1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目INTENSIFICATIONTHROUGHDIVERSIFIEDRESOURCEUSETHEHUMANECOLOGYOFASUCCESSFULAGRICULTURALINDUSTRYININDONESIANBORNEO出处HUMANECOLOGY2007,(06)2751作者PATRICIAJVENDAABSTRACTTHESUCCESSOFANAGRICULTURALINDUSTRYINCOMMERCIALDUCKEGGPRODUCTIONINTHESWAMPLANDSOFSOUTHKALIMANTANBORNEOISEXAMINEDTHROUGHTHEUTIL
2、IZATIONOFAHUMANECOLOGYFRAMEWORKSEASONALITYOFRESOURCEAVAILABILITYANDHUMANPOPULATIONGROWTHAREIDENTIFIEDASTWOMAJORCONSTRAINTSTOPRODUCTIONFACEDBYFARMERSPOPULATIONINCREASESINTHEURBANSECTORSOFSOUTHEASTERNBORNEOALSOPRESENTECONOMICOPPORTUNITIESFORFARMERSBECAUSEOFTHEGROWINGDEMANDFORPOULTRYPRODUCTSFARMERSHAVE
3、RESPONDEDBYDEVELOPINGANINTENSIFICATIONSTRATEGYINEGGPRODUCTIONBASEDONTHEUSEOFDIVERSIFIEDRESOURCESFORDUCKFEEDTHELONGTERMCONSEQUENCESOFTHESEANDOTHERINNOVATIONSINDUCKFARMINGAREDISCUSSEDANDDIVERSITYSTABILITYTHEORYISEXAMINEDFORITSAPPLICABILITYTOTHISCASEOFAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTANDFORRURALDEVELOPMENTTHEORY
4、ANDPRACTICEKEYWORDSHUMANECOLOGYSUCCESSSEASONALITYINTENSIFICATIONRURALDEVELOPMENTDIVERSITYSTABILITYFLEXIBILITYDUCKFARMING1INTRODUCTIONINHULLSUNGAIUTARAREGENCYINTHEPROVINCEOFSOUTHKALIMANTANININDONESIANBORNEO,BENGALESEFARMERSHAVECREATEDANINTENSIFICATIONSTRATEGYINCOMMERCIALDUCKEGGPRODUCTIONTHROUGHTHEUSE
5、OFADIVERSIFIEDRESOURCEBASETHESEFARMERSHAVEOVERCOMEENVIRONMENTALCONSTRAINTSINCOMMERCIALDUCKFARMINGBYDEVELOPINGALTERNATIVESTOSEASONALLYAVAILABLEDUCKFEEDCOMPONENTSTHATWEREHISTORICALLYUTILIZED,THUSRESPONDINGSUCCESSFULLYTOTHEINCREASEDDEMANDSFORDUCKEGGS,AMAJORFOODALTERNATIVETOSEASONALLYAVAILABLEFRESHWATER
6、FISH,INTHEGROWINGURBANSECTORSOFSOUTHEASTERNBORNEO11POPULATIONDENSITIESANDTHERURALECONOMYOFTHEFLOODBASINTHEPROVINCEOFSOUTHKALIMANTANCONTAINSTHEHIGHESTPOPULATIONDENSITIESWITHINTHEISLANDOFINDONESIANBORNEOAT53PERSONSPERSQUAREKILOMETERFIGS1AND2OUTSIDETHEVICINITYOFTHEPROVINCIALCAPITALOFBANJARMASIN,THEHIGH
