1、新东方在线 www.TOL 网络课堂电子教材系列1新东方在线 4+1 网络课堂电子版教材4+1 语音语调UNIT ONE : 美语发音概述An Overview of American Enhlish Pronunciation英语语音音素的分类较易掌握。根据元音发音过程中舌头抬起的部位不同可分为前、中、后元音（具体细节请参考 Lesson 1） ，如音素 i:在发音时舌前端抬起是为前元音，音素u发音时舌后部抬起是为后元音；根据辅音发音时声带的震动与否可分为清、浊辅音或根据发音时气流通过口腔的方式不同可分为摩擦辅音、爆破辅音等（具体细节请参考 Lesson 1） 。如音素p和f在发音时声带没
2、有震动，称之为清辅音。而音素b和v在发音时声带振动，则称之为浊辅音。另外在音素p与b的发音过程中，通过口腔中的气流由上下嘴唇一堵一放，按这种走气方式所发出的辅音，称其为爆破音。而有些音素在发音时，气流在口腔中一些特定的部位产生摩擦，如音素f与v是气流在上齿与下齿之间摩擦而生的，这类辅音被称为摩擦音。这些分类乍看起来很复杂，其实通过分类表格进行分类、比较之后，就显得简明易懂，容易记忆了。英式发音与美式发音的差异在发音上虽有一定的规律，但掌握起来并不是很容易，需要大量的听力练习。本章除系统地介绍了英、美发音中元音及一些辅音的不同之外，还在听力分辨的训练上采取了简单而有针对性的对比练习，如：单词 a
3、re，英式发音为A :，在发音时不卷舌；美式发音为Ar ，发音时要卷舌。再如：单词 hot，英式发音为hCt，美式发音为 hAt。通过对比一些拼写相同但英、美发音不同的单词的发音，分辨其不同之处，来把握美音同英音的差异。英语音素的分类知识对于掌握正确的发音及单词的拼写规律很有帮助。通过对音素的了解，可以使大家很容易地掌握朗读中的音的变化，进而解决听力中被视为老大难问题的“音变现象” 。在听力中区分英音与美音时很重要的，这是基本功。了解美语发音所不同于英语发音的一些特色，有利于大家深入学习和掌握地道的美语发音。SECTION ONEBe Prepared学习内容 1. 音素分类，包括元音及辅音分
4、类。2. 英式发音与美式发音的区别，包括元音及辅音发音的区别。学习目标 1. 掌握简单的英语音素的分类知识。2. 了解英式发音与美式发音的区别。学习方法 1. 本章大部分属常识性内容，阅读即可。2.少量听辨及跟读练习，只需听一听，并加以适当模仿即可。新东方在线 www.TOL 网络课堂电子教材系列2LESSON 1 发音类别THE CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH PHONEMES Warm Up 语音课堂基本分类及常识语音分元音和辅音两大类，每一个语音必定属于这两者之一。All the phonetic sounds are divided into vowel and
5、consonant.元 音元音是一种有声音，发音时用舌头和嘴唇使口腔定形，声带震动。同时气流从咽腔和口腔不断流出，不受阻碍，也没有变狭窄，因而听不出摩擦。Vowel：vowel is a voiced sound. The vocal cords vibrate, while the oral cavity is sampled by the tongue and lips. At the same time, the air is passing from the larynx to the mouth without obstruction.辅 音（在正常言语中）除元音外所有的其他音都叫辅
6、音。一部分辅音发音时，气流不通过口腔，如m；另一部分辅音发音时，气流在通过口腔时，受到这样或那样的阻碍，或在口腔中的某个点受到摩擦。Consonant：All the other sounds except vowels are consonants. For some consonants, when they are pronounced, the air doesnt pass the mouth as /m/. for others , when it is passing through the oral cavity, the air will receive this or th
7、at kind of obstruction. Or it is affricated at a certain point. 元音和辅音的特征The characteristics of the Vowels and Consonants：Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction of the air stream in the mouth. In producing them there is vibration of the vocal cords. So all vowels are voiced. Consonants are so
8、unds produced by some form of obstruction of the air passage and maybe either voiced or voiceless. 元 音 分 类 精 讲 元音分类 A 根据发音时舌头在口腔中抬起的部位不同，我们把单素元音分为前元音、中元音和后元音。 （When we pronounce a monophing ,the jaw, tongue and lips do not move at all.There are twelve monophthongs,and we divide them into front vowel
9、 ,central vowels and back vowels,both in British English and American English based on the parts of the tongue that count them. Part One 前元音听辨及跟读舌前部向硬颚抬起时发出的元音叫前元音。前元音(Front Vowels)主要有： i,0,G,$ (Which are made by raising the front of the tongue towards the hard palate.) A. Practice these four sounds
10、 in phrases.eat the meat make a wish very well a mad man keep the seat sit down get ready a jazz band three trees best friend a black bagPeters secret a small fish ten men a plastic bag the Chinese people a bit chilly Teddy Bear hand in hand a piece of cheese bit by bit wet with sweat a happy marria
11、ge a friend in need fit as a fiddle best seller on behalf of our class新东方在线 www.TOL 网络课堂电子教材系列3B. Now practice the sound in sentences. Please speak English. Dick gives Lily a big kiss. The book sells well, I guess. Dont let the cat out of the bag. Seeing is believing. They stayed together through t
12、hick and thin. Lets get everything ready. They ran hand in hand. Steve lives on 333 Peterson Street. Can you give me a lift? Remember to get me ten eggs. He who laughs last laughs best. Dont speak Chinese in an English class. Is it spring or still winter? All is well that ends well. Pat sat on the g
