1、The Status and Analysis of Chinese Women Engineers,Tianshu BiNorth China Electric Power University,Outline,Significance of Women Professionals in Science and Technology The Status and Analysis of Chinese Women Engineers Measures and Suggestions for encouraging Chinese Women Engineers,The World Needs
2、 Science, Science Needs Women,Marie Sklodowska-Curie(1867-1934),the Polish scientist, has been honored twice with the Nobel Prize in Physics andin Chemistry,Wang Zhenyi(1768-1797)，Chinese astronomer，physician and mathematician，presented the theory of solar and lunar eclipses,Wu Chien-Shiung(1912-199
3、7), the Chinese Madame Curie, the leading and outstanding experimental physicist,Women are smart and resilient enough to become scientists and engineers .They have made significant contributions to science from the earliest times. Its important and necessary to get more women involved in science and
4、 technology.,The World Needs Science, Science Needs Women,Fully exerting the function of present talents and exploring new scientific talent resources（1）,In China, it takes about 200 thousand yuan to cultivate an under-graduate and the cultivation cost of a master or doctoral student is higher.More
5、than one third of the scientific and technical staffs are women and 67% of them have at least undergraduate degrees and 6% have master degrees.,Fully exerting the function of present talents and exploring new scientific talent resources（2）,The severe international competition requires to continuousl
6、y excavate the talent resources so as to provide the reserve force for scientific and technological innovation and development.The attractiveness of scientific research for women should be enhanced by improving the status of women in the field of scientific research in order to expand the scientific
7、 talent team.,Taking the full advantage of womens characteristic and promoting scientific and technological progress（1）,The thinking mode between men and women is different although there is no difference in intelligence.According to the research of psychology, men are better at logical thinking and
8、 women more adept at image thinking.Using the different thinking and research methods from men, women make significant contributions for scientific and technological development.,Its believed that the important reason for her success is the research method she used different from the traditional met
9、hod based on male perspective.It reflects the feminine thought tendency and advantages emphasizing on the intuition of study.,Barbara McClintockthe American scientist and cytogeneticist with the Nobel Prize,Taking the full advantage of womens characteristic and promoting scientific and technological
10、 progress（2）,There is a great difference in the life experiences and personality traits between men and women. Its shown that the innovation have benefited from researchers diversity including the gender balance.,There is a difference in the research interests between men and women. For instance,wom
11、en are more interested in environmental protection, medical treatment, obstetrics and immunology.,Improving womens status and driving social development,The Beijing Declaration was passed in the UN 4th World Conference on Women in 1995 and committed to empower women, develop womens abilities and pro
12、mote womens status as far as possible.,The eight UNs Millenium Development Goals was passed by all members in the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000 and one of the most important contents is promoting gender equality and giving women more empowerment.,Outline,Significance of Women Professional
13、s in Science and Technology The Status and Analysis of Chinese Women EngineersMeasures and Suggestions for encouraging Chinese Women Engineers,The Status of Women Engineers in the World,Although women have made great contributions in the development, science is always regarded as a mans field, espec
14、ially in Asia-Pacific.,Sex Ratio of Researchers in Different Countries,Compared with the major countries in the world，there is less number of women engineers in Asian countries.In China, women accounted for a quarter in the scientific and technical personnel.,The Status of Chinese Women Engineers,Wo
15、men only accounts for 16% of the winners in National Natural Science Award, National Invention Awards and National Progress Awards during 1997-2001. Women only accounts for 5% of the academicians in Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering as of 2009.,The structure of Chinese w
16、omen engineers tends to be of pyramid.The occupational status and achievement is higher, the proportion of women is lower in the field of scientific research.,According to the survey of China Scientific Institution, there are 14.67 million women professionals in science and technology, accounting fo
17、r 33% of sci-tech human resource in China.,The Status of Chinese Women EngineersPostgraduate Education,The Proportion of Female Postgraduates in North China Electric Power niversity,There are 168 doctoral students and 1738 masters at school, respectively accounting for 26.88% and 41.63% of the total
18、 number.,The number of female postgraduates is obviously less than male.In particular,the proportion of women drops greatly as the educational background increases.,The proportion of female postgraduates is increasing slowly with the time passing.,The Status of Chinese Women EngineersFull-time Teach
19、ers and Researchers,The Proportion of Female Full-time Teachers and Researchers in North China Electric Power University,There are 391 female full-time teachers and researchers at school,accounting for 39.94% of the total number.,The proportion of women drops sharply as rank rises.,The proportion of
