1、1历年六级阅读理解逐句翻译一、There is nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to scare a parent, especially one of the over-educated, eco-conscious type.没有什么事情比有得癌症的迹象更让父母感到害怕的了，尤其对于受到过度教育、对生态环境敏感的那种人来说。So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nations sc
2、hools singled out those in the smugly（自鸣得意的）green village of Berkeley, Calif., as being among the worst in the country.所以当今日美国在近期公布的一份全国范围内的学校周边空气质量调查中，把加州伯克利的绿色环保小镇列为全国最差时，你可以想象到那些自鸣得意的人的反应。The citys public high school, as well as a number of daycare centers, preschools, elementary and middle schoo
3、ls, fell in the lowest 10%. Industrial pollution in our town had supposedly turned students into living science experiments breathing in a laboratorys worth of heavy metals like manganese, chromium and nickel each day.该市的公立高中以及为数众多的日间看护中心、学前教育机构、小学和中学都在最差的 10%之列。我们镇上的工业污染大概把学生置于活体科学实验之中，学生们以等值于实验室的剂
4、量每天吸入锰、镉和镍等重金属。This in a city that requires school cafeterias to serve organic meals. Great, I thought, organic lunch, toxic campus.这发生在一个要求学校的餐厅提供有机饭菜的城市中。太伟大了，我想，有机午餐，有毒校园。Since December, when the report came out, the mayor, neighborhood activists（活跃分子）and various parent-teacher associations have
5、engaged in a fierce battle over its validity: over the guilt of the steel-casting factory on the western edge of town, over union jobs versus childrens health and over what, if anything, ought to be done.自 12 月份报告公布以来，市长，社区活跃分子和各种家长-教师联合会都参与到一场关于报告的可信度的激烈斗争中：关于位于小镇西北角上的钢铁铸造厂的罪责、有关孩子们的健康 VS 工会职责，以及应该
6、去做的事，如果还有事能做的话。With all sides presenting their own experts armed with conflicting scientific studies, whom should parents believe?每一方都有代表他们的专家，手头上的科学研究结果相互矛盾，父母究竟应该相信谁？Is there truly a threat here, we asked one another as we dropped off our kids, and if so, how great is it?2我们在让孩子下车时会相互询问，这儿是不是真的存在危
7、险？如果真有危险的话，有多大？And how does it compare with the other, seemingly perpetual health scares we confront, like panic over lead in synthetic athletic fields?和其他危险相比怎么样？比如像综合运动场上铅含量这样我们似乎要面临的永久性的健康恐慌。Rather than just another weird episode in the town that brought you protesting environmentalists, this lat
8、est drama is a trial for how todays parents perceive risk, how we try to keep our kids safewhether its possible to keep them safein what feels like an increasingly threatening world. It raises the question of what, in our time, “safe” could even mean.这不仅仅是发生在城镇中的又一个奇特事件 ，引来一群游行抗议的环保主义者，这场最新的闹剧是对现在的父
9、母如何看待风险的试金石，我们如何在一个看起来日益危机四起的世界里尽量保证我们孩子的安全-无论能否保证他们的安全。这引起的问题是，在我们的时代“安全”究竟意味着什么。“Theres no way around the uncertainty,” says Kimberly Thompson, president of Kid Risk, a nonprofit group that studies childrens health. “That means your choices can matter, but it also means you arent going to know if
10、they do.”“没有办法解决不确定的问题，”金伯利汤普森说，她是一个研究儿童健康问题的非盈利性组织“孩子的危险”的主席。“这意味着你的选择很重要，但这也意味着如果你的选择真的很重要的话，你也没有办法知道。”A 2004 report in the journal Pediatrics explained that nervous parents have more to fear from fire, car accidents and drowning than from toxic chemical exposure.一份 2004 年发表在学术期刊儿科上的报告解释了不安的父母们对火灾
11、、车祸和溺水的恐慌要更甚于接触有毒化学物质。To which I say: Well, obviously. But such concrete hazards are beside the point.对此我认为：“嗯，很明显。但是这些具体的危险并非重点。Its the dangers parents cantand may neverquantify that occur all of sudden. Thats why Ive rid my cupboard of microwave food packed in bags coated with a potential cancer-c
