电气工程专业英语课件2..ppt

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1、Specialized English for Electrical Engineering,电气工程专业英语,授课教师:明芳,1,Introduction,引言,2,1.1 什么是专业英语,1. 专业英语与普通英语,(1). 专业英语在词义上具有不同于基础英语的特点和含义。,plant(工厂), bus, error(误差), performance(性能), horsepower, microchip(微芯片), semiconductor (半导体),3,例1:If a mouse is installed in a computer, then the available memory

2、 space for user will reduce.错误译法:如果让老鼠在计算机里面筑窝,那么使用者的记忆空间就会减少。专业译法:如果计算机安装了鼠标,则用户可利用内存空间就会减少。例2:Connect the black pigtail with the dog- house. 错误译法:把黑色的猪尾巴系在狗窝上。 专业译法:将黑色的引出线接在(高频高压电源)屏罩上。,1.1 什么是专业英语,4,1. 专业英语与普通英语,(2) 外文科技文章在结构上也具有很多自身的特点,如长句多,被动语态多,大量的名词化结构等,这都给对原文的理解和翻译带来了基础英语中很难解决的困难。例: The hea

3、ting system and the water heater(热水器) in a house are system in which only the sign of the difference between desired and actual temperatures is used for control.,1.1 什么是专业英语,一个房间内的加热和热水器系统是根据期望温度值和实际温差来进行控制的,5,The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜

4、的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。,1. 专业英语与普通英语,6,(3) 专业英语对听说读写译的侧重点不同,其主要的要求在于“读”和“译”,也就是通过大量的阅读对外文资料进行正确的理解和翻译(interpretation& translation),在读和译的基础上,对听、说、写进行必要的训练。,1. 专业英语与普通英语,7,1.1 什么是专业英语,是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性,涉及的面更加狭窄,与专业内容配合更为密切。,隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分,以表

5、达科技概念、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法;特别注重客观事实和真理,表达准确、精练和正式。,专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系。专业英语的学习需要有一个良好的科技英语基础,同时也要注意其自身的词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点等等。,8,It is a known fact that the rotation of the Earth is gradually slowing. For four and one half billion years, its entire life, it has been slowing down.If the Earths ro

6、tation was not slowing, there would be none of this stress, and its shape would have remained constant throughout the ages,2. 科技英语与专业英语,9,Work must be done in setting a body in motion.Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere.,使一个物体运动时

7、,必须做功(词义引申)。,沸点的定义就是气压等于大气压时的温度。(v n),The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical through a generator,发电机可以把机械能再转换成电能,10,1.2 学习专业英语的重要性,(1) 科研信息获取,(2) 研究成果展示,(3) 国际交流合作,当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播,而这些资料中90以上都是英语。,世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对于自动化相关专业来说,绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。,专业英语阅读能力,申请专利发表学术论文:,85以上的科技资

8、料都是以英语形式出版的,专业英语写作能力,专业英语表达、听说、应变能力,11,1.3 课程的学习内容,基础知识 文体特点,语法特点, 词汇特点,常用符号公式表达 阅读翻译 专业词汇的翻译,词性的转换,形容词和名词的翻译, 被动语态和长句的翻译等论文写作:Resume学习科技文献的写作格式及写作技巧,12,Chapter 1 Features of Specialized English,专业英语的特点,13,2.1 Grammar Features,客观性(Objective)、准确性(accuracy)和精练性(conciseness)。,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,(2) 广泛使用非谓语形式

9、,(3) 省略句使用频繁,(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多,语法特点,14,科技英语叙述的对象往往是事物,现象或过程,强调的是所叙述事物的本身,而非其主体。被动语态有强调受事者,将其置于话题(topic)的主位(thematic position)的语用功能。如: Heat and light are given off by the chemical reaction. 这种化学反应能发出热和光。 被动语态隐含施动者,可以避免给人以主观臆断的对象,如:It is universally known that the world is

10、made of matter. 人人都知道世界是由物质构成的。,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,2.1 Grammar Features,(客观性),专业英语在句法上最突出的特点是被动语态数量可以占全部谓语动词的1/3到一半以上。,15,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,2.1 Grammar Features,(客观性),We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its

