1、第 06 单元 指示词引言165 此后四个单元，我们将讨论一些可用作代词、形容词及副词，而有某些共同语法特点的词。例如 which 是代词，whose 是形容词，where 为副词，但都有关系词的共同特点。又如 larger 为形容词，sooner 为副词，这两个词都具有比较级的共同特点。我们首先研究一组具有指示特点的词，如 this，another，every，称为指示词（ Demonstratives） ；然后讨论构成问句的词，如 who， why，whose，称为疑问词（Interrogatives） ；接着处理表示“较”及“最”的一类词，如 larger，soonest， faster
2、，称为比较级（Comparatives）及最高级（Superlatives） ；再谈谈数词（Numericals）及量词（Quantitatives） ，如 five，dozen，much；最后研究同时具有连词和代词（副词、形容词）作用的一组词，称为关系词（Relatives） ，如 which，that，where。指示词的一般特点166 1指示词可以是单数也可以是复数，可以用作代词，也可用作形容词。有些指示词，如：this ， that，用作代词时是单数，用作形容词时，后面跟单数可数名词（简称SCN）或是跟不可数名词（简称 UN） 。另一些，如 there，those，用作代词时为复数，用
3、作形容词时后面跟复数名词。另外，如 any，两种情况都可以。下表中 ink 代表不可数名词（UN） ，pen 代表单数可数名词（SCN） ，pens 代表复数可数名词（PCN） 。这个表可说明一个特定的指示词是单数（SD）还是复数（PD） ，后面跟不可数名词还是单数可数名词：SD（SCN or UN）. PD（PCN）this （pen，ink）. these（pens）that（pen，ink）. those（pens ）some（pen ，ink）. some（pens）the same（pen，ink）. the same （pens ）such（a pen，ink）. such（pen
4、s）no pen，no ink. no pensnone（X） （= 无适当的词） . none（X ）any（pen，ink）. any（pens）all （ the pen，the ink）. all （the pens）every pen. XX. both（pens）either（pen）. Xneither（pen）. Xone（X）. ones （X）another（pen ）. other pens，othersa certain pen. certain pens在左边，例如 this 是单数指示词。它可用作单数代词，如：This is good或跟一个单数可数名词或不可数名词
5、，如：This book is good或 This milk is good在 this 的右边为these，它的意思与 this 差不多，但是一个复数指示词。These 可用作复数代词，如：These are good或用作形容词，后面跟一个复数名词，如：These books are good该表也说明some，the same，such，any 既可作单数，也可作复数，又说明 no，every ， （a）certain 不能用作代词，只能用作形容词，this，that，some，such，no，any 及 all 可以跟一个不可数名词。167 2有些指示词表示“一个” ，有些表示“两个
6、” ，有些表示“多个” 。所以有必要弄清每一指示词可表示共有多少东西或多少人：数量 . 指示词three or more. alltwo or more. these，those，some，same ，such，other（s） ，certainone only. this，that，some（body） ，same，such a，another，a certain，onetwo only. bothzero. none，noone of the three or more. any，everyone of the two. either，neitherone of the two or mo
7、re. each168 3大多数指示词也可用作副词。除了 such，every，same，certain，one 以外，所有指示词都偶尔可用作副词，如：He has some（=about）fifty good novelsThe fish is that（=so）large ？I dont believe169 4有些指示词可与连词一起用，如：eitheror，bothand，neither norBoth John and David are stupidThis job is neither easy nordifficult170 5单数可数名词一般须要加指示词。单数可数名词前一般要加
8、一个冠词 a 或 the；物主代词或名词所有格，如 your，John s；或单数指示词，如this，that，one ，every，any ， each，some，no，either，neither，another，a certain，such a，或 the same。下面句子都是错的，因为名词前面未加上述这类词：He saw houseHe has pretty dogHe kept very lovely horseGood fountain pen is necessaryHonest and faithful friend is better than anything171 6指
9、示词后跟着一个 of 短语时的情况：指示代词（a）及指示形容词（b）后都可跟一个 of 引出的短语：（a）all of them some of themeach of my friends either of his handsnone of your nonsense every one of those people（b）no friend of mine any plan of Davidsthese houses of my aunts that dog of yoursevery plan of his such friends of mine172 “指示词+of-短语” ，如
10、each of us，most of them，可以放在系动词 be 或是助动词后面，甚至为了强调放在句子末尾，仿佛一个状语似的：They are most of them foolishThose children will every one grow very quicklyWe should both of us advise himTeachers must none of them show impatienceThey are foolish，most of themWe should advise him，both of us在用 all， both，each 时，of-短语可
11、以省略，all，both，each 的作用就像副词：They will all come here （ Or：They all came here ）The students must each do the exercise （Or：The studentseach）We shall both study astronomy （Or ：We both ）173 7合成的指示词下面代词及副词为合成词，它们不可分写成两个字，如 some body，no thing代词：someone anyone everyone noone（or no one）somebody anybody everybo
12、dy nobodysomething anything everything nothing副词：somewhere （someplace 美国用法） ，somehow （someway美国用法） ，sometimes，sometime，someday，somewhatanywhere（ anyplace美国用法） ，anyhow （anyway） ，anytime（美国用法）everywhere（everyplace 美国用法）nowhere（noplace 美国用法） ，nohow （不规范）Someone，anyone 和 everyone 只表示人。如果后面跟有 of 引起的短语，这类
