1、第5章DNA的损伤、修复和突变contents5.1 DNA损伤5.2 DNA的修复5.3 DNA的突变5.1 DNA损伤5.1.1 DNA损伤的类型5.1.2 引起DNA损伤的因素5.1.1 DNA损伤的类型 DNA的损伤:生命过程中DNA双螺旋结构发生的任何改变。 根据受损伤的部位,可分为两类:碱基损伤:碱基的错配、交联、修饰、丢失、转换DNA链的损伤:链的断裂、链的交联、DNA与蛋白质交联DNA damage is not the same as mutation. 碱基损伤 Single base changes affect the sequence but not the over
2、all structure of DNA. They do not affect transcription or replication, when the strands of the DNA duplex are separated. So these changes exert their damaging effects on future generations through the consequences of the change in DNA sequence. 碱基损伤:单个碱基的改变. 当DNA双链被分开时不影响转录或复制。所以通过DNA序列的变化来影响子代的遗传信息
3、。这种影响是由于一个碱基转变成了另一个碱基,而此碱基不能与原互补碱基正常配对。碱基损伤的类型:碱基的丢失、转换、修饰、交联、错配 碱基丢失:Depurination(脱嘌呤作用) removes a base from DNA, blocking replication and transcription.(脱嘌呤作用使得DNA中缺失碱基,阻碍了复制和转录的进程。)碱基转换:Deamination(脱氨作用) of cytosine creates a U-G base pair. Uracil is preferentially removed from the mismatched pai
4、r.碱基错配:A replication error (复制出错)creates a mismatched pair that may be corrected by replacing one base; if uncorrected, a mutation is fixed in one daughter duplex. 碱基交联:紫外线照射效应,能在两个毗 的 碱基 引 , 生链 (Pyrimidine dimer)。 Ultraviolet irradiation causes dimer formation between adjacent thymines. The dimer b
5、locks replication and transcription.(通过 修复正)碱基修饰:Methylation( 基化) of a base distorts the double helix and causes mispairing at replication.( 通过 基化 正) DNA链的损伤 A structural distortion is a change in the shape of a molecule. Structural distortions may provide a physical impediment to replication or tra
6、nscription. Introduction of covalent links between bases on one strand of DNA or between bases on opposite strands inhibits replication and transcription. DNA链的损伤:DNA结构 的 常 。 DNA一 链 或两 单链 的碱基 , 成 , 制复制和转录。 : (UV线照射)、碱基的 基化( 化 的作用)链的断裂、链的交联、DNA与蛋白质交联5.1.2 引起损伤的因素发损伤:复制过程中的错、 发变化因素:、currency1射化“因素: 化 (成链的损伤)、碱基类、fi