1、毕业论文文献综述英语英汉谚语文化涵义对比研究LANGUAGEISINSEPARABLEFROMCULTURE,ANDWITHOUTLANGUAGETHERECANBENOCULTUREPROVERBSARECRYSTALLIZATIONSOFANATIONSWISDOMANDTHECREAMOFITSLANGUAGEASFRANCISBACONONCECOMMENTEDTHAT“THEGENIUS,WITANDSPIRITOFANATIONAREDISCOVEREDINITSPROVERBS”ASANINVENTORIZEDUNITBELONGINGTOAPARTICULARLANGUAGE,
2、APROVERBHASITSOWNCUSTOMARYMEANING,ITSSTANDARDPROVERBIALINTERPRETATIONSPINEALRNORRICK,1985THISSPIMAYCOINCIDEWITHTHENATIONSGEOGRAPHICALENVIRONMENT,HISTORY,CUSTOM,THESENSEOFTRADITIONALVALUES,RELIGIOUSBELIEFS,SOCIALSYSTEMANDTHELITERALREADINGOFPROVERB,INWHICHCASETHEPROVERBISSAIDTOBELITERALHOWEVER,ASASHOR
3、TANDCONCISEFORMOFTHEPROVERB,THEIDIOMISALWAYSCONSIDEREDINDIVISIBLEFROMTHEPROVERBMITCHELL1975SAWANIDIOMAS“CUMULATEASSOCIATION”ANDASAN“ASSEMBLAGEOFROOTS”,ROOTSBEINGHISTERMFORTHEBASEWORDFORMSCONSTITUTINGTHEIDIOMINOTHERWORDS,APROVERBISFORMALLYAMULTIWORDEXPRESSIONFUNCTIONINGASASINGLESEMANTICSENTENCESINCEP
4、ROVERBSDIFFERGREATLYFROMONECULTURETOANOTHERDUETOTHEDIFFERENTLANGUAGEENVIRONMENTINWHICHTHESPEAKERSLIVEANDREFLECTTHEGENERALANDSPECIFICCHARACTERSOFDIFFERENTNATIONS,ALOTOFRESEARCHHASBEENDONEONCOMPARATIVESTUDYOFTHECHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURETHROUGHTHEMEANINGSOFPROVERBSEVERYONEUNDERSTANDSTHEIMPORTANCETHATPRO
5、VERBSHAVEINEVERYLANGUAGEINTHEFORMOFSHORT,EASILYMEMORABLEPHRASES,THEPROVERBSCONTAINAGREATTREASUREOFFOLKWISDOM,ANDTHROUGHUSEOFASHORTPROVERB,ITISOFTENEASIERTOEXPRESSANIDEABETTERANDMORECONVINCINGLY,THANWITHALONGSPEECHKNOWLEDGEOFPROVERBSISNECESSARYFORPERFECTKNOWLEDGEOFALANGUAGEMFZAMENHOF,1905INFACT,THERE
6、SEARCHCOMBINEDLANGUAGEWITHCULTUREBEGANINTHEFIRSTHALFOFTHE19THCENTURYASMICHAELLOSONSKY1999MENTIONEDINHERBOOK,THEGERMANLINGUISTANDPHILOSOPHERBARONVONWILHELMVONHUMBOLDT1828THINKSTHATTHELANGUAGEIS“THETOOLBYWHICHANATIONTHINKSANDMAKESMENTALPERCEPTS”,ANDDISCUSSEDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESTRUCTUREOFALANGUAG
7、EANDTHEHUMANSPIRITFORTHEFIRSTTIMEINHISFAMOUSWORKONTHEDIVERSITYOFHUMANLANGUAGECONSTRUCTIONANDITSINFLUENCEONTHEMENTALDEVELOPMENTOFTHEHUMANSPECIESASISKNOWNTOALL,THEDEVELOPMENTOFPROVERBSTUDYISFOLLOWEDALONGWITHTHESTUDIESONMETAPHORTHUS,THECOMPARATIVESTUDIESOFPROVERBSCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHREEDIFFERENTPERIODSAC
