1、单词词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割6 数词 numeral num. three 三7 冠词 article art. a 一个8 介词 preposition prep. at 在.9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦前六类叫实
2、词，后四类叫虚词。 短语短语:分句或者句子中有机地联系在一起的一组词，短语中含有一个中心词，并且以它为核心，在它的前后可以再添加一些修饰或者辅助它的词，短语，甚至分句名词短语：the center of Australia,their seat.动词短语:didnt know,can do 形容词短语：very good.副词短语：even today.right away介词短语：after graduation,at school.由介词加介词的宾语构成，中心词就是介词。 句子按其作用或使用目的，句子可分为： 陈述句(包括肯定句和否定句)：This is a truck. 这是一辆卡车。
3、疑问句（包括一般疑问句和特殊疑问句）：Is this a truck? 这是卡车吗? 祈使句：（有表示要求和请求两种）Drive the truck away. 把卡车开走。 感叹句：（有what 或者how 引导）What a big truck it is! 多么大的卡车!句式结构分为五大类：1 主+系动词+表语+（表语补足语）常用的连系动词：表语是表明主语身份或状态 变成,变得：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn 保持某种状态：Continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay. 看起来，好像：Appea
4、r, look, seem. 感官动词：Feel, smell, sound, taste.He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。He seen interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels hard书桌摸起来很硬。The cake tastes nice饼尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nicc花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before你长得比以前高了。He has
5、suddenly fallen ill他突然病倒了。He stood quite still他静静地站看。He becomes a teacher when he grew up他长大后当了教师。He could never turn traitor to his country他永远不会背叛他的祖国。1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall a
6、nd strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。说明：有些动词同时也有其他意思，这时它就不是系动词了，就不是主系表结构，而是主谓结构的句子。如look看， He looked me up and down他上下打量我。（主谓宾结构）如come回来，He come back at six.他六点回来。（主谓结构）如taste品尝They are tasting the
7、fish他们在品尝鱼。主谓宾结构） 2主语+谓语此结构的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？ 6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 7. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了
8、半个小时。 8. The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。She came。她来了。He runs quickly他跑得快。They listened carefully他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger他挨冻受饿。China belongs to the third world country中国属于第三世界国家。The gas has given out煤气用完了。My ink has run out我的钢笔水用完了。3主语+谓语+宾语在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt)，因此有宾语。例如：此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都
9、具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admits that he w
10、as mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。 She likes English.她喜欢英语。I saw a film yesterday我昨天看了一部电影。 Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗?They found their home easily他们很容易找到他们的家。They built a house last year他们去年建了一所房子。Theyve put up a factory in the village他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。You s
11、hould look after your children well你应该好好照看你的孩子。 4主语+谓语+双宾在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如:He lent some money to me.类似动词的还有：g
12、et,mail,offer,owe(借），pay,promise,read,sell,take,teach等2、“buy”(买);“draw”(画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。如:Mother bought a new dress for me。类似的动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order(订购）,reach等。3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后如：Richard made it for him。理
13、查德为他做的这个东西Give it to me。把它给我4、 有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如ask,teach,tell,owe, pay.I asked John. 我问约翰I asked a question. 我问了一个问题I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题5、 suggest,explain,introduce,mention,deliver,announce等动词后必须跟介词to,不能进行直接宾语与间接宾语的转换。Could you explain your point of view to us?=Could you explain
14、 to us your point of view?例如：He gave me a book/a book to me他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me他把座位让给我。注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me. 妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me他给我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me请帮我一下。He
15、 asked me a question/a question of me他问我个问题。 （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片6. I gave my car a
16、wash. 我洗了我的汽车。7. I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。8. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。注意，下边动词只有一种说法：They robbed the old man of his money他们抢了老人的钱。Hes warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease医生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of the erats我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。T
17、hey deprived him of his right to speak他们剥夺了他说话的权利。 5主语+谓语+宾语+补语（主补或宾补）1, 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。Verb（动词）Object（宾语）to do sth His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。2, Verb（动词）Object（
18、宾语）doing sthMy father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.3, Verb（动词）Object（宾语）doneYesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.4, Verb（动词）Object（宾语）adj(形容词)You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。5，Verb（动词）Object（宾语）prep(介词短语)My father kept me at home6，Verb（动词）Object（宾语）n
19、(名词)We made him our monitor.名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running ac
