1、第三讲 语法的考查重点三、定语从句 定语从句在四级英语测试中占有一定的比重，大约在词汇语法题的 7.4%，平均每次都有一题，实际测试中有时多达三道题，如 1996 年 6 月，98 年 6 月和 2000 年 6 月都有三倒考查定语从句的题。在我们讲四级英语测试对定语从句的考查之前，先让我们看以下几题： Test yourself 1) Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _ obtaining water is not the least.(1998.1) A.for which B.to which C.of
2、which D.in which 2) A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _were surprising. (1999.1) A.as results B.which results C.the results of it D.the results of which 3) We need a chairman _.(1998.6) A.for whom everyone has confidence B.in whom everyone has confidence C
3、.who everyone has confidence of D.whom everyone has confidence on 4) The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _ is often the case in other countries.(1998.6) A.as B.what C.so D.that 5) The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _ up to half will
4、 be from overseas.(1998.6) A.in which B.for which C.with which D.of whom 6) Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.(2000.6) A.whose B.which C.that D.what 7) We were struck by the extent _ which teachers decisions served the
5、 interests of the school rather than those of the children.(1996.6) A.to B.for C.in D.with 8) Melted iron is poured into the mixer much _ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot. (1996.6) A.in the same way like B.in the same way which C.in the same way D.in the same way as 9) Ive never been to Beijin
6、g, but it is the place _.(1999.6) A.where Id like to visit B.in which Id like to visit C.I most want to visit D.that I want to visit it most 10) _ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.(1996.6) A.As B.That C.It D.What Explanation and Expansion A 参考答案: 1) C 2) D 3) B 4) A 5)
7、D 6) A 7) A 8) D 9) C 10) A B 评析 从以上各题可以看出，定语从句的考查还是集中在关系词的选择，与 1，2 ，3 级不同，四级考试中的定语从句虽然也有关系词最一般的用法，但更多的是对特殊关系词的考查。总的说来有以下几点需要注意 关系词的使用一看先行词，二看关系词在从句中的作用，在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如： the same as such as 当看到先行词前有 the same 或 such 修饰时，可直接从选项中找 as，选择就变得比较简单，如 8。在这种情况下，考生用不着考虑先行词是人还是物。如 Our company wont employ suc
8、h graduates as you recommend. Im determined to buy such a flat as you are now living in. 上面有两道题涉及到关系词在句中做定语。同学们应该熟悉关系词做定语时的各种变体。做定语的关系词可有以下变体，试比较： the office whose windows are broken the office the windows of which are broken the office of which the windows are broken 上面的 2）题就属于 the windows of which
9、 这种形式。 先行词是人时，同样也可有这三种形式，如： the professor whose car was stolen the professor the car of whom was stolen the professor of whom the car was stolen 当然考试中也有最一般形式的考查，如上面的 6） ，只要能够看出关系词做定语修饰overall consumption 就不难判断答案为 whose。 注意“介词 + which/whom“的结构做关系词 从四级考试对定语从句的测试来看，主要考查的是介词的选择。“介词 + which/whom“主要有以下几种情
10、况 A 介词是句中短语搭配的一部分，如 3） 。表示“信任某人“要用 have confidence in somebody，所以做定语，应该用 a chairman in whom has confidence。 B “部分 + of + 整体名词 “的结构，该结构，做关系词也就是 “部分名词 + of which/whom“的结构。 该结构的使用应注意两点，一是注意定语从句与并列句的分别，如： He invited two scientists to his birthday party, many of _ were his old classmates. A.whom B.them C
11、.which D.that 这里很自然地会有 many of whom 与 many of them 的选择。 二是注意该结构可以有变体，即“of whom/which + 部分名词 “，上面的 5）题就是一例，可以写成 up to half of whom。 C 另一种介词是表示最高级范围的介词，四级考题中已经有两个这种考题，如上面的1）题，其实该句表示的是 obtaining water is not the least of its problems， 所以用 of which，2000 年 6 月又有一道与此基本完全相同的题： Living in the western part of
12、 the country has its problems, _ obtaining fresh water is not the least. A.with which B.for which C.of which D.which (2000.6) D 更多的是看关系词与先行词之间的关系，如： He has composed many pieces of music popular with young people, of which this is an example. 这里用 of which 因为，正常的结构是 an example of the music。 E 有时介词与先行词
13、构成短语，如 7）题，to which 源于 to extent 的短语搭配。1997 年 1 月也有一道题考查该短语搭配。 It is useful to be able to predict the extent _which a price change will affect supply and demand. A.from B.with C.to D.for (1997.1) 注意 as 引导的非限制性定语从句的用法 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，可置于句首，也可置于句尾，表示“正如“。如上面的 4）和 10）两题。 一般 as 引导定语从句时，其先行词为整个主句。 which 引
14、导非限制性定语从句，其先行词也可以是主句或主句中的一部分。但，as 从句表示的行为经常是在主句行为之前，而which 引导的定语从句表示的却在主句之后，表示连续发生的事情或结果等。如： He promised to help me, which he did. He was often late for work, which cost him his job. 注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词的选用。如果用 when, where 或 why，关系词在从句中应该是做状语，否则的话则应该用 which/that 等。如上面 9）中，先行词在从句中 visit 的宾语，关系词不能用 whe
15、re，而只能是 that/which。再如： I will never forget the days that I spent with my friends in the country. 关系词做代替的成分在从句中不能再次出现。 注意定语从句与同位语从句的区别。如： There are signs _ restaurants are becoming more popular with families. A.that B.which C.in which D.whose (2000.6) 由于 signs 与后面的 restaurants 没有修饰和被修饰关系，所以 whose 不对，
16、如果是定语从句，关系词代替 signs，而从句中不需要该词。所以这里不是定语从句而是同位语从句，从句表示 sign 的内容。 适当注意 that 和 which 的不同，什么情况下只能用 that，什么情况下只能用which。 注意从句与其它成分的区别，如下题： As _announced in todays papers, the Shanghai Export Commoditier Fair is also open on Sundays. A.being B.is C.to be D.been (1997.1) 这里涉及到从句与非谓语动词的区别，如果是非谓语动词的话，则是保留了连词的非谓语动词做状语，根据 announce 与句子主语之间的关系，应该什么都不填，这里还是定语从句。答案为 B。 Self-practice 上面他们一起分析了四级英语测试中对定语从句的考查特点和重点，也清楚了应该注意的一些事项和可用的一些方法技巧，下面请同学们语法分册217-218 页模拟题。
