1、with without 引导的独立主格结构介词 with without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A with+名词代词+ 形容词He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。= He doesnt like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。= He stood in the rain, and his
2、clothes were wet.注意：在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed 形式。With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。With his father well-known, the boy didnt want to study.父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。B with+名词代词+副词Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时，我
3、们的学校看上去更美。= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C with+名词代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一
4、部电脑。= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D with+名词代词+ 动词的 -ed 形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼
5、得出去玩了。= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信号发出了，火车开始起动了。= After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。= I wouldnt dare go home because the job was not finished.E with+名词代词+动词的-in
6、g 形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Wit
7、hout anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F with+名词代词+动词不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels
8、 excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：在 with without 的复合结构中，多数情况下 with 能省略，但 without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。 （without 不能省略）with+宾语+宾补有这些词和短语可以做宾补
9、：1、形容词 2、副词 3、介词短语 4、现在分词 5 过去分词 6、不定式with the window closed(closed 为形容词)with the light onwith a book in her handwith a cat lying in her armswith the problem solvedwith the new term to begin英语中 “介词 with + 复合宾语” 结构也叫介词 with 的复合结构, 即 “with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”, 这种结构在中学英语课本中频频出现，用法十分灵活而且复杂。近年来，高考命题者常常通过一定的语境来
10、考查 with 这一复合结构的用法，下面让我们先看看两道与介词with 复合结构相关的高考试题：1.(NMET.2000) _ production up by 60 % , the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 解析 答案 C。本题考查介词 with 的复合结构“with + n / pron + prep. phrase(介词短语)”的用法。 “as”作为连词，意为“因为、由于” ，其后必须跟从句；作为介词，意为“作为”，从语法和句意方面都不能用。而 for 和 through
11、 在这里从语法和句意方面也不能用。在这里应用 with，意思是“ 因为、由于”。 句意是：由于生产（产品）上升了 60% ，这家公司又有了一个辉煌年。 2.(Beijing. 2004) _two exams to worry about , I have to work really hard this weekend.A. Besides B. With C. As for D. Because of 解析 答案 B。这道题也是考查介词 with 复合结构用法的。从句子的结构看这里必须要填一个介词，而不能填连词， “as for” 意思是“ 至于、关于”；because of 意思是“ 由
12、于、因为”，其后不能跟复合结构，所以不能选择 C 和 D。在所给的选项中只有 with 才符合构成“ with + n / pron + to do ”结构。句意是：由于担心这两门考试，本周末我得真的用功了。 以上两道试题从不同的角度对介词 with 复合结构的用法进行了考查。一般来说，with 的复合结构在句子中主要用作状语,表示谓语动词的动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等等。为了帮助同学们更好地理解和掌握介词 with 的复合结构用法，笔者通过多年对介词的分析研究，依托高考经典试题，对介词 with 的用法作如下分析和归纳，供同学们参考：1“with + n / pron + v-in
13、g” 这一结构在句子中作伴随状语，说明情况，其中现在分词表示主动或正在进行的动作。例如： _our food _, we had to walk to a village for help.（成都毕业班第一次诊断试题）A. Since; runs out B. Because; run out C. With; running out D. For; running out 解析 答案 C。 “since、because、for” 作“由于、因为”讲，是连词，其后只能跟从句，不能跟复合结构，所以不能选 A、B、D。由于 run out 是不及物动词短语且与 our food 之间存在主谓关系所
14、以只能用 running out 结构，with 在这里表示原因，故答案是 C。句意是：在我们的食物快要用完的情况下，我们不得不向附近的村子求援。 .When mother went into the house, she found her baby was sleeping in bed, _ his lips moving.A. as B. with C. for D. through解析 答案 B。 该题是考查介词短语用作状语用法的。 “as”作为连词，意为“ 因为、由于”，其后必须跟从句；作为介词，意为“作为” ，从语法和句意方面都不符合；而 for 和through 在这里从语法和
15、句意方面也不能用。在所给的选项当中，只有 with 才可以构成这一复合结构，用作表示伴随情况的状语，故选 B。句意是：当妈妈走进房子的时候，她发现自己的孩子正睡在床上，嘴唇一直在动。2.“with + n / pron +v-ed. ”这一结构在句子中作原因状语，其中过去分词表示被动或完成了的动作。例如：-You should have prepared your speech for the meeting , Mrs Smith .-Yes, I know .But how could I _the meeting date fixed so soon .（2005 东北三校联考）A. w
16、hile B. as C. after D. with解析 答案： D。在所给的选项当中，只有 as 与 with 有“由于、因为” 之意，而 as 是连词，其后必须跟从句，所以不能用在这里。只有 with 符合这一用法，构成复合结构，用作表示原因的状语，代词 I 之后省略了动词 prepare。句意是：因为会议日期确定的太快了，我还没有准备好。_ more and more forests damaged ,some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out .(2005 石家庄市高三调研试题）A. As B. For C.
