1、Comment O1: n.监督, 工头Comment O2: adv.深深/衷心地Comment O3: n.区/差/级别, 特性,声望,显赫Comment O4: n.环境Comment O5: n.集合, 装配, 集会, 集结, 汇编Comment O6: 复杂的事物(性)Comment O7: n.评价, 估价Comment O8: n.情况,状态,困境, 盟誓(婚姻) vt.保证 , 约定Comment O9: n.复原Comment O10: n.混乱,断层,脱臼Comment O11: n.织品/物,布 , 结构, 建筑物, 构造Comment O12: adj.发烧的, 热病的
2、, 狂热, 兴奋的Comment O13: vt.卷入, 吞没 , 狼吞虎咽Comment O14: adj.任意的, 武断的, 独裁的, 专断的Comment O15: 事实上,实质上Comment O16: adj.智力迟钝的 , 发展迟缓的Comment O17: 对.意见一致The Marshall Plan/European Recovery Program欧洲复兴计划的通称-第二次世界大战后美国争夺全球战略的重点欧洲的扩张计划。1947 年 6月 5日，国 务卿 GC马歇尔在哈佛大学发表演说，首先提出援助欧洲 经济复兴的方案，故名。他说，当 时欧洲经济濒于崩溃，粮食和燃料等物质极度
3、匮乏，而其需要的进口量远远超过它的支付能力。如果没有大量 额外援助，就会面临性质非常严重的经济、社会和政治的危机。他呼吁欧洲国家采取主动，共同制 订一项经济 复兴计划，美国 则用其生产过 剩的物资援助欧洲国家。1947 年 7-9月，英、法、意、奥、比、荷、卢 、瑞士、丹、挪、瑞典、葡、希、土、爱尔兰、冰岛 16国的代表在巴黎开会，决定接受马歇尔计划(1948 年 4月，德国西部占领区和的里雅斯特自由区也宣布接受)，建立了欧洲经济合作委员会，提出了要求美国在 4年内提供援助和贷款 224亿美元的总报告。 1948年 4月 3日美国国会通 过对外援助法案， 马歇尔计划正式 执行。计划原定期限 5
4、年(1948-1952)，1951 年底，美国宣布提前结束，代之以 共同安全计 划。美国 对欧洲拨款共达 131.5亿美元，其中赠款占 88，余为贷款。 马歇尔计划实施期间，西欧国家的国民生产总值增长 25。马歇尔计划是战后美国对外经济技术援助最成功的计划，它 为北大西洋公约组织和欧洲经济共同体的建立奠定了基础，对西欧的 联合和经济的恢复起了促进作用，同 时，也缓和了美国国内即将发生的经济危机。Mr. President, Dr. Conant, members of the Board of Overseers, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am profoundly g
5、rateful, touched by the great distinction and honor and great compliment accorded me by the authorities of Harvard this morning. I am overwhelmed, as a matter of fact, and I am rather fearful of my inability to maintain such a high rating as youve been generous enough to accord to me. In these histo
6、ric and lovely surroundings, this perfect day, and this very wonderful assembly, it is a tremendously impressive thing to an individual in my position. But to speak more seriously, I need not tell you that the world situation is very serious. That must be apparent to all intelligent people. I think
7、one difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous complexity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by press and radio make it exceedingly difficult for the man in the street to reach a clear appraisement of the situation. Furthermore, the people of this country are distant fro
8、m the troubled areas of the earth, and it is hard for them to comprehend the plight and consequent reactions of the long-suffering peoples of Europe and the effect of those reactions on their governments in connection with our efforts to promote peace in the world. In considering the requirements fo
9、r the rehabilitation of Europe, the physical loss of life, the visible destruction of cities, factories, mines, and railroads was correctly estimated, but it has become obvious during recent months that this visible destruction was probably less serious than the dislocation of the entire fabric of E
10、uropean economy. For the past ten years conditions have been highly abnormal. The feverish preparation for war and the more feverish maintenance of the war effort engulfed all aspects of national economies. Machinery has fallen into disrepair or is entirely obsolete. Under the arbitrary and destruct
11、ive Nazi rule, virtually every possible enterprise was geared into the German war machine. Long-standing commercial ties, private institutions, banks, insurance companies, and shipping companies disappeared through loss of capital, absorption through nationalization, or by simple destruction. In man
12、y countries, confidence in the local currency has been severely shaken. The breakdown of the business structure of Europe during the war was complete. Recovery has been seriously retarded by the fact that two years after the close of hostilities a peace settlement with Germany and Austria has not be
13、en agreed upon. But even given a more prompt solution of these difficult problems, the rehabilitation of the economic structure of Europe quite evidently will require a much longer time and greater effort than had been foreseen.Comment O18: n.居住者, 居民Comment O19: n.劳动力的分工Comment O20: 适当的, 足够的Comment
14、O21: v.消瘦, 穿破, 用坏, 克服, 消磨, 疲劳Comment O22: n.放牧, 牧草Comment O23: 充足的, 丰富的Comment O24: n.小器具, 小配件, 小玩意, 诡计Comment O25: v.预示、.忍耐Comment O26: 变坏,退化,堕落Comment O27: n.恶性循环Comment O28: v.士气受挫Comment O29: n.教条, 学说Comment O30: v.粉碎Comment O31: vt.呈递, 归还 , 着色, 汇报, 致使, 放弃, 表演, 实施 vi.给予补偿n.交纳, 粉刷, 打底Comment O32:
15、 辩解 adj.减轻的Comment O33: v.机动 n.机动The Marshall Plan/European Recovery ProgramThere is a phase of this matter which is both interesting and serious. The farmer has always produced the foodstuffs to exchange with the city dweller for the other necessities of life. This division of labor is the basis of
16、 modern civilization. At the present time it is threatened with breakdown. The town and city industries are not producing adequate goods to exchange with the food-producing farmer. Raw materials and fuel are in short supply. Machinery, as I have said, is lacking or worn out. The farmer or the peasan