20、 women drops as they ages.,Gender consciousness affects on womens motivation of development and target of achievement.,The recessive gender discrimination in peer review leads to the phenomenon that women have a low participation in high positions.,Women engineers are lack of motivation to research
21、under the current system and the environment.,Marriage and family affect women engineers investment in time and effort.,The reason for shortage of women engineers and high-level scientific research output,Gender consciousness has an effect on womens motivation of development and target of achievemen
22、t.,The gap has been widen in the proportion of pursuing high goals between men and women with age.,In the pursuit of ideals, mens goal gets higher with age while womens gets lower.It leads to a decline of both womens scientific enthusiasm and effort, has an adverse effect on their scientific researc
23、h outputs and limits their developments to a higher level.,The recessive gender discrimination leads to the phenomenon that women have a low participation in high positions,There is a gender discrimination inevitably in all aspects of the evaluation to research activities, including job classificati
24、on, projects funding applications, journal articles reviewers, evaluation of research institutions and etc.Women workers are lack of peer recognition in scientific research outputs.,Women engeneers are lack of motivation to research under the current system and the environment,A survey of Women Engi
25、neers Motivation to Research in Universities of Beijing shown that 39.4% respondents selected forced to job requirements.Only 26% of the women engineer chose interested and 21.2% chose to achieve value. 5% of the women engineer chose doing research work in order to increase income.,Marriage and fami
26、ly affect women researchers investment in time and effort,According to the research,womens best age for scientific research output is 25 to 45 years old. Most women researchers enter the marriage and have children nearly 30 years old after obtaining masters,even doctorates.So they have to discontinu
27、e the scientific research and spend times taking care of their children.In addition,nearly half of women spend more than two hours a day in doing housework.,Outline,Significance of Women Professionals in Science and Technology The Status and Analysis of Chinese Women EngineersMeasures and Suggestion
28、s for Encouraging Chinese Women Engineers,Measures and Suggestions for encouraging Chinese Women Engineers,Encouraging women to participate in research work,Creating an equitable environment for womens career growth,Giving the priority to women under the same conditions in applying and replying of t
29、he project,Enhancing the support to young women scientists,Creating the communication platform for women scientists,Mitigating the conflict between the social role of women and the identity of engineers,How to encourage women to participate in research work？,Women should be encouraged to participate
30、 in mathematics, physics and other natural sciences studies in school education.The publicity of women scientists success stories should be increased in order to provide more successful examples for young women and improve their confidence in the scientific research work.,How to create an equitable
31、environment forwomens career growth？,The government and relevant departments need to strengthen supervision during the recruitment in order to eliminate gender-based discrimination and inequality in the selection of staffs.The goverment and relevant departments should take some measures to help wome
32、n to mitigate the effects of childbearing and breastfeeding on research work. The retirement age of women should be consistent with that of men.,How to give the priority to women under the same conditions in applying and replying of the project?,It is presented clearly that women have the priority t
33、o be subsidized under the same conditions so as to improve the funding rate of women.The relevant departments should take some preferential measures for women such as extending research time of projects for maternal female, or setting up special research funds for women.,How to enhance support to yo
34、ung women scientists ?,The highest award for young women scientists is China Youth Female Scientist Award while its only awarded to five prize-winners each year.its necessary to establish awards to praise outstanding young women scientistst both in the Chinese Association for Science and local level
35、s.Its important to provide spiritual encouragement and support for the development of young women scientists.,How to create the communication platform for women scientists?,The platform should be built for the contact between female scientists and society to expand their social circle relying on the
36、 mass organizations such as Association for Science and Womens Federations.The platform should be built for the communication among female scientists to help them develop their own research work network by the same way.,How to mitigate the conflict between the social role of women and the identity o
37、f engineers?,It should be advocated in society that both husband and wife should share the family responsibilities,thereby reducing the pressure on women from family.It is another layer of protection mechanisms to strengthen social welfare and security of women，such as marriage leave, maternity leave.,
