1、Collocation词语搭配是大学英语教学必须遵循和利用的语言规律，其教学目的是减少学习者输入和输出语言的误差和错误，提高语言表达的准确性和流利性，使学习者最终实现自然、地道、流利的口语能力和书面表达能力。What is collocation？ 何谓搭配？Collocation Is the way words combine in a language to produce natural-sounding speech and writing.牛津英语搭配词典 A combination of words in a language, that happens very often a
2、nd more frequently than would happen by chance. 牛津高阶英汉双解词典搭配是指在某种语言中，能让口语和书面语言显得自然流畅的词汇组合。例如：strong tea 和 heavy drinker 都是英语习惯上的搭配英语中的“大风” 是 strong wind“，而“ 大雨”则是 heavy rain，如果说成 heavy wind 或 Strong rain 就显得不自然。绿色食物是“organic food”而不是“green food” 。Why is collocation important？搭配为何重要？(1) Collocation r
3、uns through the whole of the English language .No piece of spoken or written English is tally free of collocation. For a student, choosing the right collocation will make his speech and writing sound much more natural, more native-like.(2) Language that is collocation ally rich is also more precise.
4、 A student who chooses the best collocation will express himself much more clearly and be able to convey not just general meaning ,but something quite precise.Eg:This is a good book and contains a lot of interesting details.This is a fascinating book and contains a wealth of historical details.丰富的搭配
5、知识可以使语言表达更加生动有力。例如 , 在英语中 burning/ driving ambition 要比 big/great ambition 有力的多 , 这样形象的表达更能增加语言的审美效果。词汇量的多少事关英语学习的成败,而对所学词汇能不能使用则直接影响英语的应用水平。英语学习者要加强词汇在语篇功能上的学习,如词语间的搭配、衔接和排序等,许多研究已表明写作水平与词语搭配使用频率是密不可分的，低、高分组作文的词语搭配使用频率存在显著差异. 因此搭配问题是影响学生作文语言水平的一个主要因素。二语学习者薄弱的语言搭配能力制约着学习者的写作速度和表达的流利性。学生搭配错误的原因（1）母语干扰
6、 ( interference)。由于学生缺乏英语搭配的有关知识而套用汉语中的搭配 , 生硬地将汉语搭配转换成英语搭配 , 忽视了英汉之间存在的差异。例如 “ (电视等的 )黄金时段 ”是 prime time, 不是 golden time; “热烈欢迎 ”是 warm /big/great / enthusiastic welcome, 不是 heated welcome;“ 装得满满的钱包 ”是 bulging/ fat / stuffed wallet, 不是 full wallet ; “参加考试 ”是 take / sit an examination 不是 take part i
7、n an examination; “ 深深地懂得 ”是 fully/perfectly understand, 不是 deeply understand; “高度重视 ”是 pay carefu1 / close / full /great / special attention, 不是 pay high attention to。（2）目的语的规则泛化 (overgenera1ization)主要表现在学生将已学搭配的组合方式错误地类推到其它的搭配上去。例如: 英语中一些名词可以分别和动词 have 和 take 搭配 ,如: have / take a bath; have / take
8、 a rest ; have / take a swim 等 , 因此学生会犯诸如: take a fight ; have a risk 的错误 ,而事实上只存在 have a fight和 take a risk 这样的搭配。(3) 回避策略的影响 ( avoidance strategies)。作为一种学习策略 , 回避在语言学习焦虑中增加了学生的安全感。学生以不犯错误为目标 , 满足于已经学会的数量有限的搭配 ,尽量回避那些还比较陌生的或者更为困难的搭配 , 无形中自己将自己束缚起来 , 使搭配方面的能力得不到进一步的发展。例如 : 一说起 “ 解决问题 ” , 不少人只会用 solv
9、e the Problem, 而不知道 attack / tackle /unlock the problem 等; 谈到“ 好机会” 常常只有 a good opportunity, 而很少会说 grand / glorious/ generous/ favorable / opportunity 等。搭配中的注意事项注意（1）许多俚语的意思不是“顾名思义”的，要注意积累如：break a leg 祝（演出等）成功shake a leg 赶快行动pep talk 打气，鼓励的话pet talk 请教某人注意（2）翻译时必须注意两种语言的搭配差异，注意搭配的翻译如：strong tea 浓云d
