1、情态动词+完成时（modal verbs + have + past participle）情态动词和动词原型连用，表示对目前或将来情况的看法或态度情态动词和完成时连用时，表示对过去情况的看法或态度。 1. should+have+过去分词 表示过去“本应该”，实际上是说话人在表达责备，抱怨或遗憾的意思。We should have cut away the jungle bush. 我们本应该把丛林的灌木砍掉。How I regretted the days when I had played and should have studied. 我多么懊悔我把本应该好好学习的日子都玩掉了。sh
2、ouldnt+have+过去分词表示过去“本不应该”而实际上做了的动作。You shouldnt have told anyone about it. 你本来不应该告诉任何人。They shouldnt have left so soon. 他们本来不应该去得那么早。2. ought to + have + 过去分词表示过去“本应该”，相当于“should + have + 过去分词” You ought to have helped him. 你本应该帮他一把。You ought to have returned these books to the school library last
3、week. 上周你就应该把这些书还给学校图书室。否定形式oughtnt to + have + 过去分词 = shouldnt + have +过去分词 eg. You oughtnt to have taken his umbrella away. 你不该把他的伞拿走。He oughtnt to have been there.他本不应该到那去。3. must + have + 过去分词表示对过去情况的推测，译成“当时一定；想必已经；当时可能”。What a challenge I must have been to this young teacher. 对这位年轻教师来说，教我这样的学生
4、当时一定是个巨大的挑战。Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.因为沟里涨满了水，昨晚一定下过雨了。表示对过去情况的否定推测时。要用“cant (couldnt) + have + 过去分词”，一般不用“mustnt + have + 过去分词”。Joe cant have left. I saw him just now. 乔不可能离开了，刚才我还看见他了。The party couldnt have been successful as you had hoped. 舞会不可能象你希望的那样成功。“m
5、ust + have + 过去分词”表示对过去情况推测时，反意疑问句用have (has), 有明确表示过去时间的状语（before 除外）反意疑问句用did. He must have finished his homework, hasnt he? 他准把作业做完了。对吗？He must have attended the meeting yesterday evening, didnt he? 他昨晚上肯定参加会议了，是吗？4. may (might) + have + 过去分词表示对过去情况的推测，可用于肯定句，否定句，但不用于疑问句In return I may have been
6、able to teach you a little about medical technique. 作为报答，我也许教给了你们一点点医疗技术。Might he have been caught and killed?他有可能被抓住杀掉了吗？might + have + 过去分词也能表示对过去的事情的可能性的推测，有“本应该”，含有婉转责备的意思。You might have listened to me while I was talking to you. 我对你讲话时，你应该认真听才对。You might have let me know before you went out. 外出
7、之前，你本应该先告诉我一声。5. can (could) + have +过去分词表示对过去情况的推测。“can + have + 过去分词”一般多用于疑问句和否定句， 不用于肯定句。Can he have gone yesterday? 难道他昨天就已经走了吗？They cant have lost themselves in the woods, because I drew a map to them. 他们不可能在森林中迷路，因为我给他们画了一张画。Bill couldnt have gone home this weekend. I saw him at the school gro
8、und this morning.本周末贝尔不可能回家，今天下午我还在学校操场上看见他了。Mary cant have gone to school. Its Sunday.玛丽不可能去上学，今天是星期天。在表示对过去某事的推测时，可用could/ might / may + 完成时。They could/might/may have heard the news from smith. 他们也许从史蜜斯那儿听到了这个消息。6. need + have +过去分词表示过去“没有必要做”，但实际做了。有责备的意思。否定形式表示“做了本不应该做”的 事 You neednt have woken
9、me up so early. Its Sunday today.你没有必要这么早就叫醒我，（因为）今天是星期天。You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.你本来不必浇这些花，因为天就要下雨了。You needn t have told him the news; he knew it already.你不必再告诉他这个消息，他已经知道了。You neednt have walked up; you could have taken the lift.你没必要走着上去；你本来可以乘电梯。didnt need to
10、do（=I didnt have to）的 “本沒有必要做也沒有做”I didnt need to go to the bank. I borrowed some money from Mary.我不必去银行-我找玛丽借了点儿钱.翻译理解以下句子：1. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 2. You must have been mad to speak to an animal. 3. Mr. Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library
11、just now. 4. Mary cant have taken your dictionary. She has gone home. 5. There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out? 6. There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone? 7. He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 8. What has happened to George?I dont know. He may ha
