1、增减译,英译汉时的增词情况,A professor of mine once said:,教过我的一位教授曾说过:,根据词义或修辞需要增词,增译法(Amplification),The atmosphere moderates daytime temperature and retards night heat loss.,大气层能缓和白天气温的上升和阻止夜间热量的损耗。,The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.,声音的频率、波长和速度三者是密切相关的。,Compared with mine, your
2、 computer is really cheap and fine.,与我的电脑相比,你的电脑真是物美价廉。,根据语法需要增词英语和汉语在语法方面差异很大, 比如英语有数的变化、有时态、语态、语气变化、有情态的变化(我们常称为三态一气),而汉语这样的变化很少, 如时态,只用着、了、过就解决了。在翻译中我们要注意这些差别, 把英语中的数和三态一气等体现出来。例如:,It seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity.,成功的科学家似乎总是充满好奇心。,I didnt know that computers had been use
3、d so widely.,我以前还不知道电脑却原来被如此广泛地应用。,They are leading a happy life.,他们现在过着幸福的生活。,He was the late presidents alter ego and he is a close and influential friend of the president to be in office.,他过去是已故总统的化身, 而现在是即将就职的总统亲密而有影响的朋友。,Since the industrial revolution began the physical science has in general
4、been in the forefront of the scientific movement.,自从工业革命开始以来, 物理学总的说来一直处于科学运动的前列。(时态),Then the whole course of my life might have been different.,如果真是那样的话,我的生命路程也许是另一番景象。(虚拟语气),Had we known it in time, we would have prevented the accident.,要是我们及时知道那件事, 事故本来是可以防止的。(虚拟语气),After watching for years, he
5、discovered important phenomena.,观察了数年之后他发现了许多重要现象。(数),为了明确重复,重复(Repetition),1. Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.,让我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则吧。,2. They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.,他们开始研究敌情,分析敌情。,3. He became an oil baron-all by himself.,他成为一个石油大王, - 一个白手起家的石油大王。,4. Thi
6、s has been our position-but not theirs.,这一直是我们的立场,而不是他们的立场。,But there had been too much publicity about my case.,但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。,If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few.,多数人兴高采烈之日,却是少数人伤心失意之时。,为了生动重复,汉译英时的增词情况汉译英也有增词法,称“词的增补”。概括起来,汉译英需要增补的有下列9种情况。汉语无主语视情
7、况补出主语例:接到你的来信,非常高兴。I was very glad to have received your letter.,增补物主代词汉语里物主代词用得少,而且常常不用出现,但英语里凡说到一个人的器官和归他所有的或与他有关的事物时,总要在前面加上物主代词。例:我们响应政府号召。We respond to the call of our government.,增补作宾语的代词按习惯,汉语常常可省略宾语,但英语里,凡及物动词都得有宾语。例:请原谅,打断你一下。Excuse me for interrupting you.,增补连词汉语有 意合特点,即词、词组、分句或句子之间的关系可以通过
8、上下文及语序来表示,较少用连词,但英语注意形合,连词不能少。例:虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.,增补介词英语句子十有八九都少不了介词。汉语中不需要介词的地方,它也要。所以,汉译英时注意补介词。例:这些书,你们五个人分。Divide these books among the five of you.,增补冠词汉语里无冠词。有冠词是英语的特点之一,名词前一般都有冠词,汉译英时要增补冠词。例:我们对问题要作全面的分析,才能解决得妥当。We must make a
9、 comprehensive analysis of a problem before we solve it properly.,增补暗含的词语由于习惯问题,汉语中有些词不需明言,意思都很清楚,但译成英语时,如果不补则意思不明,甚至会引起误会,这是应视情况补上适当的词。例:要提倡顾全大局。We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.,增补概括性的词语例:黄金白银,坚甲利兵,并非构成大国的要素。Gold and silver, a strong army and powerful
10、weapons-these are not the elements that constitute a great nation.,增补注释性词语汉语中的典故、谚语、政治名词、术语和简化说法,译时往往要适当加注释性词语。例:三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.,Practice,1. We have to analyze and solve problems.,我们必须分析问题,解决问题。,2. All bodies consists of molecu
11、les and these of atoms.,所有物体都由分子组成,而分子则由原子组成。(原文中第二个of前省略了 ,并用these代替,汉译时补上了动词,还原了代词。),3. Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity.,水可以用能量来分解, 所谓能量也就是电流。,4. Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.,谁违犯了纪律, 谁就应该受到批评。,5. He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons an
12、d a few more men.,他想给他们增加些援助, 增添些武器, 增派些人员。,6. He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.,他既精于飞行, 又善于导航。,省译法(Omission) 1.译文虽无其词而已有其意2.译文中是不言而只喻的3. 汉语中没有冠词,代词,连词,介词用得也少。4.有时牺牲原句中一些次要的部分,使译文简洁明了,顺畅自然。,英译汉时的省译从语法和修辞的角度看,省略有下列几种情况:省译冠词英语中冠词用得很多,汉语中却没有冠词。汉译英时要注意加上名词前面的冠词,而英译汉时,冠词往往可以省译。例:The b
