1、北京联合大学 毕业论文 -1-IntroductionBilingual education is a term that is commonly used by the European education Council. It refers to the discipline of teaching a foreign language or a second language as a teaching medium to teach. In this education system, schools general courses are taught by foreign lan
2、guages or students second language. Bilingual education was prevalent in the United States, Canada, Singapore and other countries. However, due to the different national conditions, the purposes of bilingual education in various countries also varied. In general, the modes of bilingual education can
3、 be divided into three dominant types; they are transitional bilingual education, maintenance bilingual education, immersion bilingual education. From which the Canadian immersion bilingual education is the most successful. The final goal of bilingual education is to acquire subjects knowledge and t
4、o improve their language skills. Students are encouraged to use a second language to communicate the subject contents with classmates and teachers in order to continuously improve their language skills and critical thinking ability. Many studies have shown that bilingual children generally have bett
5、er sensitivity in language comprehension and tend to be more flexible in thinking mode than monolingual children. Since the early 1970s, the United States, Sweden, Australia, Finland, Spain, Singapore and other countries have begun a serious of bilingual education researches suit to their own nation
6、al conditions, on the basis of Canadian successful bilingual education research achievements, the objective is to fully develop learners language learning potentials, to make their second language be used as good as their mother tongue, and to better adapt to the worlds diversified development.This
7、paper is mainly focus on the historical background of Canada Bilingual Education. For searching this historical origin deeply and specifically, we have to trace back to the European colonial period. The paper is arranged in four sections. First and foremost, I will discuss the historical background
8、of Canadian society, as well as Canadian bilingual educations origin, especially English and French. Secondly I will mainly discuss the English- speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians respectively. Thirdly, I will talk about background of Immersion Model of Bilingual Education, especially
9、in Quebec. The last but not the least, I will share with you the Influence from Canadian Bilingual Education for Bilingual Teaching in Chinas Universities and Colleges.北京联合大学 毕业论文 -2-1 The Historical Background of Canada Bilingual Education1.1 Canada Multiculturalism Background and Its Main Principl
10、esIf one mentions Canada, people often first thought it was one of the seven major industrialized countries in the west world and the beautiful Maple leaf country, but in fact, Canada is also a multi-ethnic and a multicultural country. There are up to more than 100 ethnic compositions and more than
11、50 kinds of religious beliefs coexist in Canada. Multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-culture coexistence is three prominent features of Canadian society. Canada is the worlds first country to implement the multicultural policy. In 1988, the Canadian Multiculturalism Act was finally come into fo
12、rce, and it has achieved great success functioned as multicultural purpose of implementation model of multicultural education, as well as the specific mode of multicultural education or bilingual education. The practice has proved that the success of Canadian multicultural implementation of bilingua
13、l education dues to both of Canadas national conditions and the law of its culture development.Multiculturalism is a trend of todays cultural development. It has different cultural traditions and values in different countries, different regions and different nations. In the Canadian case for example
14、, there are both indigenous and foreign immigrants; there are the Nordic countries with similar multi-language, so its no wonder that Canada exist its ethnic and cultural diversity and complexity. The rise of multicultural education in the 1960s and 1970s in Western countries is based on respect for
15、 different cultures, and acted as the starting point of promoting mutual understanding and implementing equal education among different cultural groups. Canada is in its multi-cultural background to implement bilingual education, which not only meet the diverse cultural needs, but also cater for peo
16、ple form countries all over the world who want to develop bilingual education successfully.The main principles of multiculturalism are as follows: Prohibiting anyones discrimination on the grounds of race, national culture or ethnic origin, skin color, religion and other factors; Ensuring that all C
17、anadians could enjoy the equality rights in fields of society, economy, culture and politics; Protecting and improving Canadas multicultural tradition; Recognizing the pluralism and multi-cultural are the characteristics of Canadian culture; Encouraging and protecting all of Canadas traditional lang
18、uages and acknowledging the cultural and economic benefits of the multi-language.1.2 The Definition of Canada Bilingual Education北京联合大学 毕业论文 -3-Multicultural education generally refers to a language teaching form, which means in multi-ethnic countries or regions, for protecting a variety of ethnic c
19、ultural background, especially ensure minority and immigrants children can enjoy equal opportunities in education, so that their unique characteristics of ethical cultures could be inherited and respected. In a short, multicultural education aims to respect the different cultures in various groups o
20、n an equal basis, to promote mutual understanding between different cultural groups, purposefully.Bilingual education can be divided into two main types, which are General bilingual education and Narrow bilingual education. General bilingual education refers to the use of two languages in school edu
21、cation; well narrow bilingual education means using a second or foreign language to teach subjects matter in school education.1.3 The Multicultural Education and Bilingual EducationCanadians universally apply the word “mosaic“ to describe their own kingdom, which means the Canadian national recognit
22、ion and respect for the variety of cultural differences. It is the various cultures that make up Canadas colorful culture as a whole. First of all, multiculturalism is already an unchangeable fact in Canada. The history of Canada itself is multicultural formation and development process. On the basi
23、s of the original 50 Indian tribes, the immigrants from Europe, Asia, Africa and America had been gradually pouring into Canada. So far, the territory of Canada has distributed more than 100 ethnic compositions. Canada has become one of the worlds largest multi-ethical countries. Residents from all
24、kinds of ethnic groups have contained a profound national culture, and inherited a rich and varied culture historically, so it is no wonder that Canada is a typical multi-cultural society; Secondly, multi-culture as a concept means multiculturalism, it is a cultural development theory that in favor