13、rass with a glass in his hand. Please keep this seat for me. Mary is fifty now, but shes still fit as a fiddle. Better late than never. Sally married a handsome young man named Jerry. Part Two 中元音听辨练习舌中部向硬颚抬起时发出的元音叫中元音。中元音(Central Vowels)主要有：Q ， D， K (which are made by raising the middle of the tong
14、ue towards the dividing line between the hard and soft palates.) A. Practice these three sounds in phrases.the first term a long term some money learn the words among the workers some honey a firm girl never forget once in a month a nervous nurse a sheet of paper a tough son an early bird a drop of
15、water a funny couple a dirty shirt the teachers of China a sudden jump the third world the doctors daughter just for fun an active learner at the counter blood for bloodB. Now practice the sound in sentences. The early bird catches the worm. My younger brothers a doctor. Enough is enough. First come
16、, first served. Peter can use the computer pretty well. I wonder whos coming to lunch. The girls have to learn World History first. Peters father is a professor. My brother lives in the countryside. 新东方在线 www.TOL 网络课堂电子教材系列4 Earl has worked in that firm for thirty years. Youd better do it faster. H
17、e was running to catch the bus. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. My younger sister is also a computer expert. Never trouble troubles until troubles trouble you. He seems to get worse and worse. Lets have a get-together after supper. How much is too much? Birds of a feather flock together
18、. Give me some butter and sugar. Love me , love my dog. Part Three 后元音听辨练习发音时舌后部需要向软颚抬起的元音叫作后元音；后元音( Back Vowels)主要有： A，C， ?，u (which are made by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate.) A. Practice these four sounds in phrases.pop music law and order push and pull pop concert daught
19、er-in-law you full by hook or by crook whose tools a stopwatch according to law the butcher and the crook a new suit clocks and watches talk and walk good looks a group of students socks and stocking a small waterfall good footwork drop by drop along corridor book a room the Blue Danube common knowl
20、edge a long story took some sugar a water bottle a quarter to four too few too soon to be true wooden plates B. Now practice the sound in sentences.Waste not, want not. My daughter-in-law is a lawyer. Who took away my book? How do you do? Honesty is the best policy. Paul is forty-four. Dont let the
21、butcher bully the cook. You look cool! A pick-pocket picks pocket. Norman has lost his wallet. Crook will do it by hook or by crook. Soon my dream will come true. Lots and lots of dollars are locked in the box. We won because we fought hard. We tried to book a room, but the hotel was full. No news i
22、s good news. Tom started at the bottom and worked his way to the top. 新东方在线 www.TOL 网络课堂电子教材系列5Learn to crawl before you can walk. Look before you leap. As a rule, the skies are blue in June. 元音分类 B 根据构成元音的音素的不同，我们把元音分为 12 个单素元音（monophthongs）和 8 个复合元音（diphthongs） 。A diphthong is a glide from one mo
23、nophthong to another and the whole glide acts like a long, pure vowel. There are eight diphthongs in English. Diphthongs can be divided into two groups, the closing diphthongs and the centering diphthongs.Jones：Monophthongs i: i e $ K a: C C: u u: D: DDiphthongs ei ai Ci Du au iD D uDIn American Eng
24、lish, we simply use five of these diphthongs：ei, Du,ai,au,Ci. 听 辨 练 习A. Practice these five sounds in phrases.play safe go home by and by a loud sound voice and noise save face dont know silent night boiling point make way hope so quite right no soap nine times without power a joyful voyage face to