12、ausing substance, but although Ive lived blocks from a major fault line(地质断层) for more than 12 years, I still havent bolted our bookcases to the living room wall.正式父母们不能-可能永远也不能 -量化危险会突然发生。这正是我已经把所有包装袋上涂有可能致癌物质的微波食品全部扔掉的原因，但是尽管我住在一个距离大地质断层几街区远的地方已经 12 年了，我仍然没把我们的书架固定在客厅的墙上。3二、Crippling health care b
13、ills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.问题重重的医疗保障费用，急诊室前排起的长队，以及无法找到初级护理医生，这些仅是每天要面对的问题中的一部分。Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system.初级护理应该是所有医疗保障体系的支柱。Countries with ap
14、propriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost.有充足的初级护理资源的国家在健康水平和费用支出上都获得甚佳的评价。The U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician.美国却反其道而行之，注重专科医生而非初级护理医生。A recent study analyzed the providers who treat
15、Medicare beneficiaries（老年医保受惠人）.最近一项研究分析了负责治疗老年医保受惠人的医生。The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctorstwo primary care physicians and five specialistsin a given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you dont guarantee better ca
16、re.这项令人震惊的研究发现，老年医保受惠人平均每天要看七名医生-包括两名初级护理医生和五名专科医生。与公众的想法刚好相反，更多的医生给你看病并不能保证更好的医疗服务。Actually, increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors.实际上，医疗服务的日益分化导致的是费用的上升和误诊数量的增多。How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most phys
17、icians are paid whenever they perform a medical service.我们怎么会使初级护理如此严重地滑坡呢？关键是医生的收入。大部分医生的收入来源于他们所提供的医疗服务。The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better hes reimbursed (返还费用).医生做的越多，不管质量或结果如何，他获得的返还费用就越高。4Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical
18、 or surgical procedures.此外，医生的收入在很大程度上受到医疗或者外壳手术的影响。A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patients disease.一名专科医生耗时 30 分钟进行某个手术，其收入要比比一名初级护理医生花同样多的时间去讨论一个病人病情的收入高 3 倍。Combine this
19、fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income.再加上政府每年都威胁要一视同仁地降低医疗返还费用，初级护理医生没有选择的余地，只好通过提升数量以增加收入。Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or
20、to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care.对于拒绝牺牲质量的初级护理而言，要么被迫停业，要么就只从事能赚钱的业务，这使得初级护理的质量进一步下滑。Medical students are not blind to this scenario. They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care. The recent numbers show that since 1997, newly
21、 graduated U.S. medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50%.医学院的学生对此并非一无所知。他们看到了费用返还体制是如何严重地弄虚作假，不利于初级护理。最近的数据表明，自 1997 年以来，美国医学院的毕业生选择初级护理作为职业的人数下降了 50%。This trend results in emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors.这样的趋势导致急诊室里人满为患，挤满了那些无
22、法找到普通医生的病人。How do we fix this problem?我们怎么解决这个问题。It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally (最佳地) managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine.首先需要改
23、革医生费用返还体制。卸下初级护理医生每小时看更多病人的压力，对于优化病患管理和机遇病症用药给予奖励。5Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries.通过减免从事初级护理的医学院学生的学费贷款，使初级护理对医
24、学院学生更有吸引力，消除去专科医生和初级护理医生薪水之间的巨大差异。Were at a point where primary care is needed more than ever. Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare.我们对初级护理的需求从未像现在这样迫切过。在几年之内，第一波 7600 万婴儿潮一代将被纳入老年人医保。在未来的十年期间Patients older than 85, who need chronic care