25、of all ethnic and cultural groups to realize mutual respect, equality, coexistence and cooperation under the premise of retaining their original cultural characteristics. In the meantime, multiculturalism also views racial equality, freedom and individual justice as its core characteristics, express
26、ing an ideal of social goals. In addition, multiculturalism is a government policy that implemented by Canadian federal and provincial governments. In 1971, Canadian federal government explicitly recognized Canada is a multicultural society, and formally announced the introduction of multicultural p
27、olicies. Besides, the Canadian Multiculturalism Act in 1988 had risen Canada multicultural to a legal level, which marked multiculturalism became the mainstream ideology of ethnic relations in Canada.北京联合大学 毕业论文 -4-Canada is clearly the first country in the world to implement multiculturalism, its m
28、ulticulturalism policy is to respect and protect the traditional culture of various ethnic groups, and promote equality of members of various ethnic groups to participate in the activities of the national social life. The implementation of the policy of multiculturalism helps to ease the discord and
29、 antagonism of various ethnic groups in Canada; it is conducive to strengthen the Canadian multicultural awareness, and to safeguard the unity and solidarity of Canada. According to the information data in the Ministry of Canadian multiculturalism, the majority of Canadians think that multiculturali
30、sm is beneficial to Canadian society, 77 percent of Canadians believe that multiculturalism will enrich Canadian culture, 73 percent Canadians think that multiculturalism will provide more equal opportunities for all groups. Canadas multiculturalism is the original force to induce the community to a
31、 civilized society, multicultural education to ease the ethnic conflicts and the consolidation of state power, to establish good international relations. The impact of education, multicultural policy is extended to the field of education, multicultural education policies and social reality in Canada
32、 must implement multicultural education. Canadian federal and provincial governments, multicultural education policies and measures include: the cultural preservation program, the official language plan, multicultural education and anti-racism education. We have studied bilingual education to place
33、education on the social and cultural research, because education is a universal social behavior unique to humans, to ensure cultural continuity and convergence. The rise of development in multicultural bilingual education provides a new vision and development background, so multicultural background
34、is a historical necessity of bilingual education research.北京联合大学 毕业论文 -5-2 English-Speaking Canadians and French-Speaking Canadians2.1 The Background of Anglo-Canadians and French-CanadiansCanada has two founding ethnics: the Anglo and French Canadians, also known as the English-speaking Canadians a
35、nd French-speaking Canadians. Anglo-Canadians occupy most of territories of this country, while the French Canadians in Quebec remains the absolute superiority in population number, language and culture.Canada is the cultural coexistence country of a French culture and British culture, of which 80 p
36、ercent of its population speak in English, 20 percent of its population speak in French. For a long time English is the common and official language of this country. However, in Quebec on the opposite, there are only 20 percent of residents speak English, 80 percent of the residents speak French, （a
37、bstract from Research of Canadian Multiculturalism by Cao Mian, March. 2011）but English is the common language of Canada, the status of French has been placing under English for a long period of time, children from French families are forced to receive an English education, so the French population
38、and French was quickly assimilated, resulting in a perilous position of the French. In 1960s. Quebec begun a variety of cultural and political awakening, which set off the climax of the nationalist movement and the emergence of the national tendency to separate. One of the goals of this struggle is
39、to fight for the right to French education for the children from French families, as well as the right to fight for autonomy for French schools. Canadian federal government is under great pressure, and in order to conform to the development needs of the multicultural era, the official language act o
40、f the Official Languages Act was enacted in 1969, established the provisions of Canadian English and French both have equal status, French finally won exactly the same rights and status compared with English .From a historical point of view, Canada is a multicultural country, for many years Canada h
41、as been a paradise where flowers growing in full bloom, constantly absorbing immigrants from all over the world. As we all know, the indigenous people lived in Canada are the Indians and the Inuit, their population number account for 1.8 percent of the countrys population. According to the 1996 cens
42、us, the Anglo-Canadians accounted for 39 percent of the countrys population, French and Italian origins accounted for 26.8 percent; The Dutch descent accounted for 3.5 percent, Chinese for 2 percent, the Middle East accounted for 1.1 percent. You can say that there is one in every 10 Canadians was b
43、orn outside Canada territory（abstract from Research of Canadian Multiculturalism）by Cao Mian, March. 北京联合大学 毕业论文 -6-2011）. Canada is a country formed by immigrants; she does not have a single cultural background, race or heritage. Instead, she has a wide diversity of cultural heritage. Such diversit
44、y is the inevitable result of Canadas historical development, for centuries a direct result of immigration. Canada is a nation combined with many countries, and includes almost all the main ethnic groups of the countries in the world. The influx of immigrants changed the ethnic composition of Canada
45、 completely, making Canada the convergence of a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural land. It is the complex ethnic composition and ethnic relations that make the coexistence problem linger decades of years.2.2 The French-Speaking CanadiansThe Frenchmen is the first batch of Europeans who establish a perman
46、ent military and trading base in Canada, ever since Columbus discovered the American Continent in 1492. A century later in 1534, Frenchman Jacques Cartier as the first European set foot on this piece of land, and established the first settlement in Acadia, the following year he came to Canada once a
47、gain and named the famous St. Lawrence River, and named the newly discovered land “New France“. In fact, the true meaning of “New France“ lies in the establishment of Quebec City. From then on as a fur trading post, Quebec had gradually become the bridgehead of French colonization in North America.
48、In 1642, Frenchmen built City Montreal on the upstream of River St. Laurence. The “New France” had ruled Canada for about a hundred years, during this periods, it had been in war with British army continuously, eventually lost Quebec and Montreal as the result of the wars. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763, which allowed the British took control of the entire French territory. After the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty, the British governme