7、ESTPOPULATIONDENSITIESAREFOUNDINTHEHULKSUNGAIFLOODBASINREGIONAT10247/KMZBIROPASTASTATISTICSKALIMANTANSELATAN,1980THEHIGHCONCENTRATIONOFPEOPLEINTHISREGIONMAYBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHERELATIVELYHIGHFERTILITYOFTHESOILINCOMPARISONWITHOTHERPROVINCESOFTHEISLANDROBEQUAIN,1955WETRICECULTIVATIONHASBEENPRACTICEDFORCEN
8、TURIESBYRURALBENGALESEINTHEFLOODBASINBETWEENTHENEGARAANDBARITORIVERSWHERENORTHHULKSUNGAIREGENCYISLOCATED,ANDHEREAREAMONGTHEHIGHESTINRICEPRODUCTIONPERHECTAREINALLOFINDONESIANBORNEOITHASBEENSUGGESTEDTHATBECAUSETHEHULKSUNGAIREGIONISINTHERAINSHADOWOFARIDGEOFLOWMOUNTAINSTRENDINGFROMTHESOUTHEASTTOTHENORTH
9、WEST,ITEXPERIENCESADEFINITEDRYSEASONANDTHEREFORETHESOILISLESSLEACHEDANDMOREFERTILETHANINOTHERAREASOFTHEISLANDOFBORNEOMOHR,194512CONSTRAINTSTODUCKFARMINGASHISTORICALLYPRACTICEDTHECLIMATICPATTERNSANDGEOGRAPHICALFEATURESOFSOUTHKALIMANTANHAVEMARKEDLYINFLUENCEDTHELEVELSOFDUCKEGGPRODUCTIONINTHEPASTTHEAVAI
10、LABILITYOFFRESHWATERFISHUSEDFORDUCKFEEDISAFFECTEDBYTHESEASONALFLOODINGANDCONTRACTIONOFSWAMPLANDSASWELLASBYTHELIFECYCLEOFTHEFISHTHEABILITYOFFORAGINGDUCKSTOOBTAINSNAILS,ANOTHERMAJORSOURCEOFDUCKFEED,ISAFFECTEDBYTHEHEIGHTOFTHESWAMPWATERTHEACTIVITIESOFRICECULTIVATIONPRACTICEDINTHEDRYSEASONAFFECTHOWANDWHE
11、NFLOCKSARECONFINEDTHEEASEWITHWHICHSAGOPALMLOGS,LONGUSEDASTHEBASISFORDUCKFEED,ARETRANSPORTEDTOMARKETSANDDUCKFARMSISALSOAFFECTEDBYSEASONALFLUCTUATIONINSWAMPWATERANDRIVERLEVELSBECAUSECHOPPEDSAGOPALMANDFRESHCAUGHTFISHHAVEHISTORICALLYSERVEDASTHEMAINCOMPONENTSUSEDFORDUCKFEED,PRACTITIONERSSPENTMUCHOFTHEIRT
12、IMEHERDINGTHEIRFLOCKS,SEARCHINGFORSUPPLIESOFSAGOPALM,CHOPPINGSAGOFORDUCKFEED,ANDFISHINGINTHESWAMPSANDRIVERSTOOBTAINFISHFORFAMILYMEALSANDFORTHEFLOCKALTHOUGHILACKDATAONFISHINGEFFORTPERSEASONPERUNITOFDUCKFLOCK,INTHEVILLAGEOFDESHASATE,INFORMANTSREPORTEDTHAT,INTHERAINYSEASON,MENSPENTMORNING,AFTERNOON,AND
