1、浅析蛙中人物的悲剧始因原文来源On the “ frog “ in the beginning because of the tragic figures译文正文：在蛙形式主义的叙事幕布之后，演绎的是一出历时六十年的民间生育悲剧。其情节分别从传统、人性、社会、命运等维度诠释悲剧的性质，暗示悲剧的根源，隐喻这种悲剧如今正以新的形式不断上演“就艺术来说，不仅戏剧中有悲剧，小说中也有悲剧。至于生活中，悲剧更多。艺术悲剧是以生活悲剧为原料的创造”。 莫言用四部书信小说和一部九幕话剧来呈现东北乡六十年间发生的一个个生育悲剧，这种叙事形成了相互映衬、相得益彰的悲剧审美效果。下文将对这些悲剧的始因、性质进行
2、具体分析。一、从传统的维度中国有着悠久的农耕文明历史，中国人民对土地有着特殊的眷恋。因此，在相对落后的传统生产技术和经济发展中，富足劳力和人丁兴旺便成了社会强盛和家庭幸福的重要标志。进而，在漫长的历史文化中，“多子多福”，“不孝有三，无后为大”的封建伦理生育观深深影响着人们，这其中还有着隐晦的“重男轻女”“养儿防老”等性别歧视思想的存在。高密东北乡作为中国乡村的典型代表，传统的生育观也深深扎根在人们的脑海中。因此，在鼓励生育的年代，整个村庄是一片和谐温馨的景象，人们尽情享受着“延续香火”的快感。作为医生的姑姑也顺应“民心”，尽情地迎接每一个新生命。此时的姑姑是“救世主”、“活菩萨”，是全村人心
3、目中的偶像。而在计划生育的高压下，这反成为铸就姑姑人生悲剧的重要原因。因为她是全乡仅有的两位妇科医生之一，是东北乡的计划生育委员会副主任，是一名对党忠心耿耿的共产党员。实际上，她是国家政策与民间观念激烈冲突的焦点。故而，“姑姑的双手，既带着芳香，又充满血腥”。此时的姑姑失去了原有的美好光环，被视为“杀人狂”、“刽子手”，成了全村同仇敌忾的恶魔。姑姑扮演着先天使后魔鬼的角色。二、从人性的维度文本里的爱情悲剧与生育悲剧息息相关，难以划分。既充分展示了人性中真爱的美好，也揭露了人性中自私的丑陋。而这两面的任何一个极端，都可能让人痛苦一生，甚至让他人痛苦一生。男配角秦河，是公社党委书记秦山的兄弟，本具
4、有幸福生活的条件。因痴恋姑姑却追求不得而变得时清醒、时疯癫。在姑姑需要时，不离不弃、至死不渝，可谓一生悲惨。秦河并非一无是处，姑姑也并非不领这份情，她之所以跟了郝大手，主要是企图摆脱梦幻中的讨债。她看中的是郝大手的手艺绝活能捏出惟妙惟肖，栩栩如生的泥娃娃。泥娃娃非同一般，具有投胎转世的灵性。泥娃娃属于量身定做，经过他们两个配合努力，终于达到两千八百个，代表她亲手流掉的每一个婴儿。姑姑将其供奉起来，借以表达深深的忏悔，希望他们能遵循祈祷“找到一个比先前更好的人家”。姑姑与郝大手的结合，对秦河是个巨大的打击。秦河认为，姑姑看中的不是郝大手本人，而是他的手艺。于是，他苦练手工艺绝技捏泥娃娃，最终和郝
5、大手一同被评为“民间艺术大师”。更为令人同情的是，郝大手经常欺负他、刺激他，让他的身心不断遭受巨大伤害。姑姑只是对郝大手进行劝诫，并没有采取行之有效的手段保护秦河，在这方面，姑姑不仅是自私的，而且是冷漠的。同样痴情的还有王肝。在小时候的第一次见面时，他就暗恋上了姑姑的助手小狮子。在忍受相思之苦的岁月里，他流失了青春，将其化成几百封激情澎湃而又如泣如诉的情书。为讨好自己的心上人，王肝公开与父亲作对，甚至出卖自己的父亲，使其在众人的耻笑中走上结扎手术台。最后，还出卖了自己的亲妹妹。当时，王胆已有七个月身孕，正在东躲西藏地逃避姑姑的追捕。在某种意义上，王肝是造成妹妹及其腹中孩子死亡的凶手之一。他为姑
6、姑提供线索，并在潜意识里希望姑姑抓到妹妹。姑姑抓到妹妹就等于小狮子抓到妹妹，姑姑高兴就等于小狮子高兴，这里的姑姑和小狮子仿佛是同一个人，是同一种寄托，是同一条真理。至于小狮子是否会因王肝的大义灭亲而对其产生好感，或许他自己都没有把握。这时，他已由一厢情愿的痴情泥沼坠入失去理智的迷狂深渊。小狮子对王肝的迷恋无动于衷，最后和姑姑一样，选择了众人意想不到的归属跟了蝌蚪。王肝知道后反而理智了许多，但是他和秦河一起生活在人民公社时期破败的饲养堂，暗示着他和秦河一样，可能一生都无法走出相思情感架构的牢笼。三、从社会的维度陈眉，高密县东北乡的第一美女，却是人生最为凄惨的一个。她和姐姐到南方寻找幸福与未来，面
7、对纸醉金迷的诱惑，姐妹俩洁身自爱，甘愿吃苦。没想到，在打工工厂遭遇火灾，使其不但失去了姐姐，还容貌尽毁，余生不得不以黑面纱遮盖自己都不忍看到的面容。虽然没有很明确地交待火灾的原因，但年轻女警官的话语中已经得知。 这表明，社会能塑造一个好人，也能毁灭一个好人。无论是繁华的工业城市还是粗俗的乡土社会，都存在摧残与异化人性的丑恶。从内容看，这是社会中的丑。陈眉原本有着令人倾慕的外表更有纯真、质朴、善良、勤劳的内在品质，可谓“内外俱美”，而在毁容后，可谓“内美外丑”。她为了替父亲偿还拖欠的医药费，在袁腮的蛊惑下，为蝌蚪代孕。她与其他代孕者不一样，并不将出卖生育功能纯粹当作一种职业，将得来的报酬用于问心
8、无愧的奢侈消费。她对自己的亲骨肉，有种难以割舍的亲情。与柔弱善良的陈眉相比，她周围的恶丑力量过于强大。需要指出的是，袁腮是一个彻头彻尾的恶人，他狡猾投机、冷漠无情，是社会丑恶的集中与表征。他对陈鼻之女陈眉，不念乡情、丧尽天良，赤裸裸的剥削本性暴露无疑。陈鼻和袁腮是小学同学，又是儿时伙伴，他明知陈眉代孕是为了替陈鼻支付拖欠的医药费，还在陈眉生出健康漂亮的男孩后骗她说生了死胎，将原来的五万元报酬减至一万元。为了压榨更多的利润，他厚颜无耻地劝说陈眉出卖分泌的初乳。袁腮在最后也没有得到报应，甚至连起码的反思都没有，这与姑姑的忏悔与自我救赎形成鲜明的对比。他的红火与健在已经超越文本，表明六十年来不断上演
9、的生育悲剧其实并没有结束。陈鼻大闹“庆生宴会”，陈眉抢跑“漂亮孩子”，是话剧蛙的高潮，是对时代恶丑的彻底揭露和无情嘲弄。而陈眉最后因误判失去孩子，也是对她无力的挣扎、无谓的反抗所作的一种含有同情意味的讽刺与总结。四、从命运的维度这些悲剧，也具有命运悲剧的属性。命运悲剧的可怕性在于其不可知性与不可抗拒性，这也凸显了人的存在与人的命运的荒诞本性。悲剧与命运的关系历来为美学家所重视，源于古希腊的悲剧相当一部分即命运悲剧。那些被姑姑流掉的两千八百个孩子，就是两千八百个生命悲剧。他们生命的被赋予与被剥夺，只发生在短短几个月间。普遍地看，人们无法选择自己的生身父母，姑姑是为一例。作为革命烈士的后代，作为一
10、个因精湛医术而让家族荣耀的后辈，她选择做医生不仅是情理之中，似乎更是命运的安排。在感情与婚姻遭遇严重挫折后，为证明清白，姑姑振作起来，全身心地投入彼时崇高的事业中。这看似被动而又主动的选择，成就了她的光荣和辉煌，也导致了她的罪恶与忏悔。从根本上讲，陈眉的悲剧开始于她的出生，更在于她的性别。她的父亲陈鼻一心想增添男丁，所以让王脚东躲西藏，为此丧命。王脚死后，陈鼻痛不欲生，可他痛的不是妻子的死，而是延续香火的希望破灭。他甚至没有考虑过将姑姑暂时代养的陈眉抱回。姑姑当时非常想收养陈眉，但碍于户口等不可克服的困难，只好放弃。如果能跟着姑姑，陈眉绝不至于陷入生不如死的绝境。陈鼻在过去积极乐观，做生意发家