25、 most, will rise by 50% this decade.年龄大于 85 岁的最需要长期看护的病人数量将会增加 50%。Who will be there to treat them?到时谁去治疗他们？There are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum.在大学学费计算器里输入数据，然后对着网络吐出来的六位数倒抽一口气，很少有其他在线活动比
26、这种活动更让人清醒了。But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.但是经济学家们认为，打算举债资助四年聚会和学习的家庭可以这样安慰自己：大学是不同于很多银行股票的投资，它应该产
27、生巨额的红利。A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the “labor-market premium to skill”or the amount college graduates earned thats greater than what high-school graduate earneddecreased for much of the 20th century, but has come back with a vengeance (报复性地) since the 1980s.两位哈佛经济学家在 2008 年进行的一
28、项 研究发现“劳动力市场对及恩那个的溢价现象 ”-换种说法就是大学毕业生的收入高于高中毕业生- 在 20 世纪大部分的时间都有所下降，但是自从 20 世纪 80 年代出现了报复性的增长。In 2005, The typical full-time year-round U.S. worker with a four-year college degree earned $50,900, 62% more than the $31,500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma.6在 2005 年，典型的拥有四年大学学位的全职美国工人
29、平均收入为 50900 美元，比高中文凭的工人的平均收入 31500 美元多了 62%。Theres no question that going to college is a smart economic choice. But a look at the strange variations in tuition reveals that the choice about which college to attend doesnt come down merely to dollars and cents.毫无疑问，上大学从经济上来说是明智的选择。但是学费奇怪的变化说明，选择上哪种大学
30、并不只是金钱的问题。Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $49,260 in 2007-08) yield a 40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of-state student ($35,542)?上哥伦比亚大学（学费，食宿费在 2007 年-2008 年达到了 49260 美元）比起非当地学生报读科罗拉多大学博德尔分销（费用为 35542 美元）的回报率高 40%吗？Probabl
31、y not. Does being an out-of-state student at the University of Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($17,380) there? Not likely.不太可能。一名报读科罗拉多大学博德尔分校的非当地学生的收入会是当地学生（费用为17380 美元的两倍吗？不太可能。No, in this consumerist age, most buyers arent evaluating college as a
32、n investment, but rather as a consumer productlike a car or clothes or a house. And with such purchases, price is only one of many crucial factors to consider.不，在消费主义的时代，大部分的买家不会把大学看做一种投资，而是一种消费品-就像汽车、衣服或住房一样。购买这些商品，价格仅是需要考虑的很多关键因素中的一个。As with automobiles, consumers in todays college marketplace hav
33、e vast choices, and people search for the one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets.正如汽车一样，在今天的大学市场，消费者有很多选择，人们在寻找复合预算条件的最舒适和满意的学校。This accounts for the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences (such as attending a private liberal-ar
34、ts college or going to an out-of-state public school that has a great marine-biology program).这解释了为什么人们愿意为不同的体验付出更高的费用（例如报读私立学校的文学院或者报读一家有很好的海洋生物学课程的外州公立大学）。And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of money on very different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their paren
35、ts) often show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products.7正如两名购车人会为完全不同的汽车付同样的价钱一样，大学生（或者更准确地说，他们的父母）经常愿意为完全不同的产品支付差不多的价钱。So which is it? Is college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car?那这是哪一种？究竟大学是像股票一样的投资产品还是像汽车一样的消费品？In keeping wi
36、th the automotive worlds hottest consumer trend, maybe its best to characterize it as a hybrid (混合动力汽车); an expensive consumer product that, over time, will pay rich dividends.为了追上汽车最炙手可热的消费者趋势，或许最好是把大学看做混合动力汽车；一种消费品，但随着时间的流逝，会带来丰厚的回报。For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled ou
