1、1997 年 E-C 原文:Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province（范围） of the rich unless we abdicate（退位、放弃） societys power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible（易接近的，可达到的） to those who cannot individually pay
2、 for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives（必要的）of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse（冲动） towards culture, the desire to express and
3、explore the world through imagination and representation（表述、陈述）is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment（完成、成就） in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones（标准、试金石） for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possi
4、bilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire（立志、追求目标、渴望）; they carry the most profound （深厚的、深刻的）messages that can be sent from one human to another.参考译文：欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈：你必须为此支付昂贵的票价。然而，享用昂贵的东西并不完全是富人的特权，除非我们放弃社会选择的权利。我们有权利使歌剧和其他昂贵的文化形式面向大众，面向那些个人没有支付能力的人。然而，问题是我们为什么要这么做。没有人会否认食物、居所、防护、健康与教育是
5、不可或缺的。但是，即使在史前的穴居时代，人们伸出手来，也不仅仅是为了吃喝，为了搏杀，而且还有一个目的，那就是动手作画。人们对文化的冲动，即人们希望通过想象和再现来表现并探索这个世界的愿望，才是最根本的。在欧洲，人们通过音乐、美术、文学和戏剧等方面的不朽作品的创作，实现了这一愿望。这些杰作是衡量人类努力程度的试金石，是检验人类思维和想象潜能的标准，它们有着最深厚的寓意，并在人们彼此之间传播。1997C-E 原文：来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样，大多非常刻苦勤奋，周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分
6、欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余 5 位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作 7 天，早 10 时至晚 12 时，工作时间必须全力以赴。 ”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3 年半中，共有 14 位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下 5 人。1990 年夏天，我不顾别人劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。参考译文：Like students from other Asian countries and regions, most Chin
7、ese students who come to pursue their further education in the United States work on their studies most diligently and assiduously. Even on weekends, they would frequently spend one day, or even two days, to work overtime in their laboratories. Therefore, compared with their American counterparts, t
8、hey are more academically fruitful. My supervisor is of Asian origin. He is addicted to alcohols and cigarettes, with a sharp/irritable temper. Nevertheless, he highly appreciates the industry and the solid foundational knowledge of Asian students and has a particularly keen insight into what Asian
9、students have on their mind. Hence, of all the students recruited into his laboratory, except for one German, the other five were all from Asia. He even put an eye-catching notice on the door of his lab, which read, “All the research assistants of this laboratory are required to work 7 days a week,
10、from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Nothing but work during the working hours.” This supervisor is reputed on the entire campus for his severity and harshness. During the 3 and a half years that I stayed there, a total of 14 students were recruited into his laboratory and only 5 of them stayed until they
11、graduated with their Ph.D. degrees. In the summer of 1990, ignoring the dissuasions from others, I accepted my supervisors sponsorship and embarked on my difficult journey of academic pursuit1998 年 E-C: I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps
12、 prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the En
13、glish themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent e. g. in painting and music they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were don
14、e in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all.To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert（断言、声称） that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step（同步）. At any given moment（在任何
15、时候） the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualif
16、ication（限制、限定、资格） to precede（领先、超前） the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree（唯一只是在程度上）, sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence（分歧、差异） is a subtle （微妙的）affair, liable（有可能的） to perplex the Englishman when he looks
17、 at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses （重要的感觉）grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship(亲缘关系) yields to a sudden alienation（疏远关系）, as when we hail（打招