11、，是少有的富裕户。王脚死后，解冻与退回的钱款有三万元之多，可他因没有儿子而自暴自弃、自甘堕落，对两个女儿不管不顾。陈眉姐妹俩去南方打工的一个重要目的，就是挣钱以报答父亲的生育之恩。姑姑、蝌蚪与小狮子想用新生命来实现对过去罪恶的忏悔，以达到灵魂的自我救赎，藉以获得苦尽甘来的幸福希望。在袁腮的操弄下，陈眉卷入了一场由权力、金钱、欲望、谎言编织成的阴谋，成为赤裸裸的牺牲品。他们三个，显然是这场阴谋的参与者和最大受益人。“命运悲剧意义不在于命运的不可知性与不可抗争性，而在于人对命运的抗争性。”1( P261) 陈眉用自己虚弱的身躯和破碎的心灵与周围的丑恶进行了坚定的抗争，她浑浑噩噩地先到派出所报案，抢
12、到孩子后又“上公堂”告状。她赢在意志上，却输在结果上。对这样残酷的现实，莫言似乎只能用魔幻的方式来寄予一种虚弱无力的悲悯情怀。或许他真正希望的是，我们能从现实中看出真实，并能有所思考。莫言借蝌蚪之名，以参与者、写作者、经历者、思考者的多重体验来正视自我之丑和人性之恶，描绘出一成不变的生育观念影响下的民众不可克服的弱点和病态人格所导致的大众悲剧。但是，第五部分的最后一出话剧落幕并不意味着悲剧的终了。作者以摇曳多姿的叙事，超越现实、联接真实，隐喻这类悲剧和民间历史进程一直如影随形、寸步不离。它们不仅一起走过了六十年，更令人恐惧的是，六十年后的今天，它们依然难分难舍、无法隔绝。On the “ fr
13、og “ in the beginning because of the tragic figuresAfter the “ frog “ formalist narrative curtain, is an interpretation of the last six decades of civil birth tragedy. Respectively, from the dimensions of its interpretation of the traditional plot , human , social , and other properties tragic fate
14、, suggesting the root causes of the tragedy , the tragedy of this metaphor is now being staged in a new form of constantly “on the arts , not only have tragic drama , the novel also has tragedy as in life , tragedy more . artistic tragedy is the tragedy of life as raw material to create . “ Mo Yan f
15、our letters with nine novels and a one -act play to render fertility among rural northeast tragedy occurred six years , against the background of this narrative form a mutually complement each other tragic aesthetic effect . The following will be the beginning because of these tragedies , the nature
16、 of specific analysis .First, from the traditional dimensionsChina has a long history of farming civilization , the Chinese people have a special attachment to the land . Thus, in the relatively backward traditional production technology and economic development , the abundance of labor and social p
17、rosperity of a flourishing population has become an important symbol of happiness and family . Furthermore, in the long history of culture, “ many sons “, “ There are three unfilial , be without “ feudal ethics fertility concept deeply affect people , of which there is a vague “ patriarchal “ , “ ra
18、ising children old age “and gender discrimination exists ideas. As a typical representative density rural northeastern China village , the traditional concept of fertility is also deeply rooted in peoples minds. Therefore, to encourage childbearing age , the whole village was the scene of a harmonio
19、us and warm , people enjoying the “ continuation of incense ,“ the pleasure. As a doctor s aunt also conform to “popular “ heartily greet each new life . At this point the aunt is the “savior “, “ living Buddha “ is the whole village idols. And in family planning pressure, which has become an import
20、ant cause of anti- life tragedy cast aunt . Because she was one of only two township gynecologist , is deputy director of the Family Planning Commission Northeast Township , is a loyal Communist Party . In fact, she is the focus of intense national policies and the concept of civil conflict . Theref