8、CORDINGTOTHEDIFFERENTSCOPESANDMETHODSOFRESEARCHESTHESEPERIODSINVOLVETHERHETORICALSTUDIESONPROVERB,FROMABOUT300BCTO1930STHESEMANTICSTUDIESONPROVERBS,FROM1930STO1970SANDTHEMULTIDISCIPLINARYSTUDIESONPROVERBS,FROM1970STONOWSHUDINGFANG,2000THEAUTHORHEREWANTSTOCONCENTRATEONSOMEFIGURESWHOHAVECONTRIBUTEDMUC
9、HTOTHESTUDYANDDEVELOPMENTOFSEMANTICSTUDIESONPROVERBSANDCOMPARESTHECULTUREIMPLICATIONTHROUGHTHESEMANTICSTUDIESONPROVERBSGENERALLY,THECULTUREIMPLICATIONREFERSTOTHECOGNITIVERESULTONTHEFORMATIONOFCULTURE,WHEREASTHESEMANTICSISANEXPRESSIONOFTHISRESULTTHEREFORE,ITISOFSIGNIFICANCETOSTUDYSEMANTICSFORCULTUREI
10、MPLICATIONITISANIMPORTANTLEAPINTHESTUDYOFTHEPROVERBFROMTHERHETORICALSTUDIESTOTHESEMANTICSTUDIESTHEPROCESSREVEALSTHATTHERESEARCHONPROVERBSHASSHAKENOFFTHELITERALMEANINGMEANWHILE,THESEMANTICSTUDYPROVIDESUSABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFWESTERNANDCHINESEPROVERBS,ASWELLASTHEDIFFERENTCULTURESINVOLVEDTHESEMANTICSTU
11、DYPERIODISMARKEDBYLARICHARDSPUBLICATIONOFTHEPHILOSOPHYOFRHETORIC1965RICHARDSCRITICIZEDTHETRADITIONALRHETORICALSTUDYOFTHEPROVERB,ANDHEARGUEDTHATTHEREPLACEMENTINPROVERBSISNOTTHELEVELOFWORDOREVENLANGUAGE,SOHEDIDNOTSEEAPROVERBASAFIGUREOFSPEECHBUTDESCRIBEDTHATAWORDISUSUALLYNOTANISOLATEDSUBSTITUTIONOFANOT
12、HEREXPRESSION,BUTACOMBINATIONOFGENERALIDEASCOMINGFROMGENERALCULTUREHEALSOSTATESTHATAPROVERBISAMODEOFTHINKINGANDTHERESULTOFINTERACTIONOFTWOTHOUGHTSINONEWORDORPHRASETHEREFORE,HISSTUDYMAKESITPOSSIBLEFORPEOPLETOCOMPREHENDTHEDIFFERENCESOFSEMANTICSTRUCTUREOFPROVERBSINWESTANDCHINAHOWEVER,PROVERBRESEARCH,AT
13、THETIMEOFRICHARDS,WASSTILLINARELATIVELYPOORSTATEQUITETYPICALISTHESTATEMENTOFARCHERTAYLOR1931,WHOINTRODUCEDHISSEMINALBOOKTHEPROVERBANDANINDEXTOTHEPROVERBWITHTHEWORDS“THEPROVERBANDRELATEDFORMSHAVELONGBEENOBJECTSOFGENERALINTERESTANDTHEOCCASIONFORMANYBOOKS,BUTTHEYHAVEATTRACTEDLITTLESERIOUSANDTHOROUGHSTU
14、DY”MAXBLACK1962DEVELOPEDRICHARDSINTERACTIONTHEORY,ESPECIALLYFORTHEINTERPRETATIONOFAPROVERBBLACKDEFINITELYPOINTEDOUTTHECREATIVEANDCOGNITIVEFUNCTIONOFPROVERBS,WHICHPROVIDEDANEWPERSPECTIVETOCOMPREHENDTHINGSTHROUGHCREATIVESIMILARITYANDHELPEDPEOPLEBETTERUNDERSTANDTHEDIFFERENTCULTUREOFWESTANDCHINAONTHEBAS