13、词的两部分必须分开写，这时可指人也可指物：Any one of us has done his bestSome one of his dogs is lovely indeedEvery one of the books I have read is interesting但：None（不要说 No one）of the members came174 上面所列表示人的代词，一般都作单数看待，可以用 he，his，him 代替。但在现代口语中，人们更倾向于用 they，their，them 代替，以避免涉及性别问题：Someone（or Somebody）will do it althoug
14、h they know it isdangerousAnyone（or Anybody）can speak Chinese if they have learned itsome yearsEveryone（or Everybody，Everymember）expressed theirviewsNo one（or Nobody）is willing to criticize themselves175 8In，at 或 on 的省略在表示时间的状语中，指示形容词前的 at，in，on 等介词常常被省略掉，虽然在某些情况下也可以不省：He came one afternoon，every mo
15、nth，the other day，eachnoon ，the same week （不要说 on one afternoon，in every month，at each noon但可说 on Sunday afternoon，in a rainy month，at noon）He slept all dayHe will repent it some dayYou can come any SundayI played tennis this（or that）morningHe died（on）the following day， （on）the morning whenit rained
16、 hard， （in）the year when the war broke out， （at ）the moment he received the newsHe came last night，and will come again next weekWhat time did he come？The ，last ，next，what 都可看作指示词：I saw him（on the ）last voyage （可当作时间） 。We were classmates（in） that termI will speak to him（at）the first chanceNothing can
17、 be done（in）this weatherThey watch him（at）every step176 指示词和否定词一起使用时需要小心。下面都是否定词：no，nothing，nobody，no one，no where，never ， seldom，none，not，scarcely，hardly，neither，nor ，little，few这类词在和指示词一起用时，可能对（简写为 R） ，也可能不对（简写为 W） 。在正确使用时，可表示完全否定（TN）或部分否定（ PN） 。 R right ，W wrong，TN=total negative，PN partial negati
18、ve177 Nobody in England cannot speak English （重复否定） （W）Everybody in England can speak English （R）Nothing in this garden is not pretty （W）Everything in this garden is pretty （R）但是：He did it not without regret，not without shame （R）No-one is unselfish （虽然重复否定，但有一个否定词是由否定前缀或后缀构成） （R）None of them are dis
19、 tasteful （R ）He is not homeless （R ）I do not know that he has not come home （每个从句中只有一个否定词） （R ）I can never understand why Mary said nothing about herwrongs （R）I shall criticize nobody，neither at present nor in future （后面的否定词重复前面的否定词是为了强调） （R）I can never say anything，not even for myself （R ）He doesn
20、 t see nothing （He sees nothing） （俚语） （R ）He can never say nothing （=He can never say anything ） （R ）178 I do not like both of them （=I like only one of them ） （PN）I like neither of them （I dont like those two persons ） （TN）All of them are not honest （=Only some of them are honest ） （PN）Not all of t
21、hem are honest （较上句强） （PN）None of them are honest （TN）I cannot see any of them （Notany ） （TN ）Any of them cannot see me （Any not） （W ）None of them can see me （TN）179 以副词（状语）从句结尾的否定句可能有两种意思。哪个是正确意思得由上下文来决定：I havent played the violin for ten yearsFor ten years I havent played the violinOr I have playe
22、d the violin，but not for ten yearsI didnt sleep all night=All night I didnt sleepOr I did sleep ，but not all nightHe wasnt wellgroomed when she suddenly dropped inWhen she suddenly dropped in，he wasnt well-groomed Or=He was wellgroomed，but not when she suddenly dropped inI dont love him because he i
23、s richBecause he is rich，I dont love himorI do love him，but not because he is rich指示词的用法AThis，That，These，Those1This，These，That，Those 作代词的用法180 “What is this （指近处的东西）？” “Its an apple ”（在回答时不要再重复 this）“What is that（指远处的东西）？” “It（不要说 That）is a pear ”（对比）“What are these（this 的复数形式）？” “They（不要说 These） ar