13、asic function of the triode is as an amplifier.三极管的基本功能是作电流放大器。,省译介词英语中,词与词的关系通常是用介词来表示的。而汉语中,词与词的关系是通过语序和逻辑关系来表示。所以,英译汉时,许多介词可省略不译。比如,表示时间、地点的介词,译成汉语时出现在句首的可省译。例:The first electronic computer was produced in our country in 1958.1958年我国生产了第一台电子计算机。,省译连词英语中连词用的也很多,一般不能省。汉语句子结构通常是按时间顺序和逻辑关系排列的。语序固定,关系
14、明确,所以连词用很少,英译汉时一般可省略不译,比如并列连词即从属连词中表示原因、条件、时间等的连词,常省译。例:As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater.温度增高,水的体积就增大。,省译代词英语中常常每句都有主语。根据汉语习惯,前面如果出现一个主语,后句如果仍为同一主语,就不必重复出现,所以,用来代替句子中曾出现过的某一名词的人称代词或指示代词that或these等,有的可省略不译。泛指的人称代词作主语也常可省译。作定语用的物主代词,往往可省译。例:Steel and iron products are
15、often coated lest they should rust.钢铁制品常常涂上一层保护物,以免生锈。,If you know the frequency, you can find the wavelength.如果知道频率,就可以求出波长。根据汉语习惯,某些用作宾语或同位语的反身代词可省略不译。Why do we feel cooler when we fan ourselves?扇扇子时,我们为什么感到凉快些?,省译动词谓语动词的省译。谓语动词,是英语句中必不可少的成分。汉语则不然,句中可以没有动词而直接用形容词、名词或词组作谓语。所以,有些英语谓语动词汉译时可以不译出,句子反而更
16、为通顺有力。(了解汉语这个特点,汉译英时,可把某些汉语中的形容词、名词或词组译成动词。)例:The charged capacitor behaves as a secondary battery.充了电的电容器,就像一个蓄电池一样。,重复动词的省译。在复合句中,如果从句中的谓语动词与主句中的相同,往往省略不译。例:When heated, gases act in exactly the same way as liquid acts.气体受热时所发生的变化与液体完全一样。,在实践中,动词省译还见于下列两种情况:某些系动词,如be, become, get等,如以形容词或介词短语作表语时,这
17、类动词常可省译。例:The stages of rocket get smaller towards the top.愈朝顶端,火箭的级就愈小。动词与具体动作意味的名词连用。例:Lets make an adjustment.让我们调整一下吧。,引导词的省译在there+be+主语句型中,引导词there本身没有任何词汇意义。汉译时一律不译。例:There are many students in the classroom.教室里有许多同学。,英语中,常用引导词it作为先行主语或宾语,而把实际主语或宾语(动词不定式,动名词或从句)放在后面。这种结构中的it没有实际意思,可省译。例:It is
18、 a common knowledge that the weight is a pull exerted on an object by the earth.众所周知,重量是地球作用在物体上的引力。,强调句中的it,本身无词义,省译。例:It is a mans social being that determines his thinking.是人们的社会存在,决定人们的思想。,同义词或近义词的省译英语中,特别是科技英语中,有些同义词或近义词连在一起用,或者表示强调,使意思更加明确,或者表示一个名称的不同说法。英译汉时,往往只译其中的一个,或把意思综合起来译即可。例:It is essen
19、tial that the mechanic or technician understand well the characteristics of battery circuits and cells.技术人员很好的了解电池的电路特性及连接电池的适当方法是必不可少的。,汉译英时的省译省译汉语中重复出现的词语例:我们要忠于党、忠于人民、忠于祖国。We should be loyal to our party, to our people and to our motherland.,省译汉语中表示范畴的词语汉语中表示“任务”、“工作”、“情况”、“状态”、“问题”、“制度”、“事业”、“局面
20、”等意义的词语常省译。例:我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。Our party has put an end to the social unrest and upheaval of that time.,省译可能影响译文修辞效果的词语汉语中,有时为了语言生动,常用具体形象词语或成语比喻;有时为了加强语气,可连续使用好几个短语,在翻译这类句子时,某些词语往往省译,译出主要的和不可缺少的词语就可以了。例:匪军所到,杀戮人民,奸淫妇女,焚毁村庄,掠夺财物,无所不用其极。Wherever the bandit troops went, they massacred and raped,
21、 burned and looted, and stopped at nothing.,Practice,1. A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength.,骆驼的力气远不如大象。(省略不定冠词),用省译法翻译下列句子:,2. As it is late, youd better go home.,时间不早了,你该回家了。(省译原因的从属连词as),3. Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy.,早睡早起使人身体健康。(省略连词and和不定冠词a ),4The produc
22、ts produced in our factory are good in quality and low in price.,我们厂的产品物美价廉。(省译介词),5. It was very quiet at the moment.,当时很安静。(省译it),6. Dont put your hands in your pocket.,别把手放在口袋里。(省译两个物主代词),7Im warning you for the last time.,我最后一次警告你。(省译介词),8Those who are in favour please hold up their hands.,赞成的请举
23、手。(省译指示代词、关系代词和物主代词),Exercises:,Put the following into Chinese, paying specialattention to omission.,约翰做了全部工作,而且干得不错(省略人称代词),2. He received a warm welcome from his family.,1. John did all the work, and he did it well.,他受到家人的热烈欢迎。(省略物主代词),3. Its stormy out at sea.,海上有暴风雨。(省略非人称代词),4. It was Mr. Johns
24、on who had taught us English in middle school.,在中学教我们英语的是约翰逊先生。(省略引导词it),6. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?,冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(省略从属连词if),5. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength.,自由的国家中将一直存在矛盾的思想,这是力量的源泉。(省略不定冠词),7. Because I dont complain, people think Im satisfied.,我不发怨言,人们就以为我满意了。(省略从属连词),8. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.,仓库重地,严禁吸烟。(省略介词),