13、EVENINGFISHINGTOOBTAINASUFFICIENTCATCHFORBOTHFAMILYANDFLOCKBECAUSEOFTHEDECREASEDAMOUNTSOFFISHAVAILABLE2NOSESTOPROBLEMSANDOPPORTUNITIESINDUCKFARMING21THEDEVELOPMENTOFANEWFLOCKMANAGEMENTSYSTEMHISTORICALLY,VILLAGEDUCKFARMERSHERDEDTHEIRFLOCKSINTHESWAMPANDRIVERSBYDAYTOSCAVENGEFORFEED,ANDCAGEDTHEMATNIGHTI
14、NTHEBACKODORUNDERTHEIRHOUSESWHERETHEDUCKSWOULDLAYTHEIREGGSINTHEDRYSEASONWITHTHECONTRACTIONOFFLOODEDSWAMPLANDS,FARMERSWOULDFENCEOFFLANDFORTHEIRFLOCKSSURROUNDINGTHEIRHOMESTOPREVENTTHEMFROMENTERINGPRIVATELYOWNEDRICEFIELDSINTHEVILLAGEATTHECONCLUSIONOFTHERICEHARVESTINGNOVEMBER,DUCKSWOULDBEALLOWEDTOSCAVEN
15、GETHESEFIELDSFORFALLENGRAINSOFRICE22THEDEVELOPMENTOFFEEDALTERNATIVESDRIEDFISHANDRICEBRANTOMEETTHEPROBLEMOFAVAILABILITYOFSAGOPALMANDFRESHWATERFISH,LOCALFARMERSBEGANINTRODUCINGAWIDERANGEOFFEEDALTERNATIVESAMONGTHESEAREDRIEDFRESHANDSALTWATERFISH,FRESHWATERSNAILS,RICEBRAN,WHICHISTHEBYPRODUCTOFMILLEDRICE,
16、VARIOUSTYPESOFSWAMPVEGETATION,ANDCONCENTRATE,AMULTIVITAMINPROTEINADDITIVEMANUFACTUREDBYAPOULTRYFEEDMILLINEASTJAVAINCOMBINATION,THESEALTERNATIVESNOWCONSTITUTETHECOMPONENTSOFANEWDUCKFEEDMIXTURE,THEEXACTCOMBINATIONDEPENDINGUPONTHESEASONALAVAILABILITYANDPRICEOFANYONECOMPONENTTHEDUCKFARMERCANNOWMANIPULAT
17、ETHEFEEDCOMPOSITIONFORHISFLOCKACCORDINGLYANDTHEREBYMAINTAINARELATIVELYCONSTANTLEVELOFEGGPRODUCTIONTHROUGHOUTTHEYEARTWOOFTHESEINNOVATIONSINDUCKFEEDRESOURCES,DRIEDFISHANDRICEBRANWILLBEDISCUSSEDINDETAILASEXAMPLES221DRIEDFISHTHEADDITIONOFDRIEDFISHINDUCKFEEDCOMPOSITIONISONEINNOVATIONTHATHASHADASIGNIFICAN
18、TIMPACTONTHISINDUSTRYVONDAL,1984DRIEDFISHOFINFERIORQUALITY,ORTOOOLDTOBESOLD,WASTYPICALLYTHROWNAWAYITISTHISFISHTHATFARMERSBEGANEXPERIMENTINGWITHFORUSEASDUCKFEEDASTHESEASONALDEPLETIONOFFRESHWATERFISHOCCURREDTHISINNOVATION,DEVELOPEDAPPROXIMATELY10YEARSAGO1975,HASENABLEDFARMERSTOMAINTAINEGGPRODUCTIONLEV