15、ISOFRICHARDSTHEORY,BLACKWIDENSTHEHORIZONOFUNDERSTANDINGTHEESSENCEOFPROVERBS,EMPHASIZESTHEMEANSANDPROCESSOFHOWTHEMEANINGSOFPROVERBSAREPRODUCEDTHROUGHDIFFERENTCULTUREBACKGROUNDS,ANDMAKESAPROFOUNDCONTRIBUTIONTOTHECOGNITIVEFUNCTIONOFPROVERBSDERIVEDFROMDIFFERENTCULTUREBACKGROUNDWHENITCOMESTOTHEREASONONCH
16、INESEWESTERNPROVERBDIFFERENCES,SOMESCHOLARSFOCUSONTHEEXPERIENCESATTHATTIME,MOREANDMORESCHOLARSPUTFORWARDTHATWECANNOTUNDERSTANDTHEPROVERBSAPARTFROMTHECULTURETHUS,THECULTUREIMPLICATIONBEHINDTHEPROVERBSSETFOOTINTOTHECOMPARATIVERESEARCHFIELDOFPROVERBSRESEARCHERSPUTTHEPROVERBSINTOCONTEXTRATHERTHANDENOTAT
17、ION,ENHANCINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFCULTUREIMPLICATIONFORJOLLES1930,APROVERBIS“THEFORM,WHICHCONCLUDESANEXPERIENCE”THEREAREMANYDIFFERENTTYPESOFEXPERIENCES,SUCHASTHESENSEOFVALUE,CUSTOMARYPRACTICE,HISTORYANDCULTURE,ANDRELIGIOUSBELIEFSSTILL,THESETWOTERMS,TEXTANDFUNCTION,PROPOUNDEDBYJAKOBSONANDTYNYANOV1929SHOULD
18、FOCUSTHESEMIOTICSTUDYOFPROVERBS,IFAPROVERBISTOBEUNDERSTOODASBEINGAPARTICULARTEXTTOWHICHAPARTICULARFUNCTIONISASCRIBEDORATTRIBUTEDWITHINAGIVENCULTUREASWOLFGANGMIEDERANDALANDUNDESMENTIONEDINTHEIRBOOKTHEWISDOMOFMANYESSAYSONPROVERB1994,MANYYEARSLATER,MATHILDEHAIN,INHEREMPIRICAL“FOLKLORISTICSOCIOLOGICAL”I
19、NVESTIGATIONOFTHEPROVERB,SHOWEDTHATWITHOUTTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFEXPERIENCEANDMORALE,YOUCANNOTGRASPTHEESSENCEOFTHEPROVERBHAINENTEREDANEWFIELDBYWROTE“THEESSENTIALTHINGABOUTAPROVERBISITSMEANING,ANDBYTHISISTOBEUNDERSTOODNOTMERELYABALDANDLITERALTRANSLATIONINTOTHEACCUSTOMEDTONGUE,NOREVENAFREEVERSIONOFWHATTHEW
20、ORDSAREINTENDEDTOCONVEYTHEMEANINGOFAPROVERBISMADECLEARONLYWHEN,SIDEBYSIDEWITHTHETRANSLATION,ISGIVENAFULLACCOUNTOFTHEACCOMPANYINGSOCIALSITUATION,THEREASONFORITSUSE,ITSEFFECT,ANDITSSIGNIFICANCEINSPEECH”WITHTHEFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFSTUDYONPROVERBS,SCHOLARSBEGANPAYINGATTENTIONTOTHEHEURISTICFUNCTIONWITHTHE
21、PROVERBSASPREVIOUSLYSTATED,ONESHOULDTAKECULTUREBACKGROUNDINTOCONSIDERATIONWHILEUNDERSTANDINGTHEMEANINGOFPROVERBSIDENTICALLY,THEPROVERBPLAYSAVITALROLEOFCOMPREHENDINGCULTUREIMPLICATIONTHROUGHITSHEURISTICFUNCTIONTHEDESCRIPTIONOFPROVERBMEANINGIS,ASWASSTATEDABOVE,NOTPOSSIBLEWITHOUTREFERENCETOCONTEXTUALFA