18、呼） a person across the street, only to discover from his blank（没有表情的） response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend. 参考译文（翻译第二段）：因此，我们在说“美国”文学，并不表明我们认为美国文学与欧洲文学截然不同。一般来说，美国和欧洲一直在同步发展。无论何时，旅游者在两地都能看到同一式的建筑，见到同一款式的服饰，读到摆在书架上的同一风格的书籍。在大洋两岸，人们的思想观念，就容易同人员与货物一样，可以自由交流，尽管有时会略显迟缓。谈到美国人的习惯、美国人的思维等概
19、念时，我想在“美国式的”这几个词前面再加上某种修饰，因为欧美之间（尤其是英美之间）的差异往往只是程度上的差异而已，而且在有的时候，是极低程度上的差异而已。差异的程度微乎其微，很可能会使审视美国的英国人感到迷惑不解。重要的是，英国人所审视的这个国家诞生于英国，并在不少方面仍与英国相差无几-然而，实实在在是个异邦。两地有着莫名的共同之处，以及令人深感突兀的陌生感。原先的亲戚已形同陌路，就仿佛隔着马路招呼，等看到对方一脸茫然时，我们才意识到认错人。1998 年 C-E 原文：1997 年 2 月 24 日我们代表团下榻日月潭中信大饭店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨 3 点了。我躺在床上久久不能入
20、睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只见四周峰峦叠翠，湖面波光粼粼。望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊，我想了许多，许多这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在 21 世纪的强盛。虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史前台。跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充
21、满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。日月潭水波不兴，仿佛与我一同在思索参考译文（翻译第二段）：The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances. Whenever people gather together, an important topic of discussion has been how the Chinese na
22、tion can become prosperous and powerful in the 21st century. Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts (environments / milieus), with their individually different experiences of life, in the innermost recesses of their hearts are wrought an indelible m
23、ark by the fine traditions of the Chinese culture. They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation (They share the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation). In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness. P
24、eople across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland. The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people
25、to the foreground (forefront) of the historical arena (stage). At this transitional phase between the two millennia, in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is a question to which we have to seek an answer. 1999 年 E-C： In some societies people w
26、ant children for what might be called familial reasons: to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powe
27、rful indeed in other places.In addition, one class(一类) of family reasons shares a border（接壤、相近）with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy（使 忙（有事干） the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the numbe
28、r of children on the assumption（设想、假设 consumption 消费） that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined（突出、显现） by its converse（反面、相反）: in some societies the failure to bear children（养孩子） (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.Beyond all that（除了这些 ）is the prof
29、ound（深刻的、深远的） significance of children to the very institution（结构） of the family itself. To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family（完整的） they need children to enrich the circle（丰富家庭生活、拓宽生活圈子）, to validate（使有效） its family character（家族的特征、风格）, to gather（增加、集合） the redemptive（赎回
30、的, 用于补偿的）influence of offspring. Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution（社会结构）uniquely （唯一） available, at least in principle, for （获得）security, comfort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile world. To most people, such a home ba
31、se, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance（生计） and in generational extension（家族的繁衍）.参考译文：另外，有一类家庭原因与下列类别不无共同之处，那就是：生儿育女要么是为了维系现有婚姻，提高婚姻质量，要么是为了拴住丈夫，使妻子有所事事，要么是为了修复婚姻，给婚姻注入新的活力，亦或是出于多子多福的观念而多生儿女。当然，我们也可以从问题的反面得到昭示：在某些社会，无法生育子嗣（或不能生育男孩）对婚姻而言是最大的威胁，也可作为夫妻分手的现成理由。后代对家庭这一体制本身所具有的
32、深远意义远非如此。在许多人看来，丁克家庭算不上真正的家庭。夫妻需要孩子来拓宽自己的生活圈子，实现家庭在传宗接代中的作用，并从子孙后代身上获取某种回报。在这个变幻莫测，常常不尽友善的世界上，家庭作为社会的基本单位，至少可在原则上，以其独特方式为家人提供安全保障，抚慰家人受伤的心灵，为家人指出生活方向，因此，孩子需要家庭，但与此同时，家庭也需要孩子。1999C-E：加拿大的温哥华 1986 年刚刚度过百岁生日，但城市的发展令世界瞩目。以港立市，以港兴市，是许多港口城市生存发展的道路。经过百年开发建设，有着天然不冻良港的温哥华，成为举世闻名的港口城市，同亚洲、大洋洲、欧洲、拉丁美洲均有定期班轮，年货
33、物吞吐量达到 8，000 万吨，全市就业人口中有三分之一从事贸易与运输行业。温哥华（Vancouver ）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足 3000 万。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今 180 万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每 4 个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。而 25 万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们其中有一半是近 5 年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。