19、ELSINTHEIRFLOCKSTHROUGHOUTTHEYEAR,BREAKINGDOWNONEOFTHEPRIMARYBARRIERSWHICHIMPEDEDTHEGROWTHOFCOMMERCIALDUCKFARMINGDRIEDFISHISPURCHASEDBYBENGALESETRADERSFROMFISHERMENINHULKSUNGAISWAMPLANDSANDFROMSHORELINEFISHERMENONTHESOUTHEASTERNCOASTOFSOUTHKALIMANTANANDTHENORTHEASTERNCOASTOFEASTKALIMANTAN222RICEBRAN
20、ANOTHERSIGNIFICANTINNOVATIONINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDUCKFEEDWASTHEGRADUALREPLACEMENTOFSAGOPALMWITHRICEBRANASAFEEDBASERICEBRAN,THEBYPRODUCTOFMILLEDRICE,WASFORMERLYTHROWNAWAYORGIVENTOFARMERSFREEFORUSEASCHICKENSCRATCHFARMERSINDESHASATERELATEDTHATINDIVIDUALSBEGANTHINKINGTHATIFRICEBRANWASGOODFORCHICKENS,MAYBEI
21、TWOULDBEGOODFORDUCKLINGS,TOOTHEPOSITIVERESULTSENCOURAGEDTHEMTOCONTINUEUSINGRICEBRANFORDUCKLINGS,WHILECHOPPEDSAGOWASSTILLUSEDFORMATUREBIRDSADUCKFARMERINDESHAEMPATHY,THEVILLAGECREDITEDWITHTHEINNOVATIONOFFLOCKCONFINEMENT,WASSAIDTOHAVEEXPERIMENTEDWITHGIVINGRICEBRANTONEWLYMATUREDUCKSAFTERHAVINGPROVIDEDIT
22、ASAFEEDTHROUGHOUTTHEDUCKLINGSTAGEEGGPRODUCTIONWASNOTADVERSELYAFFECTEDANDDUCKSWERESAIDTOBEHEALTHYTHEACTIONSOFPOULTRYFEEDMANUFACTURERSINJAVA,GOVERNMENTOFFICIALSFROMTHEOFFICESOFANIMALHUSBANDRYANDDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGINHULKSUNGAIUTARAREGENCY,ANDSHOPKEEPERSWHOSPECIALIZEINSELLINGCOMMERCIALFEEDARETHREATENING
23、THEFLEXIBILITYOFTHISSYSTEMOFDUCKFARMING3CONSEQUENCESOFINNOVATIONSINDUCKFARMINGTHEGENESISOFDUCKFEEDALTERNATIVESANDTHECAGEDSYSTEMOFFLOCKMANAGEMENTHASCREATEDANUMBEROFOPTIONSINFAMILYRUNDUCKENTERPRISESPERHAPSMOSTIMPORTANTLY,THESEINNOVATIONSHAVEMADEITPOSSIBLETODUCKFARMONAFULLTIME,YEARROUNDBASISINAMANNERWH
24、ICHYIELDSSUPPORTANDPROFITFORRURALFAMILIESINTHESWAMPLANDSPREVIOUSLY,THISACTIVITYWASLARGELYPRACTICEDONASEASONALBASISTHATCOINCIDEDWITHTHESWAMPLANDSPRIMARYFISHINGSEASONIN1982,90OFTHE75DUCKFARMINGFAMILIESSURVEYEDWEREOBTAININGYEARROUNDINCOMESFROMTHESALEOFEGGSWITHINTHREEOFTHESEFAMILIES,THEMALEMEMBERSOFTHEH
