1、1Rhetorical Devices Employed in the TextsUnit1Onomatopoeia: words imitating the sounds associated with the thing concerned creak: (to make) the sound of a badly-oiled door when it opens When you move in a wooden bed, it creaks.The hinge of the door needs oiling, it creaks every time it is opened.squ
2、eak: (to make) a short very high but not loud soundthe squeak of a mouserumble: (to make) a deep continuous rolling soundThe thunder / the big guns rumbled in the distance.I am hungry, my stomach is rumbling.grunt: (of certain animals, to make) short deep rough sounds in the throat, as if the nose w
3、ere closed, such as the deep short sound characteristic of a hog, or a man making a similar sound expressing disagreement, boredom, irritationsigh: (to let out) a deep breath slowly and with a sound, usu. expressing tiredness, sadness, or satisfactionWe all heaved a sigh of relief when the work was
4、done.groan: (to make) a sound caused by the movement of wood or metal parts heavily loaded, (to make) a deep sound forced out by pain, or expressing despairThe patient groaned as he was lifted on to the stretcher.The ancient chair gave a groan when the fat woman sat down on it.The roof creaked and g
5、roaned under the weight of the snow.Personification: a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sensibility, The Middle Easter bazaar takes you.dancing flashesThe beam sinkstaut and protestingHyperbole: a device of comparison using exaggeration or ob
6、vious overstatement for comic or dramatic effect. takes you .hundreds even thousands of years every conceivableinnumerable lampsincredibly youngwith the dust of centuries:antithesis:dwarf-towertiny apprentice-huge bellowsheat-cool;glare-darksumptuous dinner-humble mealparallel structure: regularly e
7、mployed in the listing of facts, ideas, eventsthere is the ;The din of Unit2 Alliteration: the repetition of an initial sound that is usu. a consonant in two or more neighbouring words. slip to a stop tested and treated Rhetorical Question: a question that needs no answer, but used for emphasis Was
8、I not at the scene of the crime? Anti-Climax: the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serious significant 2ideas and suspensions. This device is usu. aimed at creating comic or humorous effects. a town known throughout the world for its-oysters The duties of a soldier are to p
9、rotect is country and peel potatoes. Irony: a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humour or sarcasm. Hiroshima-the Liveliest City in Japan Each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares congratu
10、late myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me Metonymy:借喻 a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated. Humour: serious looking men, bob up and down, the cab driver, the usher, meeting the mayor in his socks,
11、spinal column flexible, Hiroshima-oysters, small man with very large eye-glasses, his eyes nearly closed behind their thick lenses, etc. Unit3Metaphor:understatement: 保守的陈述, 掩饰；轻描淡写既不能说得不够(understatement)，更不能说过头(Overstatement)。.Unit41. simile E.g. My skin like an uncooked barley pancake. (para. 5, P
12、 54)The scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. (para. 15, P 57)2. metaphor E.g. Its really a new day for us.(P 65) She tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe. (para. 18, P 58)3. rhetorical question E.g. Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? (para. 6, P 55)Who can ever imagine
13、me looking a strange white man in the eye? (同上)Why dont you do a dance around the ashes? (para. 9, P 55)Symbolism4. understatement保守的陈述, 掩饰；轻描淡写既不能说得不够(understatement)，更不能说过头(Overstatement)。.Unit51. Parallelism: The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away. Prayfor the ret
14、urn of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air.More example: I see the Russian soldiers standing.I see them guarding.I see the ten thousand villages of Russia.I see advancing upon.I see also the dul
15、l, drilled, docile, brutish masses.I see the German bombers and fighters.I see that small group of villainous. the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector We shall fight him by land, .by sea., in the air Any man or state. Any man or state. Let us. Let us.Function:3 concise
16、in language balance in structure forceful in tone distinguished in significance add clarity and coherence to what one wishes to communicateFeatures: detailed description concrete words: “stand”, “threshold”, “till”, “laugh”, “pray”.2. Alliteration: for his hearth and home with its clanking, heel-cli
17、cking. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiersAlliteration phrases: chop and change might and main rack and ruin time and tide hale and hearty mud and mire rhyme or reason weal and woe sink or swim 多变 力量 毁灭 岁月 健壮 泥沼 条理 祸福 沉浮 But these difficulties, these differences,