11、 ability to store electrical energy capacitance. It is measured in farads.Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called capacitor or condenser. Its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance. It is measured in farads.,试观察并比较下列两段

12、短文的主语,电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。,16,(1) 广泛使用被动语态,2.1 Grammar Features,主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程,在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断;,中心是客观现象及事物本身,而非动作的发出者,把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置,既能突出中心,又能吸引读者的注意。,(客观性),1) Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.,电可以用数量和质量来度量。,2)Instrument transformers

13、are installed on the high-voltage equipment.,互感器安装在高压设备上,17,2.1 Grammar Features,3) Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.,电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的,4) The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.,这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程 ,以便读出期望的数值。,5) Elec

14、trical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in Farads.,电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中,这样的装置被称为电容器,它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。,18,英语中存在一些自动性(Intransitivi

15、ty)很强的动词或动词词组produce, originate, enable, emerge, vary, give, send, occur, represent, flow, bring about, come within 等,使用这些动词或词组作谓语时不必使用被动式,可以简化语态,在现代科技英语中也用得越来越频繁。,2.1 Grammar Features,19,2.1 Grammar Features,(2)广泛使用非谓语形式,非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词,形容词或副词作用,动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。, 动名词,用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句,The

16、 signal should be filtered before it is amplified.,2) An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun.,Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.,物体放置在太阳下会变热。,The signal should be filtered before being amplified.,放大信号前,应先对其进行滤波,(精炼),20,2.1 Grammar Features,3) We must do various experiments

17、before a new electronic product is designed.,Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.,在设计一个新的电子产品之前,我们必须做各种实验,用动名词短语做主语,4) Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.,改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法,5) Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons th

18、rough an object.,传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动,21,2.1 Grammar Features, 分词,过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态,The power supply, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.,图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单

19、相开关逆变器。,22,2.1 Grammar Features,2) A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.,正如上面所指出的那样,三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。,3) The transistor, which i

20、s working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier.,The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.,工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管,作用就像放大器。,23,2.1 Grammar Features, 不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句,(1) The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing

21、demand of electric power is satisfied.,The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.,单台发电机的容量越来越大,目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。,(2) What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit.,The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.,保险的作用就是保护电路。,24,2.1 Gram

22、mar Features,(3) 省略句使用频繁,省略成分:状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语;定语从句中的关系代词which和that、从句中的助词等;还常用介词短语替代从句。,1) If it is possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.,If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.,2) As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback elem

23、ent in the closed-loop system.,As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,就像图1所示的那样,这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。,可能的话,这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。,(精炼),25,2.1 Grammar Features,3) The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.,The device includes an i

24、nstrument transformation and a relay system with two circuits in it.,这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。,As already discussed 前已讨论As explained before 前已解释As described above 如上所示If possible (necessary)如果可能(必要),其他常用的省略形式:,If so 倘若如此As previously mentioned 前已提到When needed (necessary, feasible)必要时Where feasible

25、在实际可行的场合Where possible 在可能的情况下,26,2.1 Grammar Features,(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁,It句型:it 充当形式主语,避免句子“头重脚轻”,It is very important (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) that,It happened that ,It must be admitted that

26、,祈使句: 无主语,精炼。,Let A be equal to B.设A等于B。,Consider a high-pressure chamber. 假如有一个高气压气候室。,(准确、精炼),27,由于科技英语描写的是科学技术和其他的自然现象,因此,科技作者所注重的是事实和逻辑推导,所给出的定义、定律、定理,或描绘的概念,或叙述的生产工艺过程,都必须严谨、精确。在这方面与文学英语、政论英语或应用文英语相比,科技英语的长句就使用较多。在这些长句中,常常是一个主句带若干个从句,从句带短语,短语带从句,从句套从句,互相依附、互相制约,一环扣一环,这可谓错综复杂,盘根错节,读起来或翻译起来颇伤脑筋。例

27、如:,2.1 Grammar Features,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,28,It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and silt has been co

28、ntinuously deposited, that bodies and the like can be rapidly covered over and preserved.只有水中或水边生活的动物,才能把遗骸保留下来,因为这样做的条件之一,就是迅速地埋葬。而只有在泥浆和淤泥能够接连不断地沉淀的地方如海洋、河川,往往在湖泊里,动植物的遗骸和类似的东西,才能被很快地覆盖而保存下来。,2.1 Grammar Features,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,29,2.1 Grammar Features,(5) 复杂长句使用频繁,1) It has been mentioned above that