21、ore , “ aunt s hands , with both aromatic and full of blood .“ At this point aunt lost its beautiful rings, is considered “ killer “ , “The Executioner “ , the village became an enemy of the devil . Aunt plays a role after the first angel devil .Dimension two , from humanText in the tragedy of love
22、and fertility tragedy closely , difficult to draw . Both demonstrating the love of the good of humanity , but also exposed the ugly selfishness of human nature . And any one of these extremes on both sides are likely painful life , and even let others suffering life. Supporting actor Qin River, is t
23、he brother of Qinshan commune party secretary , the condition has a happy life . Chilian aunt because while it may not seek to become sober, when madness . When my aunt needs , staying till the end ,Can be described as life miserable. Qin River is not nothing , my aunt is not not receive this love,
24、she was told the Haoda hand , was primarily an attempt to get rid of debt collection dream . She saw the Haoda hand craft unique skills - can Niechu vivid, lifelike dolls . Dolls unusual, with reincarnations of spirituality. Dolls are tailored to fit through the efforts of the two of them , and fina
25、lly reached two thousand eight hundred , on behalf of her hands run off every baby . Aunt to worship together , in order to express deep repentance , hope they can follow the prayer “ to find a better people than previously .“ Combined aunt and hao da hand , Qin River is a huge blow. Qin River belie
26、ves that her aunt was not Haoda hand I fancy , but his craft . So he worked hard stunt - Pinch crafts dolls , final and Haoda hands together was named “ folk artist .“ More pitiful is that Haoda hands often bullied him , stimulating him and let him continue to suffer great physical and psychological
27、 harm . Aunt just Haoda exhortation in hand , did not take effective measures to protect the Qin River, in this regard , my aunt is not only selfish , but indifference . There are also infatuated king liver . When a child first met , he would crush on her aunt s assistant small lion. In suffer Acaci
28、a years, he lost youth, their passion into hundreds of letters but Ruqirusu love letters . To please his sweetheart , the king and his father against liver publicly , even betray his father , it took ligation in the operating table in the crowd ridiculed . Finally, betrayed his own sister . At that
29、time , the king has been seven months pregnant bile , is in hiding to evade aunt hunt. In a sense, the king of the liver is one of the murderers and their unborn child caused by the death of his sister . He provides clues to her aunt and aunt caught in the subconscious hope my sister . Sister, aunt
30、caught equals little lion caught sister, aunt happy little lion equals happy , here s aunt and little lion seems to be the same person, the same kind of sustenance, is the same one truth. As to whether because of a small lion king severing the liver and its feel good, maybe he did not grasp. Then he