10、ense fog 浓雾thick cloud 浓茶Heavy cloud 厚云wine 烈性酒road 泥泞的路heart 忧伤的心smoker 烟瘾大的人news 令人悲痛的消息sea 波涛汹涌的海洋reading 沉闷冗长的读物。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。总之 , 能否正确运用英语词汇搭配是制约学生口语作文语言质量的一个重要因素。 搭配能力的提高在于平时的积累。只有引导重视搭配能力的提高 , 才能从根本上解决表达的正确得体和丰富多样等写作中涉及学生语言能力的这类长期难以解决的问题。参考文献:http:/ 2008 年 8 月第一版美国街头俚语朱方庆/编著 北京理工大学出版社 2006 年
11、 8 月第一版搭配集锦俚语中的搭配against the swim 逆大流all ears 全神贯注all thumbs 笨手笨脚all wet 错误的bad blood 不和，敌意 beats me 我不知道bell the cat 为众人利益承担风险bite the bullet 要紧牙关，忍受痛苦blow the lid off 揭发（丑闻）break a leg 祝（演出等）成功catch some Zs 睡觉chew the fat 闲聊chicken out 退缩，临阵退缩clean up ones act 洗心革面 ，重新做人cute act 小伎俩dangle a carrot
12、 开空头支票dead meat 完了，死定了dig in 开饭了double speak 夸张 eat crow 食言，因犯错而丢脸familiar talk 庸俗的谈话fish out of water 不能适应，格格不入fix someone up 撮合某人fly high 雄心勃勃game plan 策略，计划get out of feet 退缩，胆怯grease some wheels 拉关系，贿赂have money to burn 胡乱花钱，挥霍have someones number 清楚某人的底细，看穿某人hide your fin 身藏不露hit ones eye 吸引眼球h
13、ot number 新鲜，迷人的人或事物in a rut 循规蹈矩in the bag 十拿九稳，必然的事ins and outs 细节jump the gun 草率行事just because 没有原因，没有理由keep eyes peeled 留意，关注keep my edge 保持最好的状态keep ones skirt on 别紧张，别发火kick oneself 自责lip service 口惠，空头许诺money shot 精华，精彩no sweat 不麻烦，没问题of two minds 犹豫不决，拿不定主意 oil the wheels 让事情顺利进行on the dot 准时
14、，准点on the high ropes 高傲，洋洋得意on top of 除。 。 。 。之外personal remark 人身攻击pep talk 打气，鼓励的话pet talk 请教某人pig out 狼吞虎咽put somebody up 留宿某人rain check 下次，改天rub in 伤口撒盐，雪上加霜search me 我不知道shake a leg 赶快行动smooth talker 花言巧语的人，嘴甜的人spread oneself thin 身兼多职，过分劳累steal ones thunder 抢风头under the table 幕后交易，暗箱操作up in th
15、e air 悬而未决，还没确定zone out 心不在焉，分神动词Call the attendance 点名Local call 市内电话Loss call 未接通的电话No-charge call 免费电话Break a contract/promise/prejudice/lawBeak into tears/sweatMake or break 成败在此一举Sit for an exam 参加考试Sit pretty 处于有利局面Read music 识谱Read a riddle 猜谜语Read someones mind 看出某人心思Sleep off a headache 用睡眠
16、治好头痛Sleep like a log 睡得像猪一样香Build a fire 生火Build a character 培养性格A man of strong build 健壮的人Hit the bottle 借酒消愁Hit the ceiling 火冒三丈Hit something hard 产生严重影响Hit-and-run 交通逃逸Move heaven and earth 惊天动地Hang by a hair 千钧一发Count ones blessing 知足常乐A flow of traffic 车水马龙Wake up to the serious satiation 意识到形势
17、的严重性At ones wits end 黔驴技穷Eat like a horse 狼吞虎咽Eat ones words 说话不算话Strain ones nerves 神经紧张A strained laugh 假笑Relieve somebody from anxiety 消除某人的忧虑Kill someones affection 挫伤漏人的情感Kill someones interest 扫了某人的兴趣Kill someones appetite 掉了某人的胃口Kill an idea 打消主意Kill a plan 取消一个计划Kill somebody with kindness 过