18、 should not deter us. ( Richard Nixon ) All of these are written to show us how we can squeeze all we want to do out of day, those twenty-four hours which cannot be stopped, stored or stretched.3. Simile: .Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. Other examplesThis momentous decree
19、 came as great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves( Martin Luther King ) The United Nations, like a mirror, reflects the changing scenes of theinternational landscape. As the world political structure changed from time to time, the United Nations has also undertaken a bumpy and tortuous
20、 journey. ( Jiang Zemin )Function: an association between the large quantity, disgusting way of advancing of German soldiers and locusts. Increase the impact of the language.4. Onomatopoeia: vivid impression I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking,
21、heel clicking, dandified Prussian officers,5. Antithesis: sharp and forcifulAntithesis: deliberate arrangement of contrasting words / ideas in balanced structure / form to achieve e emphasis devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination Any man or state who fights on agains
22、t Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.Other examples: Without the assistance of that Divine Being who ever attended Him, I cannot succeed. With that assistance, I cannot fail. ( Abraham Lincoln ) And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do
23、 for you - ask what you can do for your country. ( John F. Kennedy) Not that I loved Caesar lessBut that I loved Rome more. (Shakespeare)46. Periodic Sentence: When I awoke on.invasion of Russia. When I spoke of Hitlers bloodlust.one deeper motive. If Hitler imagines that his attack on Soviet Russia
24、 will cause the slightest divergence of aims or slackening of effort in the great democracies who are resolved upon his doom, he is woefully mistaken. Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.function: a sentence has its ma
25、in idea at the end of the sentence. This brings an effect of tenseness, suspense and dramatic climax. Add variety to an otherwise monotonous sentence structure. Increase the difficulty of understanding.7. Metaphor:They will be rounded up in hordes. .was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon. I see
26、Russian soldiers standing on the threshold. Means of existence is wrung from the soil. cataract of horrors rid the earth of his shadow.liberate people from his yoke The scene will be clear for the final act. 8. Assonance:Assonance: The use of the same or related, vowel sounds in successive words cla
27、nking, heel-clicking,.cowing and tying.plodding on like crawling locusts, .smarting from many a British whipping. easier and safer preyMore Examples9. Metonymy: 借喻 means of existence 10. Rhetorical Question: Can you doubt what our policy will be? Passive voice: News was brought to me. Notice should
28、be given . He was never to be woken up. 11. Repetition: devoid of all theme and principle We have but one aim and one single purpose nothing will turn us-nothing. We will never parley, we will never negotiate. This is our policy and this is our declaration as we shall faithfully and steadfastly Noun
29、 phrases: I had not the slightest doubt where . I asked that notice should be given. Unit6 Metaphor: .the nerves of both . were excessively frayed. his wife shot him a swift, warning glance. The words spat forth with sudden savagery. Her tone .withered. .self-assurance.flickered. The Duchess kept fi
30、rm tight rein on her racing mind. Her voice was a whiplash. eyes bored into him Ill spell it out. 5 Euphemism: .and you took a lady friend. Metonymy:借喻 won 100 at the tables lost it at the bar theyll throw the book,. Onomatopoeia: appreciative chuckle clucked his tongueUnit7 Synecdoche:提喻Synecdoche
31、(ti yu) has often been confused with Metonymy, and sometimes even treated synonymously. This is not surprising, as both figures of speech involve substitution. The distinction lies in the fact that while metonymy involves the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another, synecdoche invo
32、lves the substitution of the Part for the WHOLE or vice versa. eye-ball to eye-ball consultations with.on the TUBE.The computer revolution is .liberating LIMBS. Parallelism.everything from automobile engines to universities and hospitals, from farms to banks and corporate offices, from outer space to a babys nursery Onomatopoeiaalarm clock burrspercolator starts burbling AlliterationNext to health, heart and home, happiness for mobile Americans depends upon the automobile.
