1、中考英语复习系列之七 句子一、中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面:1、掌握陈述句、祈使句的构成形式及基本用法;2、掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法;3、掌握由 what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别;4、掌握状语从句、宾语从句的构成形式、基本用法及意义,对从句的要求如下:(1)掌握时间和条件状语从句中的时态与主句时态的搭配(2)掌握宾语从句的语序及其时态与主句时态的呼应5、了解定语从句的构成基本形式及基本用法二、句子考查点分项说明:1、掌握陈述句、祈使句的构成形式及基本用法一、陈述句:陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法(包括肯定和否
2、定)的句子。通常用降调,句末用句号“.”。Tom has a new car.汤姆有辆新车。The flower isnt beautiful.这花不美。二、陈述句否定式的构成1 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词 be,则只需在这些动词后加 not即可构成否定式。He is playing the guitar.他正在弹吉他。(肯定)He is not playing the guitar.他不在弹吉他。(否定)We can get there before dark.天黑前我们能够到达那里。(肯定)We cant get thee before dark.天黑前我们不能
3、到达那里。(否定)2 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加 dont, doesnt或 didnt。同时把该实义动词变为原形。He plays the violin well.他小提琴拉的很好。(肯定)He doesnt play the violin well.他小提琴拉的不好。(否定)She won the game.她赢得了比赛。(肯定)She didnt win the game.她没赢比赛。(否定)三、祈使句:祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号“!”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。
4、1 肯定的祈使句:(1)祈使句主语是 you时,you 常省略,但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。Be quiet.请安静。You be quiet! 你给我安静点!(2)“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求,do 起强调作用。Do come back at once! 务必立即返回!Do be careful.务必小心。(3)please 用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气,但 please用在句末时,必须用逗号与其余部分分开。Open the window, please.请打开窗户。(4)Let 引导祈使句时,后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语,人称代词一般只用第
5、一、第三人称。Let Jack wait a minute.让杰克等一会。Lets go to school.我们上学去吧。(5)在祈使句中,Lets 和 Let us是有区别的。Lets 包括说话者,而Let us不包括说话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。Lets go skating, shall we? 咱们去溜冰吧,好吗?(表示内部的建议)Let us try again, will you? 让我们再试一次,好吗?(表示向别人发出请求)2、掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法一、一般疑问句:(1)一般疑问句的肯定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、
6、情态动词、be 动词或 have(有)开始,通常要求以 yes,或 no来回答的疑问句,一般疑问句读时通常用升调。Do you know Mr. Smith? 你认识史密斯先生吗?Can you swim? 你会游泳吗?(2)一般疑问句的否定结构 在一般疑问句的否定结构中,把副词 not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用 not的简略形式-nt,则须将-nt 与一般疑问句句首的 be, have,助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中,一般都采用简略式。 与汉语不同的是,英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定,全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的,则用 yes加肯定结构;若答语是否定
7、的,则用 no加否定结构。Arent you a football fan? 你不是足球迷吗?Yes, I am. 是的,我是。No, I am not. 不,我不是。Wont she like it? 她会不喜欢吗?Yes, she will. 是的,她会(喜欢)的。No, she wont. 不,她不会(喜欢)的。二、特殊疑问句用疑问代词疑问形容词或疑问副词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句不能用 yes或 no回答,读时用降调。注意常见的疑问代词有 what, which, who, whom, whose 常见的疑问形容词有 what, which, whose 常见的疑问副词有 w
8、hen, where, why, how 常用的特殊疑问句询问内容 疑问词或句型 例 句 回 答 职业,身份 what What is your father? He is a doctor. 姓名或关系 who Who is that boy? He is Jack.He is my brother 相貌特征 whatlike? What is she like?What does she look like? She is beautiful. 目的 whatfor? What did they come here for? To attend a meeting. 原因 why Why
9、did they come here? Because they have a meeting to attend. 天气 howwhatlike? How is the weather today?What is the weather like today? Its fine. 颜色 what color? What dolor is her skirt? Its red. 服装尺寸 what size What size does he wear? He wars 40. 几点钟 what time What time is it? Its 7:30. 星期几 what day What
10、 day is today? Its Tuesday. 几号,日期 what is the date? What is the date today? Its May 2. 年龄(多大) how old How old is he? He is 38. 持续多长时间(多久) how long How long have you been here? For five months. 长度(多长) how long How long is the bridge? Its 500 metres. 距离(多远) how far How far is it from here to the zoo?