29、 the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.,前面已经提到:金属中电子能自由地通过金属,电子的移动在金属中形成了电流,电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。,(准确、精炼),为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系,使用大量长句,这些长句往往包含若干个从句和非谓语动词短语,而这

30、些从句和短语又往往相互制约,相互依附,从而形成从句中有短语,短语中带从句的复杂现象。,30,2.1 Grammar Features,2) The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.,磁阻电动机以某一速率同步动转,该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制的极数决定的。,3) The testing of a cross-field generat

31、or will be described in this section with chief reference to the tests that are normally taken on every machine before it leaves the makers works.,交磁发电机的试验将在本节中叙述,它主要涉及每台电机在离开制造厂前应进行的试验。,31,2.1 Grammar Features,(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多,代替定语从句作后置定语,使句子简洁、紧凑,不至于累赘。,1) All radiant energies have wavelike charact

32、eristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.,All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.,2) The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs,The instruments present include some digital ones

33、 relative to DSPs,所有的辐射能都具有波的特性,与水中移动的波的特征相似。,现场的仪器中还有一些与DSP有关的数字仪器,(精炼),32,2.2 Rhetoric Features,科技英语中常用的时态有一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时和一般将来时,其他时态出现的频率较低。句中的谓语动词多采用一般时。,注重科学技术方面的观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征,(1)动词时态运用有限,广泛使用一般现在时,涉及的内容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等)大多没有特定的时间关系和时效性,科技英语中在叙述过去进行的研究的情况时,若不与现在情况发生联系,常用一般过去时;若与现在关系直接且影响

34、较大则用现在完成时。,现在完成时还用于表述已取得的成果或完成的工作,以及在加工过程中工序的前后顺序。,修辞特点,科技英语采用一般将来时可用于讨论计划中的项目研究。,句中的谓语动词多采用一般时,33,2.2 Rhetoric Features,(2)较多地使用图、表和公式,常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言因素来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。,(3) 逻辑语法使用多,修辞特点,进行条件论述、理论分析和公式推导时,多使用逻辑语法,即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇,although, because, but, if, once, only, suppose,as

35、 a result, because of, due to, so, therefore, thus, without等。,34,2.3 Vocabulary Features,(1) 词汇分类,专业或技术词汇,次技术词汇,diode , capacitor ,substation , autotransformer ,superconductivity 。,很多专业和学科所共有的词汇,不同专业和学科往往具有不同词义,特点:词义繁多,用法灵活,搭配形式多样,使用范围比专业技术词汇广,量也大,在专业英语中出现频率高,较难掌握。,某个专业所特有的词汇,其专业性强,特点:词义狭窄和单一。,power

36、 :,幂,乘方,动力,功率,效率,电源,电力,功率,电能,bus:,公共汽车,母线,总线,Condenser:,电容器,补偿机,冷凝器,power plant:,发电厂,动力装置,:专业或技术词汇,次技术词汇,非技术词汇,(二极管),(电容器),(变电站,变电所),(自耦变压器),(超导特性),frequency density energy :,35,2.3 Vocabulary Features,非技术词汇,在普通英语或非专业英语中使用较少,但实际却属于非专业英语的词汇,take in - absorb,Look into - examine,find out - discover,tur

37、n round - rotate,make good use of - utilize,change - convert,36,2.3 Vocabulary Features,(1) 词汇构成,1) 合成法,由相互独立的两个或更多的词合成得到新词,名词+名词(n.+n.)n. :,horsepower, bandwidth, power utilization,名词+形容词(n+adj.) adj.:,ice-cold, network-wide,名词+副词(n+adv.)n.,adj.:,feedback,形容词名词(adj+n)n.,adj.:,low-pass, high-speed,

38、short-circuit, newtype,形容词+名词+ed (adj.+n.+ed)adj.:,forward-directed,small-sized,介词+名词(prep.+n.)adj., n.:,bypass, overhead, on-line, overvoltage,37,2.3 Vocabulary Features,2)派生法,通过对词根加上各种前缀或后缀来构成新词,专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法构成的,semi-构成的词有230个以上: semiconductor,semimonthly等,thermo-130 个以上:thermo-chemical,thermo-e

