaney (1643-1710), Joachim Bouvet (1656-1730), Claude de Visdelou (1656-1737), J.-F. Gerbillon (1654-1707)，Louis le Comte (1655-1728). Feb. 1688, arrival in Beijing1.
3、To glorify the French King. Padroado2. For the propagation of Gospel in China3. For the perfection of the arts and sciences,Astronomical instruments: Gifts for the emperor,浑天器两个、座子两个、象显器两个、双合象显器三个、看星千里镜两个、看星度器一个、看时辰铜圈三个、量天器一个、看天文时锥子五个，天文经书共六箱，西洋地理图五张，磁石一小箱，共计大中小三十箱。,The Emperors Tutors in Mathematic
4、s,ca.1689-1691, teaching of mathematics at court Tom Pereira (1645-1708) PortugueseAntoine Thomas (1644-1709) BelgianJ. Bouvet (1656-1730) French J.-F. Gerbillon (1654-1707) French,Mathematical translations,Gaston Ignace Pardies (1636-1673), Elemens de Geometrie, ou par une methode courte & aisee lo
5、n peut apprendre ce quil faut scavoir dEuclide, dArchimede, dApollonius, & les plus belles inventions des anciens & des nouveaux Geometres. (1671) Suanfa yuanben (book VII of Euclids Elements)Antoine Thomas, Synopsis mathematica complectens varios tractatus quos hujus scientiae tyronibus et missiona
6、riis Sinicae candidatis breviter et clare concinnavit P. Antonius Thomas e Societate Iesu (1685)算法纂要总纲algebra,Pardies Elemens de Geometrie (in Manchu),A preparation period?,ca. 1691-1713. Preparation of young mathematiciansKangxi emperor (1654-1722)Li Guangdi (1642-1718)Mei Wending (1633-1721),Drawi
7、ngs: 康熙南巡VS万寿盛典Grand tour of the South: visit of Observatory in Nanjing (1689)1）audiences with the missionaries2）exchanges of gifts,What happened before the celebration,Suggestions for the constructions of pavilions (万寿亭)Gathering of old people in Beijing,What happened during the celebration?,Drawin
8、gs: （From Changchunyuan to the Forbidden City）“普天欢庆”、“九州同庆”，“万寿无疆”，“甲子初周五十二年歌有道”、“山河永固六旬万寿庆无疆”（天地同春）。“四海欢腾”，“物阜民安”；“盛世昌期”Procedure of the celebration：典礼恩赉（加恩宗室、外藩、臣僚、耆旧、蠲赋、开科、赏兵、恤刑）庆祝（图画、图记、名山祝釐、大臣入觐、贡献）歌颂 宴会,Who attended the celebration?,皇子、大臣、南书房诸臣、词臣、武英殿诸臣、蒙养斋诸臣K. Stumpf (1655-1720), J. Suarez (1
9、656-1736), J. Bouvet, D. Parrenin (1665-1741)Officials of Qintianjian, 臧积德、何君锡，刘一葵About twenty Mathematicians from Mengyangzhai,What used as gifts for the Emperor?,1）paintings, porcelains, silks, books of the Song to Ming editions, vassels. 文房四宝2）Western scientific instruments,Gifts from the Jesuits
10、 and the Imperial Observatory,1)K. Stumpf, Suarez, Bouvet, Parrenin: 算法运轴一匣、大规矩一个、小规矩一套、葡萄酒一箱、鼻烟二瓶、玫瑰酱一瓶、木瓜膏八碗、香饼一匣、保心石数个、巴斯弟略一瓶(如糖果，味美)、糖果一瓶、撒硼一匣(如胰洗垢)、金几那两包。 instruments, drugs, red wines 2)Gifts from the Imperial Observatory：大清康熙万年历，平立方根万数表一套,Red wine as gifts,康熙四十八年正月二十五日，奉上谕：前者朕体违和，伊等跪奏西洋上好葡萄酒乃
11、大补之物，高年人饮此，如婴童饮服人乳之力，谆谆陈泣，求朕进此，必然有益。朕鉴其诚，即准所奏，每日进葡萄酒几次，甚觉有益，饮膳亦加，今每日竟进数次，朕体已经大安，念伊等爱君之心，不可不晓谕朕意，今传众西洋人都在养心殿，叫他们知道。钦此。,Gifts from a minister,西洋地平仪、西洋察量远近仪器、西洋小规矩、西洋吸铁石（记吸十八斤）、西洋化五金水一瓶、西洋保心石、西洋巴尔撒木阿饽饽克里的果一盒、西洋显微镜、西洋规矩、西洋古巴依巴油、西洋巴尔撒木油、西洋葡萄酒、西洋德里亚格、西洋香、西洋巴尔撒木香珠。,What happened afterwards?,Why was the Aca
12、demy of Mathematics established? Composition? Comparison with ARdS?1）钦天监(Imperial Bureau of Astronomy) vs Observatoire de Paris2）(蒙养斋)算学馆 (School, College or Academy of Mathematics, 1713-1722) vs Acadmie Royale des Sciences, ARdS,Scientific Activities before 1713,Observation of summer solstice (1711
13、)J. -F. Foucquet (1665-1741) , Franz Thilisch (1667-1716), Pierre Jartoux (1669-1720)compilation of the mathematical tables, algebra, and geometry 1712-,The Establishment of the Academy of Mathematics,In 1713, Kangxi emperor issued an imperial decree to create the Academy of Mathematics at Mengyangz