25、OUSEHOLDWEREASSISTINGONAPARTTIMEBASISWHILETHEFEMALEHEADAND/ORTEENAGEDAUGHTERSWERETHEPRIMARYCARETAKERSOFTHEFLOCKINTWOOFTHESETHREEHOUSEHOLDS,THEMENWORKEDASFRUITTRADERSDURINGTHERAINYSEASONANDWERESELDOMATHOME,ANDDURINGTHEDRYSEASONASSISTEDTHEIRWIVESINDUCKFARMINGANDINRICEANDVEGETABLECULTIVATIONINONEHOUSEH
26、OLD,THEMALEHEADWASASCHOOLTEACHERANDONLYHELPEDBYFEEDINGTHEFLOCKATTHEMORNINGANDNIGHTTIMEMEAL4DIVERSITYSTABILITYANDINTENSIFICATIONOFDUCKFARMINGACCORDINGTOTHEMODELCITEDEARLIER,DIVERSIFICATIONOFRESOURCESISAPREDICTABLEINITIALRESPONSETOENVIRONMENTALPERTURBATIONSWHATISUNIQUEINTHISCASEISTHATTHEDIVERSIFICATIO
27、NOFRESOURCESUSEDFORFEEDALLOWEDFORTHEINTENSIFICATIONOFTHELOCALSYSTEMOFDUCKFARMING,PERMITTINGRURALPEOPLETORUNFULLORPARTTIMEYEARROUNDENTERPRISESINCONTRASTTOECONOMICSITUATIONSINWHICHINCREASEDCOMMITMENTSAREMADETOINVESTINARESOURCESTRATEGYDUETOTHEWORSENINGOFENVIRONMENTALAND/ORECONOMICPROBLEMSTHEUSEOFADIVER
28、SIFIEDRESOURCEBASETOPROMOTESTABILITYINEGGPRODUCTION,ANDHENCEBYEXTENSION,STABILITYOFAREGIONALINDUSTRYINCOMMERCIALDUCKANDDUCKEGGPRODUCTION,CALLSTOMINDEARLIERARGUMENTSINECOLOGICALTHEORYCONCERNINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDIVERSITYANDSTABILITYALTHOUGHTHEVALIDITYOFTHEARGUMENTTHATMORECOMPLEXECOLOGICALSYSTEMSA
29、REMORELIKELYTOSURVIVETHANSIMPLERONESMARGOLES,1968ODOM,1969HASBEENDISCREDITEDALONGSEVERALLINES,THEREISSOMESUPPORTFORTHEDIVERSITYSTABILITYARGUMENTINREGARDTOTHENOTIONOFHABITATHETEROGENEITYANDSURVIVALINTHISMODEL,THESTABILITYOFAPOPULATIONISSAIDTOBEIMPROVEDBYINCREASINGTHENUMBEROFRESOURCECLUSTERSOR“PATCHES
30、“AVAILABLEFOREXPLOITATIONIFONE“PATCH“BECOMESEXTINCTORREDUCEDTHROUGHOVEREXPLOITATION,“NATURALDISASTER“,ETC,THEPOPULATIONCANRELYONOTHERRESOURCECLUSTERSUNTILTHETEMPORARILYREDUCEDCLUSTERREGENERATES,THUSLESSENINGTHECHANCEOFITSOWNEXTINCTIONSEEMAY,1974MURDOCHANDOATES,1975INARELATED,BUTMORERECENTANALYSISINC