37、t of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the waters edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards
38、a motel parking lot instead. 在数亿年前的时间里，海龟一直在挣扎着离开大海道海滩上产卵，时间远远遭遇自然纪录片的赞扬，或全球定位通讯卫星和海洋生物学家的追踪，又或者志愿者们用手把幼龟放在海边以避免它们受到光线的影响迷失方向，爬向汽车旅馆的停车场。A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. 由官方建造的大型围墙用于保护海龟在大西洋沿岸的主要筑巢地。With all that attention p
39、aid to them, youd think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct.收到了各种各样的关注后，你可能会认为这些生物至少会心怀感激，不至于走向灭亡。But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of Nor
40、th Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds.但是自然却无视人类的公平观念，由渔业和野生动物服务组织提供的用一份报告显示，北大西洋的数种海龟的种群数量出现了令人担忧的下降，特别是体重可达 400 磅的红海龟。The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine biolo
41、gist with the environmental group Oceana. 8来自环保组织的 Ocean 的海洋生物学家伊丽莎白格里芬称，数量最多的佛罗里达州南部穴居种群在过去十年里减少了 50%。The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to “endangered”meaning they are in danger of disappear
42、ing without additional help.该数据促使 Oceana 组织向政府情愿，要求将北大西洋红海龟的保护级别从“受威胁”提升至“濒危”- 这意味着如果没有外界的帮助，它们将会面临灭绝的危险。Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway?这就提出了一个明显的问题：这些海龟究竟还要我们做什么？It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting
43、the turtles for the weeks they spend on land (as egg-laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean. “The threat is from commercial fishing,” says Griffin. 根据格里芬的说法，虽然海龟在陆上的数周时间内，我们可以很好地保护它们（包括产卵的母龟，卵和幼龟），但是我们忽略了它们在海里的漫长时光。“主要是来自商业捕捞的威胁”格里芬说。Trawlers (whic
44、h drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and longline fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles.拖网渔船（在水中和海床拖行大型的渔网）和延绳钓鱼船（在钓线上装备数以千记的鱼钩，可以延伸至数英里）给海龟造成了惨重的伤亡。Of course, like every other environmental issue toda
45、y, this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems. 当然，就像所有当下的环保问题一样，这也是在全球变暖和人类干预自然生态系统的背景下发生的。The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of r
46、ising sea levels as the oceans warm. 海龟产卵的狭窄沙滩一方面收到开发的压榨，另一方面收到海洋变暖导致的海平面上升的威胁。Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs (恐龙) will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so mu
47、ch affection.9最终我们还要解决这些问题，否则一种比恐龙活得更久的生物将会在人类手中灭绝，让我们的后代困惑于怎么这种丑陋的生物会赢得如此多的关爱。The percentage of immigrants (including those unlawfully present) in the United States has been creeping upward for years. 美国移民的比例（包括非法移民）连续数年呈增长趋势.At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since the mid1920s.现已
48、达到 12.6%，比 20 世纪 20 年代中期以来的任何时候都要高。We are not about to go back to the days when Congress openly worried about inferior races polluting Americas bloodstream. 我们不是要回到国会公开表示担忧等民族污染美国血统的时代。But once again we are wondering whether we have too many of the wrong sort of newcomers. 但是我们再一次想知道美国是否有太多不适合的新移民。T
49、heir loudest critics argue that the new wave of immigrants cannot, and indeed do not want to, fit in as previous generations did.其中声势最大的批评认为新的移民浪潮并不能像前面数代人一样真正融入，实际上他们也并不想这么做。We now know that these racist views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians and members of other so-called inferior races becameexemplary Americans and contributed greatly, in ways too numerous to detail, to the building of this magnificent nation. 现在我们知道这些种族主义的观点都是错的。曾经，意大利人、罗马尼亚人以及其他所谓的“低等民族”成为美国人的楷模，并且通过不胜枚举的方式为这个美妙国度的建设做出了伟大的贡献。There is no