20、ross the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. （及物） （宾语） （宾补） 1. They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。2. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4. They found the house deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。5. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？6. We saw him out. 我们送他出去7. He asked me to come back soon
21、. 他要我早点回来。8. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all t
22、he time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。They made the girl angry他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day他们发现那天她很高兴。I found him out我发现他出去了。I saw him in我见他在家。They saw a foot mark in the sand他们发现沙地上有脚印。They named the boy Charlie他们给这个男孩起名为查理。I saw him come in and go out我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fas
23、t他们感到汽车行驶得很快。I heard the glass broken just now我刚才听到玻璃碎了。He found the doctor of study closed to him他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。主补I am sure to succeed.特殊句子结构：1there be 结构 2祈使句 3 感叹句 4倒装句Under the tree was sitting a girl. 5外置句It is dangerous to swim in the river. 6省略句 7分裂句也叫强调句：It was George he gave this ticket to
24、但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语主语，谓语，系动词，表语，宾语，补语是句子的主要成分。少了它们句子将变得不完整或者歧义。还有一些次要成分：定语 状语 同位语，介词宾语，独立成分这四种成分可以出现在任何一种句子结构当中，但是不可以单独存在必须依附其他的词或句子才能存在。因此成为次要成分。1定语要依附名词才能存在，作用是修饰限定这个名词。如果没有，
25、句子依然完整，但是某个词就少了一些修饰说明的内容。2状语要依附动词，形容词，副词或句子才能存在，目的是修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子。没有句子依然完整，但是少了一些时间地点程度等的内容。3同位语要依附名词存在，作用是进一步说明这个名词。4介词宾语要依附于介词存在，放在介词后面是介词的宾语。介词存在的作用就是把介词宾语和前面的词或短语连起来。和介词一起构成介词短语。5独立成分是依附于整个句子而存在的。作用是进一步说明这个句子。以上这些成分可以是一个词，一个短语或者是一个句子。如果是句子就称为从句谓语无从句 句子成分一. 主语：是一句话的主体，整句话都谈它的情况。也就是全句述说的对象。主语在陈述
26、句中一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词主格3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）动名词例句The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round
27、and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）Students study. (学生学习。) We are friends.(我们是朋友)If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。
28、)They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating to
29、o much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)二.谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或者状态。谓语必须由动词或动词短语充当，放在主语的后面。有时态和语态的变化。（英语句子的灵魂）如： He enjoys singing songs. （他喜欢唱歌。） We study English.三.宾语：表示动作的承受者。宾语放在及物动词之后。也就是谓语动词的宾语。充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式I play with him. (我和他玩。) I like.（我喜欢中国菜。）（名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do
30、 you need? We need two. （数词） I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their
31、lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语)I think to be a childrens doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语) 直接宾语与间接宾语：有的动词能够接双宾语，直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示行为的人。如：He gave me a book.（他给了我一本书） 这句话中 a book 为直接宾语， me 为间接宾语。四.表语：用来说明主语的性质，特征或状态，身份和情况。接在系动词之后。构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7
32、）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）名词从句如：This table is long. (这个桌子是长的。)Time is money.Three oclock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) He does not feel like eating anything
33、today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。)如They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) He is kind. (他心地善良。) He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing
34、 / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句） It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired
35、.五.定语：是用来说明，修饰或限制名词，代词。常用形容词或者短语或从句担任。可分为前置定语和后置定语，形容词放在名词之前，构成前置定语；相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面，构成后置定语。一、 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy
36、；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。There are tw
37、o boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。 名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。There is only one ball pen in th
38、e pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 分词（短语）作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen
39、 bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There are five boys who will play the game.
40、/参加游戏的男孩有五个。 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序：冠词/物代年龄/形状/大小/温度色彩来源质地/材料目的/用途被修饰的名词(中心词)构成形式：1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词10）关系从句His work in the hospital is very hard.(他在这个医院的工作很辛苦。)This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。）Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) France and
41、Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。)This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the
42、lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）六状
43、语：是用来修饰，说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词或短语，句子担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。 二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前
44、。 I am very sorry.We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . 有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl. 副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）T