22、CTORSYET,ITSEEMSMOSTREASONABLE,ASPETERSEITEL1969,1972ARGUES,TOTAKEINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEIMPORTANCEOFCONTEXTONLYASAPOTENTIAL,ORVIRTUALFACTOR,ANDTOABSTRACTFORHEURISTICPURPOSESFROMALLCONTEXTUALELEMENTSSUCHASNUMBER,AGE,GENDER,SOCIALSTATUSOFTHEINVOLVEDPERSONS,ETC,ANDTOOUTLINETHE“ETHICFRAME”OFPROVERBUSETHEH
23、EURISTICMODELOFPROVERBUSEDEVELOPEDBYSEITELISBASEDONTHECENTRALASSUMPTIONTHATTHESITUATIONINWHICHAPROVERBISACTUALLYUSEDTHEINTERACTIONSITUATIONISNOTIDENTICALWITHTHESITUATIONINHERENTINTHEPROVERBTEXTITSELFTHEPROVERBSITUATION,ANDTHATBOTHOFTHEMARENOTORNEEDNOTBEIDENTICALWITHTHESITUATIONTHEPROVERBREFERSTOTHUS
24、,WHENUTTERINGAPROVERB,“THESPEAKERASSERTSTHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETHINGSINTHEPROVERBSITUATIONISANALOGOUSTOTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEENTITIESINTHECONTEXTSITUATION”SEITEL,1972THEREFORE,THEDISTINCTIONOFTHEDIFFERENTTYPESOFSITUATIONINVOLVEDINPROVERBUSEOFCHINESEANDWESTERNCANBESUMMARIZEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSCH
25、EMAMORALNORMS,REPUTATION,FRIENDSHIP,RELIEF,ANDMONEYTHUS,INASEMANTICLEVEL,ONECANEASILYUNDERSTANDAPROVERBOFANYCULTUREWITHOUTEVERHAVINGHEARDITBEFOREITPRESUPPOSESINADDITIONTOLANGUAGEKNOWLEDGE,OFCOURSEATLEASTTHEKNOWLEDGEOFALLRELEVANTASSOCIATIONSANDCONNOTATIONS,ANDALSOPERHAPSSOMEKNOWLEDGEABOUTUSAGEADEQUAT
26、ETOTHERELEVANTSITUATIONSBAEVSKIJ,1970WITHTHECOMBINATIONOFSEMANTICSTUDYANDCULTUREIMPLICATION,ONECANEASILYUNDERSTANDTHEMEANINGOFPROVERBS,ANDTHEPROVERBCANBRINGUSENLIGHTENMENTOFDAILYLIFETHATISWHYPROVERBSARECRYSTALLIZATIONOFANATIONSWISDOMWHENRESEARCHONCULTUREIMPLICATIONTHROUGHSEMANTICSTUDIESDEVELOPSATTHI
27、SSTAGE,THEREHAPPENEDARESEARCHWHICHWASPUTTINGTHECARTBEFORETHEHORSEUNDERTHESTUDYOFTHEREASONTHATDIFFERENTSITUATIONCREATESDIFFERENTMEANINGOFPROVERBS,ONECAN,RETROSPECTIVELY,SUBSUMEALLACTUALLYREALIZEDMEANINGSOFAPROVERBUNDERTHEMODELADVANCEDBYPERMYAKOV1979HISFUNDAMENTALACHIEVEMENTISTOPROVIDEDAFRAMEWORKABLET
28、ODESCRIBETHESEPOSSIBLEPROVERBSITUATIONSINACONSISTENTSYSTEMHOWEVER,SOMEONEQUESTIONEDHISIDEATHEQUESTIONOFHOWPROVERBS,ORPROVERBSITUATIONS,AREMODELEDBYDIFFERENTCULTURESRAISESTHEWORRISOMESUSPICIONITTURNSOUTTOBETRUETHATTHEULTIMATEMEANINGOFAPROVERBCANNOTBEPREDICTEDFROMTHEDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMODELEDPROVERBSITUA
29、TION,OR,INOTHERWORDS,THATTHEDESCRIPTIONOFAMODELEDPROVERBSITUATIONCANNOTADEQUATELYGRASPALLCONCRETEORPOSSIBLEMEANINGSOFAPROVERBINAGIVENINTERACTIONSITUATIONTHATTHISIDEAWASBELIEVEDINCORRECTSUGGESTSTHATTHEPROCESSOFSTUDYINGPROVERBSSHOULDBEFROMSEMANTICMEANINGTOCULTUREIMPLICATIONTHESEMANTICSTUDYISANIMPORTAN
30、TPARTATTHEMOST,BUTTHECULTUREIMPLICATIONISESSENTIALTODIRECTTHEMEANINGOFPROVERBSSINCESTUDYINGPROVERBSISCONDUCIVETOREALIZETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENWESTANDCHINAACOMPARATIVESTUDYOFCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURECANGIVEYOUADEEPERUNDERSTANDINGOFPROVERBSINVARYINGSITUATION,WHICHPROMOTESTHECULTIVATIONOFCROSSCULTUREAWAREN
31、ESSHUWENZHONGHASPUBLISHEDMANYBOOKSANDESSAYSABOUTCROSSCULTURECOMMUNICATIONFROMTHEPROVERBASPECTBASEDONTHEVIEWSOFMANYFAMOUSWESTERNLINGUISTSANDRESEARCHERS,HU1997PUTSFORWARDTHATCULTUREINCLUDESENSEOFVALUE,THINKINGPATTERN,AESTHETICINTEREST,MORALSENTIMENT,EMOTIONALRELIGIONANDNATIONALMENTALITYWHICHPARTSOFDEE
32、PROOTEDCULTURE,CONTRIBUTINGTOTHEGAPOFCOGNITIVESTRUCTUREBETWEENCHINESEANDWESTERNCOUNTRIESASMANYRESEARCHESMANIFESTED,THECULTUREIMPLICATIONOFPROVERBSISTHECREAMOFANATIONSWISDOMMANYPEOPLEHAVEREALIZEDTHEHEURISTICFUNCTIONOFPROVERBSANDTAKETHEMINTOPRACTICENEVERTHELESS,THEAPPLICATIONOFTHEHEURISTICFUNCTIONOFPR
33、OVERBSSHOULDRESTONABASISOFDEEPUNDERSTANDINGOFCULTUREIMPLICATION,GOINGBACKTOTHELEVELOFCULTURENOWADAYS,WITHTHEADVENTOFKNOWLEDGEECONOMY,MOREANDMOREPEOPLESEEPROVERBSASAMATTEROFEXPERIENCE,ANDAPPLYTHEMINAFLEXIBLEWAYONTAKINGRISKOFINVESTMENTSOMEONETHOUGHTTHATTHEAPPLICATIONOFFOREIGNPROVERBSCANLEADTHEMTOLIVEW
34、ELLHOWEVER,OTHERSSUGGESTEDTHATWESHOULDUSEOUROWNWISDOMFROMPROVERBSTOGETMOREMONEYTHEQUESTIONOFHOWTOUSETHEWISDOMINPROVERBSTOTAKERISKININVESTMENTSHOULDTAKETHEDIFFERENTCULTUREBACKGROUNDSOFCHINESEANDWESTERNINTOACCOUNTBIBLIOGRAPHY1PERMYAKOV1979PROVERBSANDSAYINGSINTHEEASTSCIENCE,MOSCOW19792BAEVSKIJ,VS1970“P
35、OROZDAYUSCAYAMODELPOETICESKOJSISTEMYPOSLOVITS”INSTRUKTURNOMATEMATICESKIEMETODYMODELIROVANIYAYAZYKAKIEV,1970141534WOLFGANGMIEDER,ALANDUNDES1994THEWISDOMOFMANYESSAYSONTHEPROVERBTHEUNIVERSITYOFWISCONSINPRESSLONDON19945JAKOBSON,TYNYANOV1929PROBLEMYIZUCENIJALITERATURYIJAZYKA,NOVYJLEF1219286JOLLESANDR1930