25、face a mouse in the house spoil the boy plain sailing low-interest loan point by point out of town old folks at hom B. Practice these five sounds in phrases. Better take your raincoat. Go and open the window. Out of sight, out of mind. I found a mouse in the house. Roy toiled on the soil. Lets play
26、safe. Oh, hes so slow. Like father like son. Hes out of town. Jacks an employee in a joint venture. Her name is Rachel. Show me the photo, Joe. Once bitten, twice shy. How about going down town? The spoiled boy wants more new toys. No way, go away. Its only a joke. A stitch in time saves nine. No do
27、ubt, hes drowned. The noise came from the toilet. 新东方在线 www.TOL 网络课堂电子教材系列6 Rain, rain, go away. Little Johnny wants to play. I love potatoes and tomatoes. Great minds think a like. How many hours do we have to wait? Soybean oil is my choice. The cake is on the plate and the plate is on the table.
28、Give me my soap and comb. A cat has nine lives. Hes without power now. Lets join the boys. When the cat is away , the mice will play. Little strokes fell great oaks. Strike while the iron is hot. Howard is going to have a cold shower now. Spare the rod, spoil the child.元音分类 C 根据发音时嘴唇的形状：According to
29、 the shape of the lips 合口元音 Rounded Vowels：C: C u u: (which are made by bringing the lips together in different degrees, close-rounded or open-rounded.) 敞口元音 Unrounded Vowels：i: D:(which are made by drawing the lips a little back at the corners.) 自然口型 Neutral Vowels：i e $ K D (which are made by hold
30、ing the lips naturally or normally.) 元音分类 D 根据元音的发音长度：According to the length of the vowels.长元音 The Long Vowels：i D:A:C:u:短元音 The Short Vowels：ie$K DCu 辅 音 分 类 精 讲 辅音分类 A 根据声带震动情况：按照声带震动情况给辅音分类，发音时声带完全敞开，气流通过声带没有引起震动的辅 音称为清辅音，发音时声带合拢，气流通过声带并引起震动的辅音称为浊辅音。每一组对应的清浊辅音在发音时发音部位和发音方式都是完全相同的，只以声带震动与否来进行区别。T
31、he voiceless consonants are usually aspirated, strong and long, and the vocal cords do not vibrate when they are pronounced. The voiced consonants are usually unaspirated, weak and short and the vocal cords vibrate when they are pronounced. 英语中有十组对应的清浊辅音，它们是：清辅音 Voiceless Consonants ：p t k tN f L s
32、N ts tr 浊辅音 Voiced Consonants：b d E dI v M z I dz dr英语中有些音是没有相对应的清浊辅音的，它们是：清辅音：h浊辅音：m n H l r 另外，人们习惯上把半元音也归为浊辅音用。浊辅音：w j 新东方在线 www.TOL 网络课堂电子教材系列7辅音分类 B 根据气流通过口腔时产生的不同效果：根据气流通过口腔时产生的不同效果给辅音分类，可将辅音分为爆破音、摩擦音、塞擦 音、鼻音和舌边音。另外，我们将半元音也放在这一部分，方便练习掌握。 Part One 爆破音听辨练习爆破音 plosive：在相当时间内，气流通道完全阻塞，气流（一般由于肺部的动
33、作）受压，然后突然放开阻塞，发出爆破的声音。(In the production of a plosive, the air-stream is obstructed completely both in the oral and nasal tracts, so that when the closure in the oral tract is suddenly released, the compressed air rushed in the oral tract is suddenly released, the compressed air rushes out and produ
34、ces an explosive sound. According to the place of the oral closure, plosive may be bilabial p,b , alveolar t,d, velar k,g.)英语中的爆破音有六个，它们是：p b t d k ERead the dialogue, paying attention to the pronunciation of plosives. A：How do you do? Im Parker. B：How do you do, Mr. Barker? A：Parker. B：Oh, Parker w
35、ith a P? A：Yes, with a P. B：Er Im Barker. A：Barker? With a B. Of course. B：Yes, with a B. A：Wont you come in, Mr. Barker? B：Thank you, Mr. Parker. A：I love you, Miss Brown. B：But how can I believe you, Mr. Black. A：Ill jump over the balcony, Miss Brown. B：Jump over the balcony, Mr. Black? A：Itll pro
36、ve my love, Miss Brown. B：Itll break your back, Mr. Black. A：Then save me and take me back! A：Whats the date today? B：December the fifteenth. The day after tomorrow is little Toms birthday. A：Right. What present should we give him this time? By the way, how old is he? B：Hes still thirteen today and