31、 plunged into the mire by wishful thinking irrational infatuation ecstasy abyss. Little lion king liver fascination indifferent, finally and aunt , the choice of the crowd with the unexpected attribution - tadpoles . Wang liver after that but a lot of reason , but he and Qin River live together in r
32、aising the peoples commune period dilapidated church , suggesting that he and Qin River as possible Acacia emotional life can not get out of the cage structure .Third, from the social dimensionChen Mei , high-density rural northeastern county first beauty , but it is one of life s most miserable . S
33、he and her sister to the south to find happiness and the future, the face of temptation and dissipation , the sisters tried to stay , willing to endure hardship . Unexpectedly, the factory suffered a fire in the work to make it not only lost her sister , also looks doomed , had a black veil covering
34、 the rest of his life could not bear to see his own face . Although not very clearly explain the reasons for the fire , but the words of a young female police officer has been learned . This shows that society is able to create a good man, a good man can be destroyed . Whether or vulgar bustling ind
35、ustrial city of rural society , there is destruction and alienation ugliness of human nature . From the content perspective, this is the society s ugly. Chen Mei has a very original look of admiration more pure, simple , kind, hardworking intrinsic quality , described as “ both inside and outside th
36、e United States“ , and after disfigured , described as “ ugly outside the United States .“ To her father owed for medical bills , Yuan gills under the spell of tadpoles surrogate . She does not like other surrogate , not to betray reproductive function purely as a profession, will come a clear consc
37、ience reward for luxury consumption . Her own flesh and blood , a kind of hard to let go of affection . Compared with the weak good Chen Mei , ugly evil forces around her too strong. It should be noted that the Yuan is a downright wicked cheek , he cunning speculation, indifferent , ugly and charact
38、erization of a centralized society . His daughter Chen Mei Chen nose , do not read nostalgia, conscienceless , naked exploitation of nature exposed. Chen Yuan nose and cheek are primary school students , but also a childhood friend , he knows Chen Mei Chen surrogate for the nose in order to pay medi
39、cal bills in arrears , still a beautiful healthy boy after her birth to a stillborn lie , the original $ 50,000 reward is reduced to $ 10,000. To squeeze more profit, he shamelessly betrayed persuade Chen Mei secreted colostrum. Yuan cheek at the end did not get retribution , even the least reflecti
40、on are not, this repentance and self-redemption and aunt in stark contrast. His fire and alive beyond the text , indicating that six decades fertility tragedy continue to unfold in fact does not end. Chen nose and shout “ birthday party “ , Chen Mei false start “ beautiful child “ is the drama “ fro