17、With D. By解析 答案 C。此题考查 with 复合结构“with + n / pron +v-ed. ”的用法，在这里表示原因。as 和 for 常常引导的是一个表示原因的句子，而介词 by 显然没有这种用法。句意是：由于越来越多的森林遭到破坏，一些动植物正面临着灭绝的危险。Many large cities, such as Liverpool and New York , have had experiments of this kind, _ old factories turned into successful art centers.（南京市高三模拟试题）A. for B
18、. with C .as D .like 解析 答案 B。本题也是考查 with 复合结构用法的,表示一种伴随情况。介词 for 与 as虽具有“由于、因为” 之意，但其后要跟从句， ，like 没有“由于、因为” 之意，应该排除A、C、D，答案是 B。句意是：随着旧工厂被成功地改制为艺术中心，许多大城市（如利物浦和纽约）都做着这方面的尝试。3“with + n / pron + to do ”这一结构在句子中作原因状语，其中不定式表示将要发生的动作。例如：_so much homework to do , I wont have time to go to see the film toni
19、ght.A. With B. To C. For D. In解析 答案 A。这里用介词 with 的复合结构作状语表示原因，而 to、for 、in 则没有这种复合结构用法，故排除 B、C、D ，答案是 B。句意是：由于有许多家庭作业要去做，今晚我没有时间去看电影了。再如：With nothing to do , I sat down watching TV.4“with + n / pron + prep. phrase .”这一结构在句子中作伴随状语，表示状态或说明情况或作定语。例如：_and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the
20、 terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor s help to end her life .(2005 年江苏省高考试题)A .Having given up hope of cure B. With no hope for cureC . There being hope for cure D. In the hope of cure解析 答案 B。此题考查 with 的复合结构作状语的用法。逗号前的内容作状语，该部分是由介词 with 构成的短语及现在分词短语 suffering from the terrible disease 构成
21、的，介词with 有两个宾语，分别是 no hope for cure 和 no way to reduce her pain。句意是：这位病人由于没有治愈的希望和减轻其痛苦的方法，她饱受疾病煎熬，于是请求大夫结束她的生命。John starts to work very clearly in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon _ a break at midday .A. for B. with C. in D. as解析 答案 B。此题考查介词短语作状语。即 “with + n / pron + prep
22、. phrase” 。句意是：约翰早上开始工作，中午稍作休息后又接着工作到下午稍晚些时候。5.“with + n / pron + adj ” 这一结构常作伴随性状语，表示状态。例如： It was cold outside , the boy ran into the room _ his nose red.A. to B. on C. in D. with 解析 答案 D。这个句子是考查 with 的复合结构用法的，用 with +名词（nose ）+形容词（red ）作状语表示伴随情况。而 to、on 、in 作为介词则没有这种用法，故排除A、B、C ，答案为 D。句意是：外面天气很冷，
23、那个男孩跑进了屋子时，鼻子红红的。再如：Toms father is used to sleeping with the window open.6. “with + n / pron + adv ”这一结构在句子中常作伴随状语,表示情况或状态。例如：_all the representatives (代表)still not there , the meeting was postponed for several months.A. Without B. With C. By D. Because解析 答案 B。这里应填入一个介词结构以表示原因或状态，而在所给的选项中without 具有否
24、定意义，不能用在这里； by 则表示方式、手段等； because 后则要跟从句，只有 with 具有这种用法，所以选 B。句意是：在代表仍然不在场的情况下，会议被推迟了好几个月。类似的，再如：With so many students away , we have got more room.7 “with + n / pron + n ”在句中作定语或状语。如：He died with his son yet a school boy . 他去世时他的儿子还是一个学童呢由此看来，介词 with 的用法十分灵活而且复杂，我们在复习当中值得注意。而随着高考制度的不断改革，高考试题的命制逐渐在向
25、“有利于中学素质教育的推进，有利于高校选拔人才和稳中求发展”的指导思想转变。因此，近年来高考试题中对于介词的考查不再仅仅局限于十分单纯的语法考查，而是通过一定的语境来考查考生对英语语法基础知识的应用情况。所以我们的语法教学应该适应高考新形势的要求，教会学生在应用中掌握英语基础知识，在应用中教学生掌握英语语法.巩固练习 1. BBC English broadcasts programmes for China _ explanation in Chinese.A. in B.for C.with D.as2. The young woman _ a baby sleeping in her a
26、rms was wandering in the street. A. with B.because C. on D. like3. Everyone should go to sleep with the light turned off.A. as B. with C. for D. on4. _ so many homework to do, Mary wont have time to play with her friends this morning. A. Without B. With C. By D. Because5. _ the door open, the noise
27、of the machines is almost deafening.A. Because B. As C. With D. Because of6. _ his mother out, he had to stay at home alone. A. As B.For C. Because D. With7. _ all things considered, her proposal is of greater than hisA. Like B.With C. On D. Without8. _ time permitting, we will visit the Summer Palace.A. By B. On C. With D. As参考答案：1-8 CABBCDBC