31、OMMUNITYECOLOGYRESEARCH,WINES1984REVIEWEDRODENBERRYSSTUDYOFDIETCOMPOSITIONOFINDIVIDUALSOFDIFFERENTSPECIESOFBREEDINGBIRDSINASINGLELOCATION1980THEREVEALEDDIETSSHOWEDUTILIZATIONOFAVARIETYOFFOODRESOURCESWHICHWINESCONCLUDES“SEEMMOSTCONSISTENTWITHTHEINTERPRETATIONTHATTHEBIRDSAREFORAGINGINANINDEPENDENT,OPP
32、ORTUNISTICFASHIONINAVARIABLEBUTNONMILITANTENVIRONMENT“INANANALOGOUSSITUATION,FARMERSHAVEATTAINEDSUCCESSINCREATINGSTABLEYEARROUNDENTERPRISESTHROUGHPROMOTINGTHEUSEOFDIVERSIFIEDRESOURCESFORDUCKFEEDFOUNDTHROUGHOUTTHEPROVINCEOFSOUTHKALIMANTAN,SOMEOFWHICHMAYSERVEASSUBSTITUTESFORONEANOTHERASSEASONALITYDICT
33、ATES5CONCLUSIONSALTHOUGHTHEUSEOFDIVERSITYSTABILITYARGUMENTSINTHISCASEDOESNOTINVOLVETHENOTIONOFPOPULATIONSTABILITYANDSURVIVALINWHICHSURVIVALCANBELABELEDA“SUCCESS,“ITNONETHELESSHASIMPORTANTIMPLICATIONSFORWHATMAYBEREQUIREDFORSUCCESSFULAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENT,THATIS,THEDEVELOPMENTOFADIVERSERESOURCEBASEO
34、NWHICHTODEPENDTOOFFSETFLUCTUATIONSINPRICESANDAVAILABILITYOFINPUTSFORPRODUCTIONANDINDEMANDFORAGRICULTURALGOODSTHEMSELVESTHEDIVERSITYOFOPTIONSFARMERSHAVECREATEDINDUCKFARMINGMAYTHUSBEONEOFTHEINDUSTRYSMOSTIMPORTANTLESSONSTORURALDEVELOPMENTTHEORYANDPRACTICEDEVELOPMENTPOLICYANDPROJECTSOFTENSEEKTOESTABLISH
35、THEMOSTEFFICIENTANDPROFITABLEMEANSOFCARRYINGOUTANACTIVITYTOPROMOTEECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,INTHISCASE,PRESSUREONFARMERSINTHESWAMPLANDSTOUSECOMMERCIAL,FACTORYPREPAREDDUCKFEEDSITISQUESTIONABLEWHETHEREITHEREFFICIENCYORPRODUCTIVITYWOULDBESERVEDBYUSEOFTHESEFEEDSINTHISENVIRONMENTEFFICIENCYMAYBEBETTERSERVEDINTE
36、RMSOFSAVINGLABORUTILIZEDFOROBTAININGMULTIPLERESOURCESANDMIXINGTHESEFORDUCKFEED,BUTASDEMONSTRATEDEARLIERINTHISPAPER,THEREAREFEWOTHERWELLPAYINGECONOMICALTERNATIVESINWHICHAFARMFAMILYMIGHTINVESTITSLABOR,ANDTHEINCREASEDPRODUCTIONCOSTSOFUTILIZINGCOMMERCIALLYPREPAREDFEEDSISSIGNIFICANTINTERMSOFPRODUCTIVITY,
37、EGGPRODUCTIONISNOTSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERWHENDUCKSAREFEDFACTORYPREPAREDFEEDTHANWHENFEDTHEREGIONALLYBASED,HANDMIXEDFORMULASVONDAL,1984译文透过利用多元化的资源进行集约化生产一个成功人类生态学经济案例摘要一个农业产业化生产的成功案例在南加里曼丹(婆罗洲)的沼泽地进行的商业鸭蛋的生产是人类生态学研究并通过利用人类生态学的架构来实现农业产业化生产。人力资源的可利用性和人口增长的季节性被确定为两大农民生产面临的主要制约因素。在婆罗洲东南部城市,由于对家禽产品日益增长的需求,农民的
38、创造经济机会在上升,同时人口也在随之增加。农民们的反应是在开发一个鸡蛋生产的集约化战略的基础上,运用多元化的资源进行加工生产进而在鸭饲料中使用。鸭农在了解这些情况后与其他涉及的产业关系链进行了讨论,他们发现这种多样性而且稳定性的供给是极其适用这种情况,这也促进农业发展和农村发展,这是理论的衍生和实践的检验。关键词人类的生态环境成功季节性集约化,农村发展,多样性,稳定性,灵活性,鸭养殖一、介绍在印度尼西亚婆罗洲的南加里曼丹省的双溪乌达拉,农民创造出来的一个多样化的资源基地,在这个基地进行了商业鸭蛋生产集约化战略的实施。农民通过发展替代季节性可用鸭饲料克服了鸭饲料紧张的问题,从而成功地应对了鸭蛋经
39、季节性生产的问题。其中主要食物的选择中,以可利用的淡水鱼的需求增加部分为主,商业养鸭环境的制约的因素逐渐减少,这也对东南婆罗洲的城市不断发展起了推动作用。(一)人口密度和洪水区的经济南加里曼丹省中包含在印度尼西亚婆罗洲岛最高盆地,为每平方公里53人人口密度。省会附近的人口密度最高的地区被发现是在双溪流域地区洪水在10247/KM(比罗PASTA统计局加里曼丹SELATAN)。这一地区的人口密度如此之高可能是归因于在同岛(ROBEQUAIN)等省土壤相对其他地区有更加富饶。湿水稻种植的原始地是在马来西亚国家,尤其是在北双溪,位于江河洪水流域地区,作为湿水稻生产的地区之一,每公顷水稻产量最高的是在
40、印度尼西亚婆罗洲。有人研究发现,由于葫芦双溪地理位置是一个从东南向西北低山山脊倾斜的趋势,而且位于雨云的阴影部分,它能够经历了一个明确的旱季,因此土壤淋溶较少,在婆罗洲(摩尔)岛比其他地区更加肥沃。(一)鸭蛋生产的历史在南加里曼丹地区,气候模式和地域特色的有显着明显的司机变化。淡水鱼供应在鸭饲料中进行加工并进行使用,但是这种淡水鱼也受季节性洪水和沼泽地收缩以及由鱼的生命周期等的因素的制约。鸭通过自主觅食获得其他事物,如蜗牛。在干燥季节水稻种植如何实行受到了致命的影响,同时如何将羊群限制在外。在萨戈帕姆日志中提到了,只要鸭饲料的基础受到保障,鸭场受河流水位季节性波动的影响也就将减小。由于切碎水稻
41、和新鲜捕获的鱼历来是鸭饲料供应的主要组成部分,从业者花了更多的时间放牧羊群进而来寻找的能够代替鸭饲料的东西,通过在渔场及沼泽河流获得家庭膳食和和供鸭食的鱼。虽然人们没有在每个赛季都努力捕捞,但一群鸭子能够进行自行的温饱解决,如同有关资料显示,在梅雨季节,男人们如果用上午,下午和晚上捕鱼,虽然获得了足够数量给予家庭,但是由于鱼类种类数量有明显的降低。鸭场鸭蛋的生产也是一种季节性的选择,尤其在南加里曼丹省的城镇,居民的饮食和生活习惯各不相同,淡水鱼的选择也随之减弱。鸡蛋的吃法很多,以腌制的形式,或新鲜如炒,炸,抑或是煮鸡蛋。他们更愿意将鸡蛋放入烘烤箱制作成糕点,在热咖啡中混进鸭卵加以调制,这种方法
42、据说可以促进力量的加强。二、在鸭蛋生产的机遇与可能性(一)一个新的羊群管理系统在农业开发历史中,鸭农们把在白天将羊群赶到沼泽进行进食,晚上会将羊群赶到他们的房屋后面,晚上在沼泽那里的鸭子会下更多的蛋。在干燥的季节,随着沼泽地的面积的日渐收缩,农民在羊群的周围用土地栅栏加以防护,以防止羊群祸害他们的家园抑或村里其他人的稻田。在水稻收获的季节十一月结束之后,鸭将获得对大米的产量加以增加。(二)饲料替代品的发展干鱼和米糠为了解决的西米棕榈和淡水鱼的可用性问题,当地农民开始对饲料替代品的广泛的选择。其中有干燥淡水或咸水鱼,淡水螺类,米糠。沼泽植被类型丰富多彩,每种物品都有多种维生素、蛋白质。在东爪哇的