39、lectricalmicro- 300个以上:auto- 260个以上:,前缀(prefix):词义变化,词类不变后缀(suffix):词义可能变化可能不变,词类一定会变,常用的前缀和后缀却多达百个,可见派生法的构词能力是非常强的。作为一个专业技术人员,至少应掌握50个常用前缀和后缀。,38,名词前缀,39,名词后缀,40,形容词后缀,副词后缀,41,动词后缀,词根,42,3) 词汇缩略,2.3 Vocabulary Features,只由词汇中的部分字母或由词组中每个词汇的首字母。,节略词,缩略词,首字词和缩写词,节略词:只取词汇前面几个字母或只由后面词根组成,ad,del,exam,deg

40、,lab,di(a),dir,dep,advertisement;,delete,examination,degree,laboratory,diameter,directory,department,43,2.3 Vocabulary Features,缩略词:由词组中某些词的词头字母(有时多于一个)所组成,作为一个词按照正常的规则发音,ROM,RAM,Radar,GIS,read only memory 只读存储器,random access memory 随机(存取)储存器,radio detecting and ranging ;雷达,gas insulated station 气体绝

41、缘变电站,geography information system 地理信息系统,44,2.3 Vocabulary Features,首字词:与缩略词类似,区别在于每个实词只取第一个字母,且必须逐字母念出,ACDCCDLEDIDIPUPSHVHVDCIEEIEEE,alternating current交流电,direct current 直流电,compact disc光盘,压缩磁盘,light emitting diode 发光二极管,identification card 身份证,uninterruptible power supply 不间断电源,high voltage 高压, h

42、igh voltage direct current 高压直流, institution of Electrical Engineers 英国电气工程师协会, institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 美国电气电子工程师协会, Internet Protocol, 网际协议,45,缩写词:并不一定由某个词组的首字母组成。有些缩写词仅由一个单词变化而来,且大多数缩写词每个字母后都附有一个句点。,2.3 Vocabulary Features,appx.appendix 附录;fig.figure 图;sq.square 平方;msg.me

43、ssage 信息;amp.amplifier 放大器;o.p.operational amplifier 运算放大器;,46,2.3 Vocabulary Features,混合法:由两个词汇的第一个词汇的前面几个字母和第二个词汇的后面几个字母结合在一起构成。,positronnegatron,字母外形法 :对一些形状与字母外形相似的物体,可以利用连字符把字母和名词连接在一起组成新词汇。,X-ray X 射线U-shaped magnet 马蹄形磁铁Y-direction Y轴方向H-frame structure H型框架结构T-filter T型滤波器Y-connection Y(星)形连

44、接,positive electron正电子, negative electron负电子,47,2.3 Vocabulary Features,人名法:对一些科学家、发明家所发现或发明的理论、方法、定理或定律、东西和物品等,用他们的名字组成新词。,Ohm欧姆,Volt伏特,Watt瓦特,Ampere安培,Hertz赫兹,Kelvin开尔文,Coulomb-库仑,48,1)小数,分数,百分数,2.4 Symbol and Formula,0.1: zero point one, point one, o point one, one tenth, decimal one0.01: point z

45、ero one, 10.35: ten point three five,1/2: a (one) half 1/3: a third1/4: one quarter 1/8: a eighth2/3: two-thirds, two over three, two divided by three3/4: three-fourths, three quarters3%: three percent0.2% : point two percent5: five per mill,49,3)幂(power)根(root),x to the second power,2.4 Symbol and

46、Formula,: x square,x squared ,the square of x,the second power of x,y to the third power,:y cube,y cubed,the cube of y,the third power of y,:the nth power of a , a to the n power,: the square root of three,: the cube (third ) root of a,:the nth root of a,50,2.4 Symbol and Formula,4)数学运算符号,51,2.4 Symbol and Formula,52,2.4 Symbol and Formula,53,显著特点:名词化倾向1、广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽象名词和动名词。抽象名词 insulate-insulation discover-discovery2、广泛采用名词连用形式oil pump voltage dropvolt-ampere characteristicload resistance3、采用以名词为中心构成的词组表达动词概念pay attention toobtain support from,2.5 Accidence Features,词法特点,54,

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