18、多的热情世人受不了Kill joy 扫兴Command fund /skill /resources Commend the student Make comments on something Presume an attempt 大胆尝试Assume ignorance 假装不知道Assume office 就职Assume responsibility 承担责任名词Fair weather friend 酒肉朋友Day in ，day out 持续不断As open as the day 光明磊落As plain as the day 非常清楚Against a rainy day 未雨
19、绸缪地Hold water 站得住脚的（理论）Show ones honor to ones parents 尊敬父母Do the honor of the house 尽地主之宜A guard of honor 仪仗队A roll of honor 光荣榜Business honor 商业信用Buy time 用拖延手法赢得时间Give sometime a hot time 是某人过得不舒服Ahead of ones time 思想超时代的Against time 争分夺秒A time bomb 定时炸弹Big time 最愉快的时间Time a runner 给跑步者定时Have a c
20、lear conscience 问心无愧Freedom of conscience 不知羞耻Lose consciousness 失去知觉Fashioned-conscious 很有时尚意识的Do wonder 取得惊人的成就Open-eyed wonder 目瞪口呆A nine-days wonder 轰动一时的事情Wonder at 对某事惊讶Wander into the room 徘徊走进屋子形容词Big with child 怀有身孕Look big 摆了不起的样子A big official 首要官员Small fry /potatoes 小人物Small years 小时候Be
21、fast asleep 酣睡Stand fast 站稳A slow season 淡季A thin voice 细细的声音 thick voice 粗嗓音A thin smile 没有诚意的一笑Thin soup 稀汤 thick soup 浓汤As thick as thieves 非常亲密的Thick and thin 同甘共苦Wild times 乱世Wild talk 轻率的谈话A tame river 一条潺潺缓流的河流A dedicate child 瘦小的孩子Dedicate features 瘦小的身材Dedicate Color 精细的颜色Dedicate melody 柔和
22、的曲调Negative answer 否定的回答Negative acknowledgement 否认Negative current 负电流A positive demand 明确的要求Positive proof 不容置疑的证据A positive manner 过分自信的态度A positive fool 彻头彻尾的傻瓜A respectable upbringing 高雅教养Be respectful of other peoples customsRespective interests 各自的兴趣AAccommodation 1）住所Adj decent /suitable /in
23、adequate /poor /substandard /luxurious /overnight/temporary V Have/look for /seek/secure/ offer 2）满意的安排V come to /make/reach /work out Prep between 之间的调解Account 1） 描述Adj Brief/short/ comprehensive /vivid /eyewitness/firsthand/glowing （热情洋溢的）V give /provided with By all accounts 根据各方面的说法2） 银行账户Adj Cu
24、rrent /deposit/sayings/ joint/ separate V hold/close/ withdrew 3）帐目V Do/keep /check/auditAchievement 1） 办成功的事Considerate /extraordinary/impressive/remarkable/tremendous/crowning /supremeConstitute/represent 2)完成，实现High/personal/academic A feeling /sense of A lack of Acquaintance 1) 相识的人Casual/close/
25、mutual/business2) 对。 。 。了解Nodding/passing/slight/intimateMake sbs acquaintance Strike up WithHave an withAffinity 1） 强烈情感Close 密切的关系Natural 自然地亲和力Strong 特别的喜好Feel /have/share 共同之处，有共同爱好Affinity between /towards3) 相似，类似Close/great 酷似Have/show 有相似之处Anger Bitter/cold/deep/fierce/savage/genuine/growing/
26、mounting/raising /suppressed/pent-up/righteous (义愤)Shake with /tremble with /give vent to /vent/voice /arouse/fuel/provoke /stir up/give way toAnger + verbBoil over /bubble up /build up /flare up /well upAnger in /with anger /anger against /anger over Appitite 1) 胃口Enormous/healthy/hearty/huge/insat
