1、,Chapter 11 Emotion, Stress, and Coping,Zhang ZhiyongDepartment of PsychologyPeking University,你在闹情绪吗？,心境如何？你的情绪深而不露？还是溢于言表？你有什么烦恼或者高兴的事情？心情郁闷有什么不好的后果？如何保持良好的心情？,Definition,Emotion, or affect, is an evaluative response (a positive or negative feeling) that typically includes some combination of phys
2、iological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional expression.,Outlines,EmotionStressCoping Some Concluding Thoughts,1 Emotion,Physiological ComponentsSubjective ExperienceEmotional ExpressionA Taxonomy of EmotionsPerspectives on EmotionA Different Perspective: Integrating the Per
3、spectives on Emotion,1.1 Physiological Components,William James (1884)the peripheral theoryCarl Lange (1885)James-Lange theoryCannon (1927) and Bard (1934)Two criticisms to James-Lange theoryToo slowNot specificCannon-Bard theory,害怕,James-Lange Theory,害怕,Cannon-Bard Theory,The neuro-psychology of em
4、otion,Emotion located in the heart,face or the peripheral nervous system?Distributed throughout the nervous systemThree areas of the brain of special importance:Hypothalamus, Limbic system, cortexThe Papez circuit: thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex, limbic system, Amygdala, the brain emotional computer
5、Two circuits of the emotional reactionThe role of the cortex with respect to emotion,1.2 Subjective Experience,happy, angry, sad, and ElatedIndividual difference in the intensity of emotional statesPersonality disorders/Psychological disorderAcknowledging and examining ones feelings can have a posit
6、ive impact on health. (Berry Pennebaker et al,1990),1.3 Emotional Expression,The overt behavioral signs of emotionVarious ways: facial expressions, posture, gestures, and tone of voice.Creating fear in the face,1.3.1 Facial Expression and Emotion,Tomkins(1962): the face is the primary center of emot
7、ionThe relationship between emotion and facial muscle movements is uniform enough across individuals and cultures.(Ekman, 1971)Facial expressions not only indicate a person emotional state, but they also influence its physiological and subjective components.(Ekman, 1992),1.3.2 Culture and Emotional
8、Display Rules,Some facial expressions are universally recognized (Ekman,1971;Ekman & Oster,1979)Ekman & Oster(1979): surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness.Izard(1977): shame and interest.Display rules: express in an appropriate way within their culture or subculture.Stephan et al(19
9、96): Costa Rica & US on PE, NE expressingEkman(1977): Japanese & North Americans, aware or unaware of being observed.Cool,1.3.3 Gender and Emotional Expression,Woman probably experience emotion more intensely, are better able to read emotions from other people faces and nonverbal cues, and express e
10、motion more intensely and openly than men.Children as young as 3 yrs old recognize that females are more likely to express fear, sadness, and happiness, and males, anger.The possible reason: gender roles,1.4 A Taxonomy of Emotions,Basic EmotionsPositive affect / Negative affect,Basic Emotions,Criter
11、ion: (Izard & Buechler, 1980)An emotion is basic if it has characteristic physiological, subjective, and expressive components.Anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and disgustSurprise, contempt, interest, shame, guilt, joy, trust, and anticipation.,Positive affect / Negative affect,Two factors underlie
12、people self-reported emotions.(Watson Watson & Tellegen, 1985)Approach-oriented/Avoidance-oriented system driven by positive/negative affectThe tendency appears to some degree heritable(N/P, 0.40/0.55)One final solution(Fischer et al., 1990),An emotion hierarchy,Emotion,Positive,Negative,Love,Joy,An
13、ger,Sadness,Fear,Fondness,Infatuation,Bliss,Pride,Jealousy,Annoyance,The Emotion Wheel (Plutchik,1984),接受,恐惧,惊奇,忧伤,厌恶,愤怒,期待,喜悦,爱,敬畏,怜悯,进取,乐观,鄙视,谦恭,失望,1.5 Perspectives on Emotion,Psychodynamic Perspectives on EmotionCognitive Perspectives on EmotionThe Evolutionary PerspectiveBehaviorist Perspective,
14、Psychodynamic Perspectives on Emotion,Being unconscious of one own emotional experienceMoray(1969)Neutral words-conditioned fear-inducing wordsWords in Unattended channelUnconscious emotional processes can influence thought, behavior, and even healthPeople regularly delude themselves about their own
