1、Respiratory FailureAim1. Establish the models of the two different types of respiratory failures.2. Observe the alteration of blood-gas and breath conditions in the two types of respiratory failures.3. Observe the influences of hypoxia and carbondioxide with different concentrations on the respirati
2、on.4. Learn the methods of arterial blood-getting and blood-gas measurement.PrincipleInduce type respiratory failure directly by apnea.Induce type respiratory failure by injection of oleic acid which can cause the endothelial injury of the capillaries of alveoli.Observe the alteration of blood-gas a
3、nd breath conditions in the two types of respiratory failures, and analyze the mechanisms.By inspiration of oxygen and carbondioxide with different concentrations, we can observe the influences of hypoxia and of carbondioxide retention in different degrees on the respiratory function, then analyze t
4、he function of the chemical receptor reflect in the respiratory regulation.AnimalsAlbino rat WT: 250300gDrug and devices1% procaine，1% heparin, saline, oleic acid, gases of 3% and 6% oxygen, gases of 3% and 6% carbondioxide, mouse fixing plate, two injectors with 1ml, two 2ml and two 5ml, alveolar c
5、anal, arterial canal, respirator, respiratory recorder.ParameterRespiratory frequency and amplitude, blood pH, PaCO2, PaO2Protocol1.Weigh the mouse, inject 20% ethyl urethane (1g/kg) intrapritonealy, fix the mouse.呼吸功能不全【实验目的】1复制两种不同类型的呼吸衰竭模型。2观察不同类型呼吸衰竭时血气和呼吸的变化。3观察缺氧和不同 CO2 浓度对呼吸运动的影响。4学习动脉取血和血气测定
6、方法。【实验原理】窒息造成型呼吸衰竭。用油酸注射，引起肺泡毛细血管膜损伤，复制型呼吸衰竭模型。观察两种呼吸衰竭时血气与呼吸的变化，分析其发生机制。吸入不同浓度的氧气和二氧化碳气体，观察不同程度缺氧和二氧化碳潴留对呼吸功能的影响，分析化学感受器反射在呼吸调节中的作用。【实验动物】大白鼠，体重 250300 克。【实验药品与器材】1%普鲁卡因，1%肝素，生理盐水，油酸，含 3%和 6%O2气体，含 3%和 6%CO2 气体，1ml、2ml、5ml 注射器各 2只，气管插管，动脉插管，呼吸描记装置，动物人工呼吸机。【观察指标】呼吸频率和幅度，全血 pH 值、PaCO2、PaO 2【实验方法与步骤】1
7、大白鼠称重，腹腔注射 20%氨基甲酸乙酯，固定。2. Anesthesia, do operation at the middle of the neck, free the trachea, right external jugular vein and left common carotid artery, trachea canalization. 3. Ligate the distal part of the common carotid artery, close the proximal part of it with arterial clip, canalize it at
8、the distal part with canal filled with heparin, after fixing the canal, open the artery clip. 15min later, record theparameters of the mouse.4. Remove the dead space fluid in the arterial canal with a injector, then get the blood with a injector which has been moistened with heparin. 5. Insert 2 sen
9、d(red) and 2 receive(black) electrodes(send electrodes are in the medial side while receive ones are in the lateral side of the thorax) at the subcutaneous space at the part between the No.4No.6 ribs where the movement is most obviously during breath, connect the machine and recode.6. Regulation of
10、the two types of respiratory failure:Group A: respiratory failure caused by apnea.1) Close the trachea canal, 25s later, quickly get the arterial blood 0.5ml through the common carotid artery, do blood-gas analysis, observe the alteration of breath, open the trachea canal in 30s 2) Record the parame