24、e horses“What are those（that 的复数形式）？ ”“They are donkeys ”“What is this，and what is that？” “This is an apple and that is a pear ”（对比）181 A beggar came ，and he（不能说 this 或 that）asked for money（除了下面情况外从不用 this 或 that 代表人）This is MrTanaka This is MrSasaki （介绍见面）Hello，is that Jane？（英国说法）Hello，is this Jane
25、？（美国说法） （电话用语）Stop crying and that（or there）is a good boy！Those who（为 he who 或 one who 的复数形式）come are my friendsThose（=The people）there（or coming here）are Jews （He is）Handsome boy，that！（为了强调而重复）182 This 和 that 可以指具体的东西：He gave me one dollar，and this（more emphatic than it） was all he had183 This 和 th
26、at 也可表示抽象的东西：He talked of freedom，justice and all that也可指品质：I like a man （or men）like this （or that） ，such a man（or men）as this（or that） 184 还可和某些介词连用，有特定的意思：At this （=Seeing or hearing this） ，he became angryWith this（=So saying） ，he leftUpon this （And then ） ， he shook his headAfter this （=After th
27、is incident，this time） ，he became more carefulSince that （=Since that time） ，I have never met any friend185 偶有下面用法：Get out of this（=this place） （少见）He must have arrived by this （=this time） （少见）186 也可表示某些事物：He knows this，that and the other（matter） Some believe in this，some believe in thatI dont say
28、anything against Mrthis or MrsThatThese came for paper，those for pens，others for ink187 也可指前面刚提到的东西：He has good intention，but that （指前句表示的内容） is not e noughI will learn music，I know this（=learning music ）is not easy188 有时和 and 连用：You must do it，and that （=and you must do it）immediately（or at once） H
29、e decides to be a doctor and that（and he decides to be a doctor）after he gets marriedHe has many good dogs and these（and he has）very small onesHe is a doctor and a well known one at that（而且又是一个有名的医生） He has a car，and a very large car at thatHe knows nothing except music，and very little at thatPeople
30、 were killed and thousands of them at that189 That 可以代表前面所提的东西，而 this 代表即将谈的东西：To be or not to be，that is a question （that 指 to be or not tobe ）“You can depend on me ”That was what he saidThis is a question：to go or to stay？（this 指 to go or to stay）What I can say is this：You can depend on meCoffee，c
31、igars and liquor：these are my friends190 在某些词组中，that 比 this 用得多：That is because you dont know yourselfThat is why you failedThat is how I made itSo（or And）thats thatThat s allThat will do ）Thats a good boyWhat of that？That is（to say） For all thatAnd thatAnd all that191 That 和 those 还有下面这些特殊用法：He has
32、 that（=He has something）in his character which puzzles me （书面语）There was that（=There was something）in his way of speaking He saw that（=something）in her face which made him afraidThere is that（=There is someone）who knows the secret （少见）There were those（people）who said“no” （这样用时较多）He knew those who we
33、re opposed to him192 This 有时用来表示“ 后者” ，that 表示“前者”：The gun is more important than the penThis（=The latter，The pen）cannot do without that（the former，the gun） English and Chinese are our school subjectsThis seems harder than thatWe study English，Chinese，geography，history and mathemat- icsThis last（=or
34、 This latter）is the hardest193 That 和 those 若跟有介词短语，可用来代表前面提的东西，以避免重复，等于“the+前面那个名词”：The novel by Dickens is better than that（=the novel）by Wells （that 代表“the+noun” ）The novels by Dickens are better than those by WellsThe door of his house is like that of a churchThe ears of a reabit are longer than
35、 those of a catThis house is larger than that of my younger brotherThe greatest tragedy is that（=the tragedy）of a miserJohns name is below those of Mary and JamesThat 和 those 后面有时跟有一个作定语的分词短语或从句：This house is larger than that（=the one 在口语中用得更多一些） standing on the other side，located on the corner （ th
