1、关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 世界贸易组织 WTO (World Trade Organization) 乌拉圭回合 Uruguay Round 最惠国待遇（现通常称“正常贸易关系 “）MFN （most-favored-nation) treatment争端解决机构 dispute settlement body 关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解 DSU (Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
2、) 北美自由贸易协定 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) 东盟自由贸易区 ASEAN Free Trade Area 东部和南部非洲共同市场 COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) 反倾销措施 anti-dumping measures against非配额产品 quota-free products 非生产性投资 investment in non-productive projects 风险管理/评估 risk management/ assessment 国际收支 b
3、alance of international payments/ balance of payment 实行国民待遇 grant the national treatment to 瓶颈制约 “bottleneck“ restrictions 非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定） ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific Group) （补贴协议）可诉补贴 actionable subsidy 上诉机构 appeal body 基础税率 base tariff level 国际收支条款 BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions
4、既定日程 built-in agenda 约束水平 bound level (欧盟）共同农业政策 Common Agriculture Policy 规避 circumvention 反补贴税 countervailing duty 交叉报复 cross retaliation 海关完税价值 customs value 环保型技术 EST(Environmentally-sound technology) 出口实绩 export performance 出口补贴 export subsidy 粮食安全 food security 免费搭车者(享受其他国家最惠国待遇而不进行相应减让的国家) fr
5、ee-rider 政府采购 government procurement 灰色区域措施 grey area measures WTO 最不发达国家高级别会议 HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs) 协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度） HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System) 进口许可 import licensing 进口渗透 import penetration 最初谈判权(初谈权) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights) 知识产权 IPRs (Intellectual proper
6、ty rights) 最不发达国家 LDCs (Least-developed countries) 当地含量 local content 市场准入 market access 专门的营销机构 market boards (服务贸易) 自然人 natural person 国民待遇 national treatment (利益的) 丧失和减损 nullification and impairment (争端解决) 专家组 panel (农业协议中关于反补贴的 )和平条款 peace clause 诸边协议 plurilateral agreement (服务贸易) 自然人流动 presence
7、 of natural person 生产补贴 production subsidy 消费膨胀 inflated consumption 慢性萧条 chronic depression 进口环节税 import linkage tax 北美自由贸易区 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area)全球配额 global quota 祖父条款 grandfather clause 贸易和投资自由化和便利化 TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation) 国际清算 international se
8、ttlement 横向兼并 horizontal merger 垂直兼并 vertical merger 垃圾融资 junk financing 申报制度 reporting system; income declaration system 市场准人的行政管理措施 AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access)国际货币基金组织简介- 中英文对照What is the IMF?Founded in 1945, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a cooperative, intergovernmen
9、tal, monetary and financial institution that seeks to promote international monetary cooperation and currency exchange stability, foster economic growth and high levels of employment, and to provide balance-of-payments assistance. Its initial membership of 39 has grown to 184 as of the year 2002.何为国
10、际货币基金组织？国际货币基金组织 1945 年成立，它是一个政府间的、合作性的货币和金融机构，目的是为了促进国际间的货币合作与汇率的稳定，鼓励经济发展，促进高度就业，同时提供国际收支的融通。它的创始会员国是 39 个，截至 2002 年，这一数字增加到 184 个。Origins of the IMFThe need for an organization like the IMF became evident during the Great Depression that ravaged the world economy in the 1930s. The Depression was
11、devastating to all forms of economic life.30 年代的那场大危机严重破坏了世界经济，也使得建立像国际货币基金这样一个组织的必要性变得十分明显。The devastation was not merely confined to the visible economy. It was no less destructive of the invisible world of international finance and monetary exchange. A widespread lack of confidence in paper money
12、 led to an excessive demand for gold beyond what national treasuries could supply.这次大危机的破坏并非仅限于实体经济，它对国际金融和货币兑换这些无形的体系也带来了同等程度的破坏。人们对纸币普遍缺乏信心，这导致对黄金的过度需求，而这一需求又是超出国家财政的供给能力的。A number of nations, led by the United Kingdom, were subsequently forced to abandon the gold standard, which, by defining the
13、value of each currency in terms of a given amount of gold, had for years given money a known and stable value. Because of uncertainty about the value of money that no longer bore a fixed relation to gold, exchanging money became very difficult between those nations that remained on the gold standard
14、 and those that did not. Nations hoarded gold and money that could be converted into gold, further contracting the amount and frequency of monetary transactions between nations, eliminating jobs, and lowering living standards. Furthermore, some governments severely restricted the exchange of domesti
15、c for foreign money and even resorted to barter schemes that would eliminate the use of money completely. Other governments, desperate to find foreign buyers for domestic agricultural products, made these products appear cheaper by selling their national money below its real value so as to undercut
16、the trade of other nations selling the same products. This practice, known as competitive devaluation, merely evoked retaliation through similar devaluation by trading rivals. The relation between money and the value of goods became confused, as did the relation between the value of one national cur
17、rency and another. Under these conditions the world economy languished. Between 1929 and 1932 prices of goods fell by 48 percent worldwide, and the value of international trade fell by 63 percent.在金本位制下，每一种货币的价值均由其所含黄金的数量来决定，这样就给了每一种货币公认而稳定的价值。但是以英国为首的许多国家相继被迫放弃了多年来使用的金本位制，这使得货币不再与黄金保持一个固定的比价关系，从而产生
18、了货币价值的不稳定性。货币汇兑在仍然实行金本位制的国家与那些不实行金本位制的国家之间变得非常困难。各个国家储藏黄金以及可以兑换成黄金的货币，进一步限制了国与国之间货币交易的数量和次数，就业减少，生活水平下降。更有甚者，一些政府严重地限制本币与外币的兑换，甚至求助于完全不用货币的易货贸易。另一些政府急于为本国的农产品找到买家，于是它们便通过以低于实际价值的抛售本币的方法来降低这些产品的价格，从而削减了那些出售同类产品的国家的贸易量。这种被称作竞争性贬值的做法只不过是引得贸易对手国通过类似的贬值方法来进行报复。货币和商品价值之间的关系变得混乱；一国货币与另一国货币之间的价值关系亦是如此。在这样的条件下，世界经济大大衰退。在 1929年到 1932 年间，世界范围内的商品价格下跌了 48，国际贸易额下降了 63。