27、iable /ravenous/poor /smallBuild up /develop/work up /regain /ruin/spoil2)渴求Have/lose /satisfy Appetite for Base 1） 最底部Firm/solid/strong2) 根源思想或状况Secure/sound/strong Establish /provide 3) 支持，收入，力量Broad/narrow/power Develop/expand/improve 4) 主要地点Ideal/perfectBase campV base sth on/upon sth Blood Cold
28、 /warm/clotted /congealed /aristocratic /nobleDrop/pool/trickle /loose/shed/spill/donate /Blood +verb Blood dribble .drip/flow /gush/splash /spur /well up Bound Bound to do 注定Absolutely /irrevocably /in duty (duty-bound)Bound up 紧密联结Business Profitable /core /private Carry on /conduct /transact .go
29、into/set up in /go out of Business deal/community /contact（ 业务联系）Business or pleasure 因公还是游玩A place of business 营业地点Brisk /slack /slow Drum up /generate /tour for(拉生意)Business boom/pick up 生意好Own/manager /run /set up /.start /build up /take over /expand/get down to None of your business Businesslike
30、 高效，听起来讲求实效的CampaignMajor/ massive /lengthy /long-running/sustained/effective /intensive /vigorous International/nationwide /election/presidential Advertising/marketing /promotional /sales Propaganda /anti-corruption /anti-drug/ literacy/air /bombing Launch/mount /conduct/run /intensify Chance 1） 可能
31、性realistic/reasonable /sporting (均等的)The merest /minimal /slender/slight /slimBoost/enhance /maximize By any chance 也许 万一Fat chance 没有可能2) 机会Fair /ideal/once-in-a-lifetime /clear-cut Deserve /spot/blow/pass up squander/turn downHalf a chance 一点机会3）风险Take chance 3） 运气，机缘Pure /sheer 纯粹的ClearVerb1）清除Ha
32、stily Clear away/off 2) 头脑明朗，清醒4） 清白Clear 哦佛Adj 1）易懂Abundantly/crystal/perfectly2） 确定Clear about /on3） 易看见 听见Fairly/pretty4） 易看透5 畅通Remain /stayColor1) 颜色Bold/bright/brilliant/vibrant/vividDark/intense/rich /strongPale /pastel/subtle/dullColor clash (不协调) fade/run2） 气色Heightened /high 红润的脸色Be draine
33、d of color 苍白，失去血色3） 令人感兴趣的细节Local color 地方色彩Lend /add 增添色彩Demand 1）坚决的要求Legitimate 正当的要求Radical 过激的/Fresh /renewed /Growing/increasingIssues /make/present/ put forward /step up 逐步提高Give into/meet/yield to 2） 对商品，服务的需要，欲望Excess/extra/constant/steadying /changing/fluctuating/seasonal /overall Declini
34、ng /sluggish Domestic/ foreignMeet/satisfy/generate Economy Booming/ buoyant /dynamic/sound/stable Ailing/ depressed /flagging /fragile /stagnant /weak Advanced / capital /industrial/ socialist Black /informal /underground 黑市经济Build /rebuild/ handle/manipulate /revive /stimulate /liberalize Weaken/ wreck Economy expands /flourishes /goes into recession /collapses 他们想问题做事情的方法，他们的历史习惯跟我们不同The way they think, the way they do things and their traditional habit are different from ours.历史习惯不是 historical habit