36、at+分词）This road is the same as those（用 the ones 更好）leading to the Capital This house is better than that（用 the one 更好）I saw yester day （That+从句）194 That 有时用来代表前面提到的动作：“Did he learn music？” “Yes，he did sometimes，or Yes，hedid that sometimes ”（that代表 learn music）“Will his mother punish him？” “She wont
37、”or“That she wont ”（that 代替punish him）“He will punish them ”“That he will（=So he willHe will ） ”He has eaten it，that he has195 That 有时用来代替前面的补语，比 go 更为确定：He is my friend ，that （my friend）he isDishonest？Yes，he is that（dishonest ） He is a foolHe looks thatI find him that，and everybody calls him thatJo
38、hn is selfish，cunning and cruel，but his brother is not all thatYou know he cannot be that2This，These，That，Those 作形容词的用法196 这几个指示词都可用作形容词，修饰后面的名词：These four pretty gold rings are hers （this，these ，that，those 通常放在其他形容词前面）This Shakespeares last work is calledThe Tempest That fiftieth year of service wa
39、s truly long197 有时和 very 连用，表示强调：You shall be punished this very hour （比 this hour 更强调）That very accident cost him his lifeThis very house is what I have been looking forThey were ready to kill him，but he decided to see those very people198 有时和 there，here 一起用，there，here 要放在名词后面：Do you see that man t
40、here（不要说 that there man） This lady here（不要说 this here lady）is pretty199 This 和 that 可以同时用，中间用 and 或 or 连接，表示随随便便，东一下，西一下：Dont run this way and that way （不要瞎跑。 ）He falls in love with this girl and that （一会儿爱上这个，一会儿爱上那个）He falls in love with this or that girlThe child broke this thing or that （一会儿打破这，
41、一会儿打破那）This，that，or the other（or anothe） （=Some or other） reader will agree with the author of this book （总有读者赞同）有时表示对比（有的有的）：Many guests came：this one alone，that one with his wife，and another one with three or four friends200 有时表示数量：He needs a million dollars to do it，but half this money（=halfa mil
42、lion dollars）is enough for meSome rooms have sixty students in them；others have half that number（=thirty） It is three feet，but twice this length（=six feet）would be better201 有时表示“我（们）的”：This（=My，Our ）city has eight high schools in it （本市）This country has to import a lot of rice （本国）These eyes have s
43、een itReply as soon as you receive this letterThe principal of this school is sixty years old202 有时表示某种情绪：Forget that matter （鄙视）Look at that son of yours （兴趣）Dont mention those days again （遗憾）O those eyes！O that silvery voice！（赞美）Who is this Lilian Wang？（看不起）I am sick of these artists （鄙视）203 用在时间词
44、组中，表示特定的意义：Be gone this minute （=at once） He has won for this once（=at least on this occasion） They must have arrived by this timeYou shouldnt say such foolish things at these（late）years（or at your great age） 204 可以和 month 一起用：I am（or was）busy this month（or these months） ，in the present month（or in
45、the present months） ，in the month（or inthe months） I was（or shall be）busy that month（or those months） 205 可以和 hour 和 day 连用：We have been miserable to this hour（or day，year） ， and from this hour（forward）we shall be happyI shall see you one of these days206 可以和 week，day 等词连用，表示“以后（前）的”：I left Hong Kon
46、g this day week（or month，year） （=this daylast week，etc ） （英国用法）I shall leave Hong Kong this day week（or month，year） （= this day next week，etc ）（英国用法）I saw her this time twelvemonth（or three years ） I shall see her this day next month207 注意下面两个句子的差别：I did not see him this morning（or this spring） （说话时已不是早晨或春天）I have not seen him this morning（or this spring） （说话时仍是早晨或春天）208 注意下面句子中 this，these 的用法：I havent seen her （for ） this long time （好久没见到她）I havent seen her this half year （半年没见到她了）I havent seen her （for ） this five months （有 5 个月没见到她了）I havent seen her the
