1、Understanding Sources of Contaminants对污染物来源的了解,Introduction 简介,Before considering specific measures to control hazardous substances it is important to have a good understanding of the sources of contaminants that require control在考虑用专业方法来控制有害物质之前，对需要控制的污染物的来源作深刻的了解，这是至关重要的。,Processes & Sources 工艺和污染源
2、,Process The way airborne contaminants are generated. For example in woodworking the processes could be cutting, routing, planning or sanding工艺空气中污染物产生的途径之一。比如，在木材加工过程中，其工艺可能就是切割、开槽、刨削 或砂磨Source The point where the contaminant is generated by a process污染源在工艺过程中产生污染物的源点,Processes & Sources 工艺和污染源,Gua
3、rd防护装置,Boundary layer of dusty air含尘空气的边界层,Contaminant cloud jet污染云团喷射流,Process工艺,Source污染源,Contaminant cloud jet污染云团喷射流,Speed and direction of cloud污染云团的速度和方向,Types of Sources 污染源类型,Buoyant 浮动的Hot fumes 高温烟气Injected into moving air 注入到流动空气中的Spray painting 喷涂作业Dispersed into workplace 散落到工作环境中的Draug
4、hts 通风排气Directional 定向的Power tools 电动工具,Buoyant 浮动的,Source: University of Wollongong,Injected into Moving air 注入到流动空气中的,Source: University of Wollongong,(Show HSE spray gun video),Dispersed into Workplace 注入到流动空气中的,Source: University of Wollongong,(Show HSE stacking sacks video),Directional 定向的,Sour
5、ce: University of Wollongong,(Show HSE Receiving Hood video),Sub Groups of Directional Sources定向污染源的分组,Explosive release 爆炸释放Progressive release 连续释放Doughnutshaped release around a rotating disc在旋转圆盘周围的环形释放Broad fanshaped release from a rotating disc在旋转圆盘上的宽扇形释放Narrow jet release from cutting trench
6、在开沟作业中产生的细长喷射释放,Explosive release 爆炸释放,(Source: HSE reproduced with permission),Progressive release 连续释放,(Source: HSE reproduced with permission),Doughnutshaped release around a rotating disc在旋转圆盘周围的环形释放,(Source: HSE reproduced with permission),Broad fanshaped release from a rotating disc在旋转圆盘上的宽扇形释
7、放,(Source: HSE reproduced with permission),Narrow jet release from cutting trench在开沟作业中产生的细长喷射释放,(Source: HSE reproduced with permission),Strength of Sources污染源的强度,When considering the strength of a source it can be defined in terms of the area from which the contaminant originates, the flow of the
8、contaminant away from the source and the atmospheric concentration of the contaminant污染源的强度可根据污染物产生的场所、从污染源流出的污染物，及环境中污染物的浓度来定义。,Contaminant Clouds污染云团,As the contaminant moves away from its source the more dispersed it becomes and thus much larger 随着污染物扩散离开污染源，扩散越大其污染面也积越大 While dilution reduces th
9、e contaminant concentration within the atmosphere, it is always more effective to control the contaminant close to its source 如果通过稀释能降低大气中污染物的浓度，一般来说，在接近污染源的地方控制污染物会更有效,Reasons to Control Clouds at Source从污染源控制污染云团的理由,The volume of contaminant in the atmosphere is smaller and thus easier to control此
10、时，大气中的污染物体积较小，因而较易控制Collection of the whole contaminant cloud is more likely更有可能收集全部污染云团Operators are less likely to be exposed操作人员接触污染物的可能性更小,Controlling Hazardous Substances控制有害物质,Consequently, the approach to controlling a particular hazardous substance is determined to a large degree by a combin
11、ation of factors including:因此，控制特定有害物质的方法，在很大程度上由以下各因素决定：,Factors which Determine Control Approach决定控制方案的因素,Source strength污染源的强度Contaminant cloud volume, shape, speed and dissection of movement污染云团的体积、形状、移动速度和移动过程中的分解Contaminant concentration污染物浓度,Multiple Sources多种污染源,Notwithstanding these factors
12、, it is important to understand that a single process can create several sources of contaminants at different stages尽管我们已经知道了上述因素，但更重要的是，要弄明白一种单一的工艺可以在不同阶段产生几种污染源,Multiple Contaminant Clouds多种污染云团,(Source: HSE reproduced with permission)图片来源：HSE复制已得到许可,Process工艺,Guard防护装置,Boundary layer of dusty air
13、含尘空气的边界层,Contaminant cloud jet污染云团喷射流,Speed and direction of cloud污染云团的速度和方向,Contaminant cloud jet污染云团喷射流,Source污染源,Dont Jump To Quick Decisions不要快速做出决定,Whats actually there确实存在,What you think may be present你所考虑的可能是存在的,Common Processes & Sources常见工艺和污染源,Rotating tools & parts 旋转工具和部件Orbital, belt &
14、disc sanders 旋转式 、带式和圆盘式砂磨机Disc cutter 圆盘式切割机 Lathes 车床Drills 钻床 Abrasive wheels 砂轮 Hot & cold processes 热加工和冷加工工艺Furnaces & casting 熔炉和铸造Soldering, brazing & welding 锡焊、铜焊和电焊Using liquid nitrogen 使用液态氮,Common Processes & Sources (cont)常见工艺和污染源（续）,Free-falling solids, liquids & powders 自由落下的固体、液态和粉末
15、Falling liquid, powder & solid material 落下的液体、粉末和固体物质Conveyor transfer of powders or solids 粉末和固体的传送运输机Displacement 移送Liquid, powder and granular solid transfer into a container传送到容器中的液体、粉末和固体颗粒物质Spraying & blasting 喷涂和喷砂Paint spraying & abrasive blasting 喷漆作业和喷砂处理,Common Processes & Sources (cont)常
16、见工艺和污染源（续）,Fracturing solids 碎裂中的固体Rock crushing 岩石压碎Impact & vibration 冲击和震动Dumping dusty sacks on a hard surface 粉尘包倾倒在较硬的地面Machinery vibration re-suspending dust 机械震动导致粉尘再次悬浮Compaction 碾压Waste crushing 废物压碎,Common Processes & Sources (cont)常见工艺和污染源（续）,Handling 处理Sorting waste 废物分类Machining 加工Mill
17、ing, turning 铣削、 车削Abrasion 打磨Sanding, grinding, polishing 砂纸打磨、研磨、抛光Sweeping 清扫Dust & particulate matter 粉尘和颗粒物质,Key Point To Remember需记住的要点,For every process there is a need to investigate & evaluate the significance of every contaminant source before considering which control strategies are appropriate对每种工艺而言，在考虑哪种策略较合适之前，有必要调查并评估每种污染源的重要性。,