14、hai in Changchunyuan, one of the imperial villas, for the compilation of mathematical books. (九月甲子)谕和硕诚亲王允祉等：修辑律吕算法诸书，著于蒙养斋立馆，并考定坛庙宫殿乐器，举人照海等四十五人系学习算法之人，尔等再加考试，其学习优者，令其于修书处行走。,Who proposed the plan?,Wang Lansheng proposed the compilation of the mathematical work. 恩科会试“顾西术之来有年矣，而知之者盖寡，惟我皇上明其理、精其数，而又欲
15、广其传焉，故以之制历而历成之，造律而律定，此诚钦天成俗之大本，而礼乐明备之一候也，敢不述之以为执事献。”,Reconstruction of the Academy of Mathematics,Difficulties for reconstructing the Academy: no records except those of the Emperors daily activities, no preface, no list of compilers, etc. as compared with Chongzhen lishu (the struggle for the thron
16、e between the third prince and Yongzhen)Chinese and Western sources used:1) wenji (文集, collected writings of Chinese scholars) network of scholars in the Kangxi reign,Who was in charge of the Academy of Mathematics?,The third prince Yinzhi (胤祉,1677-1732): A student of the Jesuits (Antoine Thomas)Off
17、icials from the Imperial Household,Selection of Mathematicians,Dongqi studied the Zhoubi (suanjing), the Nine Chapters and the geometry of the Far West and had a good command of them. When the scholars were summoned (to the capital) to take an examination by the Son of Heaven, he was selected and st
18、ayed in the capital for more than one year. At the time when His Excellency cheng-wang was ordered to open the Academy (guan), some scholars were eliminated through selection because of redundant personnel. Dongqi and Mr. Gu from Suzhou were unexpectedly among them. They tried to recommend themselve
19、s, but failed. Therefore he and Mr. Gu visited me together. Chen Mengleis preface to Shuxue juyao (A Brief Introduction to Mathematics) by Chen Dongqi (zi Dongqi),The Number of Mathematicians at the Academy of Mathematics,He (顾陈垿) passed the provincial examination, and was recommended to the Zhannin
20、g studio to compile the Luli yuanyuan and various other books on musical theory. So he was promoted to the rank of行人司行人 and so he compiled half the books at the studio, and once they were submitted to the Emperor, the Emperor praised him, and the princes and the ministers paid him greater respect th
21、an the other scholars at his studio. During each examination period the literati at the court paid great attention to him, and they said “We cannot do anything other than put him first.” On the eve of the publication of the results, on the main road, shimmering with lights, everybody was talking abo
22、ut Gu Chenxu getting the first place in the provincial examination, their mouths gaggling like ducks and geese. Then, some time later, it became quiet again, and this happened several times.While he was in the Zhanning studio, every province sent for and summoned three hundred people who worked in m
23、athematics, and the person who was in charge of the examination asked them to take the examination. The Emperor himself took charge of the exam to get 72 people, and Chenxu was in the first place. And the Emperor specifically praised him and the imperial court called him “the Number One of Mathemati
24、cs.”算状元,J.-F. Foucquets depiction of the creation of this academy,Mais cette cole ne dura pas et ne fut que le commencement dune esprit dacadmie que lempereur forma pour lors. Il avoit fait chercher Pking et dans les Provinces ce quil y avoit parmy les Chinois et les Tartares de gens habiles dans le
25、s diverses parties des mathmatiques. Les Vicerois et autres grands mandarins, pour luy faire leur cour, luy prsentirent llite des meilleurs esprits, et les plus propres pour les sciences.,Koeglers description,Ignaz Koeglers letter: “Transfero jam narrationem ad Academiam, quae olim tempore Camhi sub