41、g “ climax , is thoroughly expose the ugly era of evil and merciless mockery. And Chen Mei finally lost a child due to miscarriage of justice , but also for her inability to struggle against senseless by a mean of irony and sympathy containing summary .Fourth, from the fate of the dimensionThese tra
42、gedies , but also has the tragic fate of the properties . The terrible tragedy of fate in its agnostic and irresistible nature , which also highlights the absurd nature of human existence and the fate of people . Tragedy and the fate of the relationship has always been valued by aestheticians , from
43、 the ancient Greek tragedy that a considerable part of the tragic fate . Those two thousand eight hundred children were run off the aunt , is two thousand eight hundred lives tragedy. They have been given life and being deprived only occurs in just a few months . See generally , people can not choos
44、e their own biological parents , aunt for example. As a descendant of revolutionary martyrs , as a result of the superb medical skills and let the younger generation family honor , she chose a doctor not only makes sense , it seems more was fate . After the emotional and marriage suffered serious se
45、tbacks , to prove innocence, aunt cheer up , threw himself into the noble cause that time . This seemingly passive but active choice , the achievements of her glory and splendor , but also led to her sin and repentance. Fundamentally, Chen Mei tragedy began at her birth , but also because of her gen
46、der. Her father Chen adds male nose bent , so let the king pin hiding , therefore killed. After the death of the king pin , Chen nose lose, but his wife s death was not the pain , but the continuation of incense hopes. He did not even considered the aunt Chen temporarily raised eyebrow wonderful ref
47、lection of the times . Aunt Mei Chen was very much like to adopt , but due to insurmountable difficulties accounts , etc. , had to give up . If you can follow my aunt , Chen Mei never caught dead than alive As the impasse . Chen nasal positive and optimistic in the past , business fortune , is a rar
48、e wealthy families . After the death of the king pin , thawed and returned the money as much as NT $ 30,000 , because he had no sons and low self-esteem , stoop , regardless of whether two daughters . Chen Mei sisters to the south to work is an important objective is to earn money to repay the grace
49、 of his fathers birth . Aunt , tadpoles and small lions want to achieve with the new life of repentance for past sins to reach the soul of self-redemption , in order to obtain hard work brings happiness hope. In the Yuan gills manipulation , Chen Mei embroiled in a by power, money , greed, lies woven into the plot , become naked victim. Three of them , this is obviously the biggest conspiracy of participants and beneficiaries . “Destiny is not tragic sense of the unknown fate of the non- confrontational , but that the fate of the struggle of the pe