34、参考译文：The glory of Vancouver has been achieved through the wisdom and the industry of the Vancouver people, including the contributions of many ethnic groups. Canada, sparsely populated, has a territory larger than that of China, but its population is only less than 30 million. Consequently, to attra
35、cting immigrants from other countries has become a national policy long practiced/followed/cherished by Canada. All Canadians except the American Indians, so to speak, are foreign immigrants, differing only in the length of time they have settled in Canada. Vancouver, in particular, is one of the fe
36、w most celebrated multi-ethnic cities in the world. Among the 1.8 million Vancouver residents, half of them are non-natives and one out of every four residents is from Asia. The 250,000 Chinese there have played a decisive role in the transformation of Vancouvers economy. Half of them have come to s
37、ettle in Vancouver over the past five years only, rendering Vancouver the largest area outside Asia where the Chinese inhabit.2000 年 E-C：If people mean anything at all by the expression_r “untimely（不合时宜的，timely: 适时的、及时的） death”, they must believe that some deaths run on（连续, 不分段, 流逝, 涉及）a better sche
38、dule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimelya long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing（= passing away 死亡）of a young person, one assumes（假定、设想） that the best years lay ahead and the measure（尺度、评价） of that life was still to be taken.History denies this, of course. Am
39、ong prominent（卓越的、突出的） summer（壮年时期, 青春）deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe（马丽莲? 梦露 ）and James Deans （詹姆士? 迪恩斯）, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats（约翰?济慈）died at 26, and only half playfully（开玩笑地） judge their own lives as failures w
40、hen they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity（强度、亮度=achievements: 成就）and virtue（德行、品德）.参考译文：如果人们使用“死不逢时”的时候有所指的话，那肯定认为一些人的逝世是寿终正寝，而另外一些人的辞世则是英年早逝。很少有人会说因年老而死亡是“死不逢时”-人
41、们总是把老年人的寿终正寝看作是一种圆满。但是对于一个英年早逝的人，人们常常认为他的好日子还在后头，对他短暂的一生作出评价还为时尚早。然而，历史对此观点持否定态度。谈到英年早逝的人物，人们常常回想起马丽莲?梦露和詹姆士?迪恩斯。二人生命虽短，却功成名就。作家们难以接受英国诗人约翰?济慈 26 岁便匆匆辞世的残酷现实，然而，当他们 26 岁时，只有自嘲虚度年华碌碌无为的份了。那种认为生命短暂就不圆满的观点是不合逻辑的，因为评价一个人的一生应当看他给世人留下的印象，他所取得的成就，以及他的个人品质。2000C-E：中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺
42、乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。在这里，观众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙。中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆!它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科
43、技成果。参考译文：The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduced to people the evolutionary history of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The second generation are those of industrial technologies which prese
44、nted the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different stages of industrialization. Despite the fact that those two generations of museums helped to disseminate / propagate / spread scientific knowledge, they nevertheless treated visitors merely as passive viewers.The third generation of m
45、useums in the world are those replete with / full of wholly novel concepts / notions / ideas. In those museums, visitors are allowed to operate the exhibits with their own hands, to observe and to experience carefully. By getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way, people ca
46、n probe into their secret mysteries.The China Museum of Science and Technology is precisely one of such museums. It has incorporated some of the most fascinating features of those museums with international reputation. Having designed and created exhibits in mechanics, optics, electrical science, th
47、ermology, acoustics, and biology, those exhibits demonstrate scientific principles and present the most advanced scientific and technological achievements.2001 年 E-C： Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreaus idea of the low levels. The
48、active discipline of heightening ones perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as wo
49、uld keep him functioning for more important efforts. Effort is the gist（要点，主旨） of it. There is no happiness except as we take on(接纳) life-engaging（有魅力的、迷人的） difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms（相同的表达、看法） when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains”. The mortal flaw （致命的缺陷）in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports（宣称、声称） to be effortless.We demand difficulty eve