15、 abilities and personality attributes as a way of avoiding unpleasant emotion.Shedler et al(1993): such defensive self-deception about emotions takes its toll physiologically.,Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion,Emotion-inducingstimulus,Physiologicalarousal,Cognitive interpretationof arousal,Emotion,C
16、ognitive Perspectives on Emotion,Cognition and AppraisalPeople emotions reflect their judgments and appraisals of the situations or stimuli (Lazarus)Finding a doctor negligent or incompetentZajonc(1980): mere exposure effectThe Influence of Emotion and Mood on Cognition,Cognitive Perspectives on Emo
17、tion,The Influence of Emotion and Mood on CognitionMood: relatively extended emotional states that typically do not shift attentionAffects on memory, thinking(judgments, inferences, or predictions)Mood and autobiographical memory(72Vs52%)Depressed person,The Evolutionary Perspective,Emotion serve an
18、 adaptive purposeCommunicative functionA powerful source of motivation (movere)Why people become jealous in intimate?Female: emotional commitmentMale: sexual accessBuss et al(1992): study 1,2,3,The Behaviorist Perspective,Conditioned emotionReinforced emotional behavior,2 Stress,A challenge to a per
19、sons capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands, which may be physiologically arousing and emotionally taxing and call for cognitive or behavioral responses.,2 Stress,Stress as a Psychobiological ProcessStress as a Transactional ProcessSources of StressStress and Health,2.1 Stress as a Psychobiolo
20、gical Process,Hans Selye (1936, 1976)General adaptation syndromeThree stages:alarmresistanceexhaustion,2.2 Stress as a Transactional Process,Richard Lazarus (1981, 1991, 1993)The extent of stress depends on the persons appraisal of both the situation and his ability to cope with it.Lazaruss two stag
21、es in the process of stress and copingprimary appraisal: whats it?Secondary appraisal: What should I do?Lazaruss three types of stress: harm/lossthreatchallengeSocial and economic forces,2.3 Sources of Stress,StressorLife EventsCatastrophesDaily Hassles,Holmes-Rahe Life Events Rating Scale(1967),Dea
22、th of spouse 100Divorce 73Marital separation 65Jail term 63Death of family_m 63Personal inju/ill 53Marriage 50Fired at work 47,Retirement 45Pregnancy 40Business readjust 39Begin or end sch. 26Trouble with boss 23Change in reside 20Vocation 13Christmas 12,Life events and its meaning for individuals,P
23、erceived stress-The different meanings of various events for different individuals.Longer-lasting effectsParkes & Brown(1972): 45 yrs. People who widowed an average of 14 monthsIncreased illness, appetite disturbance, depression,sleep disturbances fatigue, loneliness, and higher mortality rate.Accul
24、turative stress,2.3 Sources of Stress,StressorLife EventsCatastrophesPost-traumatic stress disorder, PTSDSurvivors guiltDaily Hassles,常见的日常烦恼,担心体重家人的健康生活必须品的涨价家务要做的事情太多东西找不着或丢失收拾院落或室外财产、投资或交税犯罪体型相貌,2.4 Stress and Health,Stress People酗酒、吸烟、睡眠不足、运动少Stress and the Immune SystemStress, Health, and Perso
25、nalityType A behavior pattern (Friedman & Rosenman, 1959)Impatient, hard-driving, ambitious, competitive, and hostile.Power Motivation, Hardiness,3 Coping,Coping MechanismsDefense MechanismsThe impact of Culture on Coping StylesSocial SupportCommentary,3.1 Coping Mechanisms,Change the situationProbl
26、em solvingAlter ones cognitionAlter unpleasant emotional consequences of stress,3.2 Defense Mechanisms,RepressionDenialProjectionReaction formationSublimationRationalizationPassive aggression,3.3 The impact of Culture on Coping Styles,U.S. Children are more likely to attempt to master stressful situ
27、ations activelyMexican children are socialized to modify themselves rather than confronting obstacles in the environment.Low effort syndrome,3.4 Social Support,有可信任的人，可以指望获得帮助和关心。机制缓冲假设积极支持力,3.5 Commentary: A Caveat,The use of questionnairesTwo implicit assumptionsEveryone experiences the same events to the same stressful degreePeople know what is stressful to them and can report the mechanisms they use to cope with themArtifacts of correlating variables that are not independent of each other,4 Some Concluding Thoughts,情绪是一种评价情绪有基本的类型模式情绪与无意识、生理、认知、适应性应激源、应激模型应付与自我防御机制,