43、一个家禽饲料厂专门生产添加剂的产品。总之,这些替代品目前构成了一个新的鸭饲料混合形式,经过精确地的组合后,制定季节性供应方案,就可以以一个固定的价格进行出售。鸭农同时也可以为他们的羊群配置相应的饲料组成成分,这样可以维持一个相对稳定的鸡蛋生产水平。在鸭饲料资源中,干鱼和米糠,这些创新将两个作为农业产业化成功的例子。1、鱼干干鱼鸭饲料的成分除了是一个创新,同时对这个行业也已经产生重大的影响。质量低劣,或不够新鲜的鱼要不可能出售出去,最后的命运是扔掉。但是,正是这种鱼,农民可以通过将这种鱼晒干,尝试作鸭饲料使用作为淡水鱼季节性枯竭发生时的饲料替代品。这一创新,最早在10年前,这也使得农民们能够维持
44、他们一年来的羊群蛋的总体生产水平,这种方式打破了阻碍商业鸭养殖增长的制约因素的桎梏。干鱼的最大市场是双溪沼泽地,以及在东南沿海的南加里曼丹;东加里曼丹省和东北部沿海海岸线渔民渔民都是最大的贸易商。2、米糠作为另一项重大创新鸭饲料开发是当初萨戈帕姆将大米麸皮作为饲料基地逐步发展进而更换的。米糠,补精米产品,前身是扔掉或给农民作鸡划伤免费使用。经研究的有关个人员和农民的交谈后农民就开始想,如果是米糠对于鸡可以来吃,也许这将是鸭子也不错。积极地行为得到肯定,勉励他们继续使用小鸭米糠,而切碎西米还可以给成熟的鸟类使用。随着羊群隔离之后创新贷记村,鸭农得到了让米糠提供新的成熟阶段后,整个小鸭到鸭子实验阶
45、段到此结束。禽蛋产量并没有受到更大的影响,这种鸭是最健康的。作为“现代化”的家禽饲料制造商,政府官员将葫芦双溪乌达拉作为我国畜牧业发展规划处,和店主协商谁在专门销售商业饲料,但是这也促进了这个鸭养殖系统的灵活性。这些官员和销售人员将农民面对面的商用准备的阶段加以利用,鸭饲料成分在大范围内已经完成了饲料的种类和配对。三、鸭农业的创新之举加强的鸭饲料替代品和羊群管理制度给鸭农们创造了一个家庭的可以创造给予来运行鸭企业。也许最重要的是,这些创新能够使人们拥有一个全职养鸭场,通过各方面的技术运用来解决全年的方式,进而来产生在沼泽地的农村家庭的经济支持和利润的创造。此前,这项养殖活动主要是实行按季节进行
46、的,并与沼泽地的主要捕捞季节相吻合。1982年,75个被调查鸭农户谈到取得的鸡蛋销售已足以全年的收支。在这些家庭之中,三对家庭的男性成员以相互协助的方式来生产,而女性之间或十几岁的女儿都是群中的主要照顾者。在这三个家庭之中,二男人担任水果商种植与采摘,在雨季期间很少在家里,而在旱季时节,他们又会协助他们的妻子进行鸭养殖和蔬菜水稻的种植。在一个家庭中,如果男性的有一名是教师,那么他只有在上午帮助喂养和夜间羊群进食时进行协助。四、多样性以及稳定性的鸭农产业的集约化根据前面的模型我们可以看到农业集约化,资源多样化是一个可预测的初步回应环境变化的情况。在这种情况下该如何采用鸭产业的集约化生产,如何在当
47、地的鸭农中使用的适合的饲料资源,同时允许农村居民的进行多样化的创新,对鸭蛋生产进行全职或兼职的生产。与此同时,在这增加的部分中,我们的承诺都是为了在资源战略寻找由于日益恶化的环境和经济问题的经济形势之下的最优部分。五、总结虽然多样性和稳定性的形式在这种情况下得以运用,但结论也没有涉及人口的稳定和生存的概念,可以称为是一个“成功”的例子。但是它仍然有可能成为农业发展所需的重要意义的那一部分。也就是说,在一个多样化的资源基础上开发新的物品以代替我们原先依赖的物品,以抵消价格的差异及生产投入的变动,在为自己创造可用物品的同时积极关注农产品的需求波动。当进入的农民多样化后,造成鸭农不能顺利判别市场可能这一部分会成为业内最重要的教训。通过发展新的政策和项目,寻求建立经常开展活动的基地,借以促进经济发展的的手段最有效也是最有利可图。在这种情况下,在沼泽地的农民会使用商业,工厂准备的鸭饲料,从而使生产的效率或鸭蛋的生产力大大提高。高效率可以得到更好的服务,进而节省资源,当一部分厂能够获得多个鸭饲料混合时,他们使用这些劳动条件,就可以成功,当然其中一个农场家庭也是有可能。投入的劳动越多,利用商业化的准备饲料生产成本也会随之增加,在生产力方面,蛋产量明显取决于替代品的适应性,尤其早手工混合式工厂准备饲料的情况下。