11、ters after the mouse return to normal condition, prepare for the group C.Group B: respiratory failure caused by oleic acid.1) Inject the oleic acid(1015ul/100g) through the external jugular vein, record the parameters after 30min and 60min respectively.2) Apply the 40% oxygen through respirator at o
12、ncewhile obvious change of breath exists, and record the parameters.Group C: the regulation function of O2 and CO2on respiration.1) Use the recovered mouse in A group, connect their trachea canals and gas sack, let them inhale the gas with 6% O2 for 25min, record the parameters, then apply the norma
13、l gas for 30min.2) Let the rat inhale the gas with 3% O2 for 25min, record the parameters, then apply the normal gas for 30 min.3) Let the rat inhale the gas with 3% CO2 for 25min, record the parameters, then apply the normal gas for 30 min , then apply the normal gas for 30 min.4) Let the rat inhal
14、e the gas with 6% CO2 for 25min, record the parameters.2局部浸润麻醉后，分离颈气管、右侧颈外静脉和左侧颈总动脉，作气管插管。3结扎颈总动脉远心端，用动脉夹夹闭近心端，插入已充满肝素生理盐水的动脉插管，结扎固定后打开动脉夹。动物休息 15 分钟后测定各项指标。4用注射器抽出动脉插管内的死腔液，然后用经肝素化处理的注射器取血。5在动物胸部第 4 至第 6 肋间呼吸最明显处皮下插入 2只发射（红）和 2 只接收（黑）电极（发射电极在胸部内侧，接收电极在外侧）,连阻抗仪描记呼吸。6两类呼吸衰竭的调节：A 组：窒息引起的呼吸衰竭1）夹闭气管插管 2
15、5 秒，立即取动脉血 0.5ml 作血气分析，并观察呼吸的变化，至 30 秒时松开夹闭的气管插管。2）待动物呼吸恢复正常后记录各指标，准备作 C 组实验。B 组：油酸引起的呼吸衰竭1）颈外静脉缓慢注入油酸（1015l/100g） ，于注射后 30 分钟、60 分钟记录各指标。2）出现明显呼吸变化后，给动物吸 40%氧气，记录各指标。C 组：CO 2 与 O2 对呼吸的调节作用。1) 用 A 组恢复后的动物，气管插管连接气袋，吸入含6%O2 的气体 25min，记录指标，然后恢复正常通气30min。2)吸入含 3%O2 的气体25min，记录，正常通气 30min。3）动物吸入含 3%的 CO2
16、 的气体 25 分钟，迅速记录各指标，恢复正常通气 30 分钟。4）吸入含 6%的 CO2 的气体 25 分钟，记录各指标。Observation of the pathophysiological changes of the pulmonary Kill the rat, open the thoracic cavity, take the lungs out, observe the changes in morphology, weigh the lungs, calculate the lung index, incise the lungs, and observe whether
17、 there is form-like fluid flowing out.Lung index=weight of the lungs/total weight of the body, the lung index of normal mouse is about 48.AttentionDo not let the blood meet the air after drawn out, expel all the air bubbles in the needle if there are.Question1. What is the difference between the two
18、 types of respiratory failure caused by apnea and oleic acid respectively，and why?2. What is the different influences on respiration by inhaling CO2 and O2 with different concentrations, and why?3. What is the difference of oxygen therapy between type and type respiratory failures, and why?Result2肺病
19、变观察 处死大鼠，开胸取出双肺，肉眼观察肺形态变化，称重，计算肺系数。并剪开肺组织，观察有无泡沫样液体流出。肺系数=肺重（g）/体重（kg ） ，正常大鼠肺系数为 48【注意事项】取血切忌与空气接触，如针管内有小气泡要即时排除。【思考题】1窒息和油酸所引起的呼吸衰竭有什么不同？为什么？2吸入不同浓度 CO2 与 O2对呼吸的影响有什么不同？为什么？3I 型和 II 型呼吸衰竭时氧疗有何不同？为什么？【实验结果】Blood gas respiratory movementGroups pH value PaCO2 PaO2 frequency depthGroup A base conditionApneaGroup B base condition30 minOleic acid60minRecover Group C normal O26% O23% O2normal O23% CO26% CO2