11、Its 6 kilometres. 频度(多经常) how often How often do you come back? Once a week. 时间经过(多快) how soon How soon will she arrive? In an week. 数量(多少) how many(可数名词)how much(不可数名词) How many jackets do you have?How much coffee do you want? Three.Two cups. 价格 how much How much is it?How much does it cost? Five d
12、ollars. 高度(多高) how tall(人,树)how high(山,建筑物) How tall is she?How high is the tower? Shes 1.73 metres.Its 450 metres. 3 选择疑问句:选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由 or连接,or 前面的部分读升调,or后面的部分读降调。选择疑问句不能用 yes或 no回答,而必须具体的选择答复。Is your bag yellow or black? Its black.。Would you like some t
13、ea or coffee? Either will do.。Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.4 反意疑问句:反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句,问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。(1)肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句,否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。I am your teacher, arent I? 我是你的老师,对吗?He didnt study hard, did he? 他学习不努力,对吗?(2)如果陈述句中含有否定副词 never(从不,决不)
14、,hardly(几乎不)或其他表示否定代词或形容词,如 nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little等,则附加问句只能用肯定式。如:They hardly write to each other, do they? 他们几乎不给对方写信,是吗?He has found nothing, has he? 他什么也没有找到,是吗?Few people knew the secret, did they? 很少有人知道这个秘密,是吗?(3)当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时,英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况,若答语
15、的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”,答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”,而译成汉语时,则必须把 yes译“不是”,把 no译成“是的”。You wont be away for long, will you?你不会离开太久,是吗?Yes, I will.不,我会离开很久。 No, I wont.是的,我不会离开很久。I dont think shell come by bike, will she?我认为她不会骑自行车,会吗?Yes, she will.不,她会骑自行车来。 No, she wont.是的,她不会骑自行车来。3、掌握由 what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式
16、、用法及区别感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“!”,读时用降调,感叹句往往由 what或 how引导,what 修饰名词,how 修饰形容词,副词或动词。1 what 引导的感叹句:(1)what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)What a beautiful city it is!多么美丽的一个城市啊!What an interesting story she told!她讲了一个多么有趣的故事啊!(2)what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)What expensive watches they are!多贵的
17、手表啊!What terrible weather it is!多么恶劣的天气啊!2How 引导的感叹句:(1)How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)How cold it is! 多冷啊!How hard he works! 他工作多么努力啊!(2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)How he loves his son! 他多么爱他的儿子啊!How I miss you! 我多想你啊!(3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)How tall a tree it is! 多么高的一棵树啊!How they cried! 他们哭得多伤心啊!4、掌握状语从句、宾语从句的
18、构成形式、基本用法及意义,对从句的要求如下:(一)掌握时间和条件状语从句中的时态与主句时态的搭配(1)时间状语从句:引导时间状语从句的从属连词有 when(当时候),while(当,在过程中),since(自从以来),before(在之前),after(在之后),tell/until(直到时),as soon as(一就)。如果主句为一般将来时,则时间状语从句只能用一般现在时表示将来的意义。He was reading the newspaper when I came in.当我进来时,他正在读报纸。Keep an eye on my cat while I am away.我不在时,请照看
19、一下我的猫。Dont talk so loud while others are studying.别人学习时不要大声说话。It has been five years since she went abroad.她出国已有五年了。He died before his son came back.他在他儿子回来之前就去世了。Ill show him around our factory as soon as he arrives.他一到达我就领他参观我们的工厂。Ill tell him about it as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就告诉他。(2) 条件状语从句:引导
20、条件状语从句的从属连词是 if(如果)。如果主句是一般将来时,条件状语从句只能用一般现在时。If you stay at home, Ill go.如果你呆在家里,我就走。If we dont get up early, we wont catch the train.如果我们不早起,我们就赶不上火车。(2)掌握宾语从句的语序及其时态与主句时态的呼应(一)宾语从句的语序:宾语从句的语序一律使用陈述语序。尤其是在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时必须特别注意:(1) 当宾语从句原为陈述句时,用 that引导,语序不变。(注意时态的一致)Tom isnt a good student.
21、 The teacher told usThe teacher told us Tom wasnt a good student.老师告诉我们汤姆不是一个好学生。He has given up smoking. She saidShe said he had given up smoking.她说他已经戒烟了。(2) 当宾语从句原为一般疑问句时,用 whether或 if连接,语序变为陈述语序。Is Jim a doctor? I wonderI wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是个医生。Does she dance well? Can you t
22、ell meCan you tell me if she dances well?你能告诉我她舞跳的是否好吗?(3) 当宾语从句原为特殊疑问句时,特殊疑问词即为连接词,语序变为陈述语序。She asked me where you were going.她问我你去哪里。She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。(二)宾语从句的时态:宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。(1) 如果主句是现在时态(包括一般现在时,现在进行时和现在完成时),宾语从句可以是实际需要的任何时态。I am wondering whether he has come o
23、r not.我不知道他是否已经来了。(现在完成时)Please tell me when well have the meeting.请告诉我什么时候开会。(一般将来时)I dont know who they are talking about.我不知道他们正在谈论谁。(现在进行时)I have heard the window was broken by John.我已经听说窗户是被约翰打破的。(2) 如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时),宾语从句必须选用过去的某一时态(即一般过去时,过去将来时,过去进行时或过去完成时等)He said he would kill her.他
24、说他会杀了她。(过去将来时)She told us Lucy had returned home.她告诉我们露茜已经回家去了。(过去完成时)Mary was wondering who could answer the question.玛丽想知道谁能回答这一问题。(一般过去时)I didnt told them where you were having the meeting.我没有告诉他们你们正在哪儿开会。(过去进行时)(3) 如果宾语从句表示的是科学其理、客观事实或格言警句等,则不管这句是何种时态,从句一律用一般现在时。Granny told me that the earth mov
25、es around the sun.奶奶告诉我地球围绕太阳转。She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她说患难朋友才是真正的朋友。5、了解定语从句的构成基本形式及基本用法(一)定语在句中是用来修饰名词或代词的,一般由形容词或与之相当的其它词类来充当。如果起修饰作用的是一个句子的时候,就叫作定语从句。但定语从句不是象形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词。(二)定语从句的引导词有关系代词: that, which, who, whom, whose 和关系副词 when, where, why, how。1 that 的先行词可以是人也可以是物。A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种会飞的机器。I like the book (that) you lent me yesterday. 我喜欢你昨天借给我的那本书。2which 的先行词只能是物。The book shop is a shop which sells book. 书店是销售书的商店。