12、ve got lost.9. He might have given you more help, even though he was busy. 10. She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances. 11. Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. 12. Look, Tom is crying. I shouldnt have been so harsh on him. 13. I ou
13、ght to have gone home last Sunday. 14. You ought not to have given him more help. 15. I neednt have bought so much wine only five people came. 巩固性练习：从A、B、C、D中选择最佳答案。1-You didnt wait for Mr. Smith last night, did you?-No, but we _. He didnt return home at all.A. couldnt have waited B. neednt have没有必要
14、做但实际做了C. didnt need to沒有必要做实际也沒有做 D. should wait2Harry _ have won the Physics competition easily yesterday, but he gave up.A. could B. might C. should D. must3-May I speak to your manager Mr. Smith at six oclock tonight ?”-“Im sorry, Mr. Smith _ to a conference before then.”A. will have gone B. had
15、gone C. would have goneD. has gone4. -Tom took away my cell phone without being permitted.- Really? I cant imagine that he _ have done such a thing.A. must B. may C. can D. should5- Was it Mary who made the suggestion?- It _ have been. I cant remember.A. needB. mustC. should D. may6The weather turne
16、d out to be fine yesterday. I _ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me .A. should have taken B. could have takenC. neednt have taken D. mustnt have taken7He paid for a seat, when he _ have entered free.A. could B. would C. must D. need8I didnt see her in the meeting room this morning. She_at the m
17、eeting .A. mustnt have spoken B. mightnt have spokenC. cant have spoken D. shouldnt have spoken9- Hi, is that Peter Brown?-Sorry. You _ the wrong number .A. must dial B. must have dialed C. should dial D. should have dialed10I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They
18、 _ at least 150 kilometers an hour .A. should have been doing B. must have been doingC. could have done D. would have done11. He is not poor. You _ have lent him the money.A. cant B. neednt C. couldnt D. mustnt12. There was plenty of time. You _ have hurried.A. wont B. mustnt C. neednt D. couldnt13.
19、 I _ here in time, but I met an old friend of mine. I stopped and talked with him for some time.A. shouldnt have come B. must have comeC. neednt have come D. could have come14. They _ have finished the work yesterday, but it was raining hard.A. must B. could C. should D. might15. He was sent to hosp
20、ital. Something _ to him.A. must happen B. should have happened C. could have happenedD. must have happened16. I didnt hear the phone. I _ asleep. A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been17. - I rang your home yesterday. A man answered but I didnt recognize the voice.- On, it _
21、my brother, Peter.A. must be B. must have been C. can have been D. might beKeys for reference： 1-5 CAADD 6-10 CACBB11-15 BCDBD 16-3 BB教学反思传统的英语教学中，教师特别重视学生课堂上英语知识的消化，讲究知识点的掌握程度，教学中重视课内知识的封闭传授而轻视课内外方法的开放学习，这种传统的灌输式使学生缺乏灵活性和创造性。在课堂上极大限度地为学生提供机会，使学生的主体作用得到充分的再现。在听、说、读、写、思维、表达等方面进行训练，力求让学生做学习的主人，学生自己能做的，一律放手，使学生能自学、自答、自测、自做、自评。因此，教师应该改变传统的教学观念，教会学生学习英语的方法，让学生“会学”英语，培养学生和老师互动式学习，这是当今英语教学中重要的方法。