17、t cannot find the goods for sale which he desires to purchase. So the sale of his farm produce for money which he cannot use seems to him an unprofitable transaction. He, therefore, has withdrawn many fields from crop cultivation and hes using them for grazing. He feeds more grain to stock and finds
18、 for himself and his family an ample supply of food, however short he may be on clothing and the other ordinary gadgets of civilization.Meanwhile, people in the cities are short of food and fuel, and in some places approaching the starvation levels. So, the governments are forced to use their foreig
19、n money and credits to procure these necessities abroad. This process exhausts funds which are urgently needed for reconstruction. Thus, a very serious situation is rapidly developing which bodes no good for the world. The modern system of the division of labor upon which the exchange of products is
20、 based is in danger of breaking down. The truth of the matter is that Europes requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products - principally from America - are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or
21、face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character. The remedy seems to lie in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the people of Europe in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. The manufacturer and the farmer throughout
22、 wide areas must be able and willing to exchange their product for currencies, the continuing value of which is not open to question. Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the con
23、sequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is dire
24、cted not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.Such assistance, I am convinced, mus
25、t not be on a piecemeal basis, as various crises develop. Any assistance that this Government may render in the future should provide a cure rather than a mere palliative. Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will find full cooperation; I am sure, on the part of the Unite
26、d States Government. Any government which maneuvers to block the recovery of other countries cannot expect help from us. Comment O34: vt.使永存,使不朽Comment O35: vt.使( 痛苦等 )易于忍受, 减轻Comment O36: adj.有效/灵验的Comment O37: n.远见,深谋远虑Comment O38: v.勇敢地面对Comment O39: v.坚持, 不挂断, 靠着, 渴望, 有赖于The Marshall Plan/Europe
27、an Recovery ProgramFurthermore, governments, political parties, or groups which seek to perpetuate human misery in order to profit there from politically or otherwise will encounter the opposition of the United States. It is already evident that before the United States Government can proceed much f
28、urther in its efforts to alleviate the situation and help start the European world on its way to recovery, there must be some agreement among the countries of Europe as to the requirements of the situation and the part those countries themselves will take in order to give a proper effect to whatever
29、 actions might be undertaken by this Government. It would be neither fitting nor efficacious for our Government to undertake to draw up unilaterally a program designed to place Europe on its feet economically. This is the business of the Europeans. The initiative, I think, must come from Europe. The
30、 role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the drafting of a European program and of later support of such a program so far as it may be practical for us to do so. The program should be a joint one, agreed to by a number, if not all, European nations. An essential part of any successful
31、 action on the part of the United States is an understanding on the part of the people of America of the character of the problem and the remedies to be applied. Political passion and prejudice should have no part. With foresight, and a willingness on the part of our people to face up to the vast re
32、sponsibility which history has clearly placed upon our country, the difficulties I have outlined can and will be overcome. I am sorry that on each occasion I have said something publicly in regard to our international situation, I have been forced by the necessities of the case to enter into rather
33、technical discussions. But, to my mind, it is of vast importance that our people reach some general understanding of what the complications really are, rather than react from a passion or a prejudice or an emotion of the moment.As I said more formally a moment ago, we are remote from the scene of th
34、ese troubles. It is virtually impossible at this distance merely by reading, or listening, or even seeing photographs and motion pictures, to grasp at all the real significance of the situation. And yet the whole world of the future hangs on a proper judgment. It hangs, I think, to a large extent on the realization of the American people, of just what are the various dominant factors. What are the reactions of the people? What are the justifications of those reactions? What are the sufferings? What is needed? What can best be done? What must be done? Thank you very much.