37、tomorrow. Hell be fourteen the day after tomorrow. Lets get him a remote controlled toy truck. A：How time flies! Hes a big boy now. B：And dont forget Mary, Toms twin sister. Its her birthday, too. A：OK. Lets invite all their little friends to come and celebrate. A：Was it a good game? B：It was a terr
38、ific game. A：You had a good day for it. B：A beautiful day. A：Did Chris score? B：He scored twice.新东方在线 www.TOL 网络课堂电子教材系列8A：And you? B：Now where did I put that bottle of milk? A：Did you score? B：Ah, got it. A：Maybe the next game? B：Sure thing. Ill score one goal at least. Part Two 摩擦音听辨练习摩擦音 fricati
39、ve：气流通道收窄，气流通过时发出可听擦音。(In the production of a fricative two vocal organs are brought very close together (but not to the extent of touching each other to form a closure) so that the air stream forcing its way through the resulting narrowing becomes turbulent, and this turbulent is heard as a fricati
40、ve noise. In English, the most frequently used fricatives are labiodental f，v, dental L，M, alveolar s，z, and palatal-alveolar N，I.) 英语中摩擦音有十个，它们是：f v L M s z r h。 Read the dialogue, while paying attention to the pronunciation of fricatives. A：Frank flatters me, Fred. B：Frank flatters everybody. A：He
41、 said I create a flame in his heart. B：A flame in his heart? A：A furious flame! He says I drive him frantic! B：You drive me frantic, too, Fanny. A：Oh, Fred! You old flatterer. B：But dont forget to fry the fish, Fanny. A：Seven days old! Shes a lovely baby! B：Shes a beautiful baby! A：And shes a clever
42、 baby. B：And her voice, her voice is soso clear! A：Shes got a very clear voice, indeed. B：And shes big for a baby of her age! A：Date of birth? B：The third of March, nineteen thirty-three. A：The third of March, nineteen thirty-three? B：I think A：You think what? B：I think it was the third, but maybe i
43、t was the fourth. A：You think it was either the third or the fourth? Youre not sure of your own date of birth? B：No, Im sorry. A：Anyway, the position has been taken already. So it doesnt matter youre not sure of your date of birth. A：Maybe youll let me play in the mud, Mother? B：Dont you dare play t
44、here. A：Father doesnt mind if we play in the mud. B：Father doesnt wash the dirty clothes, dear. A：Ill sing you a song. B：Yes , sing a song. But dont sing a sad song. A：Most of my songs are sad, sorry. B：Well, please sing one thats not within the definition of too sad. 新东方在线 www.TOL 网络课堂电子教材系列9A：OK
45、, Ill sing San Francisco, then. A：A shirt, sir? Yes, sir. This one will suit you. Its in a very fashionable shade. B：Mm. I want something simpler. A：A silver one, maybe? Its got something special on the sleeve.B：Cant you show me a simple shirt in a simple shade? Maybe I should try the next shop. A：W
46、hos that over there? B：Oh, thats John. Hes the Club Treasurer. A：Whats he doing there? B：Watching television. A：And does he always sleep when the televisions on? B：Usually he does. A：Ah. B：And occasionally he snores.A：Rather noisily. B：As even the man onthe moon must have noticed! You and your frien
47、d are looking at some things in a shop window but you cant see very well. A：Is that a radio? B：It looks like a radio. A：Is that a pretty dress? B：It looks like a pretty dress. A：Is that a rugby ball? B：It looks like a rugby ball. A：Is that a record? B：It looks like a record. A：Is that a record player? B：It looks like a record player. A：Is that a refrigerator? B：It looks like a refrigerator. A：How handsome Henry is! B：Henry is handsome, isn