36、EINFACHENFORMENFOKLORESOCIETYPUBLICATIONS,LONDON,19307MAXBLACK1962DEWEYSPHILOSOPHYOFLANGUAGEJOURNALOFPHILOSOPHY59195055238LARICHARDS1965THEPHILOSOPHYOFRHETORICOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS,USA19659MICHAELLOSONSKY1999HUMBOLDTONLANGUAGEONTHEDIVERSITYOFHUMANLANGUAGECONSTRUCTIONANDITSINFLUENCEONTHEMENTALDEVELOP
37、MENTOFTHEHUMANSPECIESCAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS,UK199910MFZAMENHOF1905PROVERBAROESPERANTAALDONOALLAVERKO“FRAZEOLOGIORUSAPOLAFRANCAGERMANA”PTIABVARSHAVE,190511NEALRNORRICK,HOWPROVERBSMEANSEMANTICSTUDIESINENGLISHPROVERBSMOUTON,NEWYORK,198512BARLEY,N1972“ASTRUCTURALAPPROACHTOTHEPROVERBANDMAXIMWITHSPECIAL
38、REFERENCETOTHEANGLOSAXONCORPUS”PROVERBIUM,20197273775013BURKE,K1941THEPHILOSOPHYOFLITERARYFORMSTUDIESINSYMBOLICACTIONNEWYORK,195714MILNER,GB1969B“WHATISAPROVERB”NEWSOCIETY,332196919920215NEALRNORRICK1981“PROVERBIALLINGUISTICSLINGUISTICPERSPECTIVESONPROVERBS”TRIERLAUT,198116SEITEL,P1969“PROVERBSASOCI
39、ALUSEOFMETAPHOR“GENRE,2196914316117SEITEL,P1972PROVERBSANDTHESTRUCTUREOFMETAPHORAMONGTHEHAYAOFTANZANIAPHDDISSUNIVOFPENNSYLVANIA,197218TAYLOR,A1931THEPROVERBANDANINDEXTOTHEPROVERBHATBORO/COPENHAGEN,2196219TAYLOR,A1962“THERIDDLEASAPRIMARYFORM”INHPBECKED,FOLKLOREINACTIONESSAYSFORDISCUSSIONINHONOROFMACE
40、DWARDLEACHPHILADELPHIA,196220020720WHITING,BJ1952“PROVERBSANDPROVERBIALSAYINGS”INTHEFRANKCBROWNCOLLECTIONOFNORTHCAROLINAFOLKLOREVOL1DURHAM,195233150121CREEVESROWLEY,1975IDIOMSINACTIONMAKEYTOFLUENCYINENGLISH/MASSNEWBURYHOUSE22CHITRAFERNANDO,2000,IDIOMANDIDIOMATICITYMSHANGHAISHANGHAIFOREIGNLANGUAGESED
41、UCATIONANDRESEARCHPRESS23GPMCCALLUM,1983,IDIOMDRILLSMFORSTUDENTSOFENGLISHASASECONDLANGUAGELONDONNEWBURY24HKFRAGIADAKIS,1985,IDIOMSINCONTEXTMBOSTONHEINLEANDHEINLEPUB25JSEIDL,1982,IDIOMSINPRACTICEMOXFORDOXFORDUNIV26WENDYLIU,2009,EVERYTHINGIUNDERSTANDABOUTAMERICAILEARNEDINCHINESEPROVERBS,HOMASEKEYBOOKS27束定芳隐喻学研究M上海上海外语教育出版，200028胡超,2003,跨文化交交际实用教程M,宁波宁波大学29胡文仲,1999,跨文化交际面面观C,上海外语教学与研究出版社30胡文仲,跨文化交际与英语学习C,上海上海译文出版社31沈超英,2002,浅析英谚中的民族色彩J,浙江师范大学学报第2期32汪福祥著,1992,现代英语妙语珠连M,北京中国人事出版社33王德春,杨素英,黄月圆,2003,汉英谚语与文化M,上海上海外语教育出版社