26、 Regulo ejus filio 3 tio pro reformandis tum astronomicis tum astrologicis, ”,Information about the Academy of Mathematics,When I arrived in the capital, the Son of Heaven was interested in musical and calendrical sciences. He had established a mathematical school and a bureau to compile mathematica
27、l books. Many erudite scholars from various parts of the country came together in crowds to the capital. -preface to the new edition of Suanfa tongzong, by Chen Shisui,Composition of the Academy,How many mathematicians worked on the compilation of mathematical works?1. Missionaries at the Imperial C
28、ourt2. Chinese and Manchu Mathematicians,1. Missionaries who served for the Academy of Mathematics (蒙养斋算学馆),1. Jesuits: J. Bouvet (1656-1730), P. Jartoux (1669-1720) J.-F. Foucquet (1665-1741) F. Thilisch (1670-1716), Luigi Gonzaga (1673-1718) K. Slavicek (1678-1735)；K. Stumpf (1655-1720) D. Parreni
29、n (1665-1741)2. Other missionaries: Matteo Ripa (1682-1745), Teodorico Pedrini (1671-1746),2. Chinese, Manchu & Mongolian Mathematicians,Mei Juecheng (1681-1763) 、He Guozong (?-1766)：general editor-in-chief总汇编官Chen Houyao (1660-1722) from Hanlin AcademyMing Antu (?-1763?)Wan Lansheng (1679-1737) ，et
30、c. Fang BaoGu Chenxu, He Guodong, Zhao Hai, Chen Shiming etc.,Official Titles of Mathematicians at Mengyangzhai,1)official titles of mathematicians：翰林院庶吉士、中书舍人；举人、生员、贡生、童生2）origins of mathematicians：吴县、太仓、华亭、吴江；山阴；宣城；大兴。满人,Chen Houyao and Chen Shimingas Imperial Mathematicians,1）Chen Houyao Mathemat
31、ical Works and Works on the calendar算义探奥二册，“错综法义”；勾股图解 other mathematical manuscripts2)Chen Shiming and his Shuxue juyao,For What Purpose?,compilation of Lli yuanyuan (律历渊源): 1)Lli zhengyi (律吕正义), music 2)Qinruo lishu (钦若历书), astronomy, later entitled Lixiang kaocheng (历象考成), with a preface of Yongz
32、hen emperor. list of compilers. ca.1722-1725 3)Shuli jingyun (数理精蕴, Essential principles of mathematics), mathematics, 1722, without preface,Kangxis Knowledge about ARdS,Bouvets Portrait Historique de LEmpereur de la Chine, 1697: Ce qui luy a fait prendre cette resolution, sont les differens Ouvrage
33、s dEurope, & du haut point de perfection, ou les uns & les autres sont arrivez sous les auspices de Louis Le Grand, par sa magnificence Royale recompenser les personnes qui excellent en quelque genre que ce soit. Cest sur ce modle que lEmpereur de la Chine commena, il y a environ cinq ans, driger da
34、ns son propre Palais une espece dAcademie de Peintres, de Graveurs, de Sculpteurs & dOuvriers en acier & cuivre pour les Horloges & autres Instrumens de Mathmatiques.,What made him take this resolution were the different works of Europe, and especially of France, which he saw, as well as that which
35、we had had the honour of telling him concerning the establishment of these flourishing Academies established in Paris under the present King for the Sciences and Arts, and to a high degree of perfection, where both the former and the latter have arrived under the auspices of Louis the Great, through
36、 the Royal generosity in rewarding those who excel in whatever field it is. It is on this model that the Emperor of China has begun, about five years ago, to establish in his own Palace a kind of Academy of Painters, Engravers, Sculptors and Artisans in steel and cooper for clocks and other mathemat
37、ical instruments.,Acadmie de la Chine,On November 8, 1687, Fontaneys letter to Cassini： Cest donc vous, Messrs, prendre vos mesures l dessus pour achever louvrage que vous avez commenc, nous procurer des aides qui continuent ce que nous allons entreprendre et qui suivent les mmes ides- nous communiq
38、uer vos lumires, nous expliquer en dtail ce que vous desirez particulirement, nous envoyer des modles cest dire ce que vous aurez fait sur les mmes sujets, cest dire enfin donner chacun de nous un correspondant particulier dans lAcadmie qui nous instruise de votre part sur nos matires et que nous pu
39、issions consulter aussy sur nos difficults et nos doutes. De cette manire jespre que vous verrez lAcadmie de la Chine se perfectionner peu peu et devenir capable de vous donner bien de la satisfaction.,From Acadmie de la Chine to Suanxue guan,Acadmie de la Chine: Kings Mathematicians, ca.1688-1691Su
40、anxue guan (算学馆, Academy of Mathematics, 1713-1722): Chinese and Manchu mathematicians,Bouvets report to the Kangxi emperor,Our King told us that various academies of Tianwen Astronomy and Gewu Investigation of Things in our country have been extensively collecting knowledge from every country. The
41、Middle Kingdom (China) has a long history with a large measure of principles daoli. We have also heard that the mighty Emperor of the Middle Kingdom is wise by nature and supersedes all former emperors. After you arrive in the Middle Kingdom and get the very finest products of Chinese arts and scien
42、ces, send them directly to our country and put them in (our) academies so we can retain them in perpetuity.,J.-F. Foucquets description,In former days, the astronomers at the Gewu qiongli yuan in the country of Fu-lang-ji-ya (France) all worked on it i.e., the obliquity of the ecliptic, because the
43、theories about it differed from each other. It is hard to decide among various opinions. However, this is a key point of astronomy and it is impossible not to make a decision about it. Therefore in the tenth year of the Kangxi reign, the astronomers petitioned to the King. As a result several astron
44、omers were sent separately to the old places where ancient astronomers made observations in order to test if there were any changes between the ancient and contemporary celestial movements. Also a famous astronomer at the Academy named Ri-shi-er (Richer) was sent to an island named Ga-ye-na (Cayenne
45、) below the equator by a distance of more than ten thousand li. -Lifa wenda,ARdS and the Jesuits in China,Acadmie Royale des Sciences, founded in 1666Acadmie de la Chine, 1688-1690s, Tutors at the imperial court, Peking.Academy of Mathematics (算学馆), 1713-1722,Scientific Activities in China & France,
46、ARdS 1) Academicians, pensionnaires, 2) works, journals 3) astronomical observations & map surveyingSuanxue guan: 1) scholars, mathematicians, others on the pay roll 2) compilation of mathematical and astronomical works Lli yuanyuan (律历渊源), including Shulijingyun 数理精蕴 (1722) and Qinruo lishu 钦若历书 (1
47、722-1725) 3) astronomical observations & map surveying,Compilation of Western Mathematics (1),Gaston Ignace Pardies (1636-1673), Elemens de Geometrie. (1671) 几何原本Suanfa yuanben (book VII of Euclids Elements)Antoine Thomas, Synopsis mathematica (1685)算法纂要总纲,Compilation of Western Mathematics (2),借根方比
48、例(algebra)English mathematician Henry Briggs Arithmetica Logarithmetica (1624)Dutch mathematician A. Vlacqs logarithm tablePierre Jartoux: I. Newton, J. Gregorys three formulae, Mei Juecheng translated these formulae in his Chishui yizhen J.-F. Foucquet, 阿尔热巴拉新法 (New Method of Algebra),Concluding Remarks,A Social History of the Celebration： A Gift for the Kangxi emperor? （Social History of the Reconstruction of the Academy of Mathematics） Comparative Study? Louis XIV VS Kangxi,
