1、 1 外文翻译 Logistics Material Source: Professional and Applied Computing, Dec.2009 Author: Hans-Jrg Bullinger The term logistics can be used to describe the planning, execution, design and control of all material and information flows between a company and its suppliers, all in-house flows, and the flo
2、ws between a company and its customers. Put simply, logistics ensures that the right quantity of the right goods, with the right level of quality, arrive at the right location at the right time-and at the lowest possible cost. Logistics not only covers the control of transport, transshipment and war
3、ehousing processes, but also services such as customised packaging, assembly, data storage and information management that provide value added to the logistics process. As outsourcing is becoming increasingly common in certain sectors, the use of value-added chains is growing all over the world. The
4、 supply chain has therefore developed into an extremely complex delivery network requiring a high level of transparency, planning, tracking and control. Logistics is divided into sub-systems such as procurement logistics (from the supplier to the receiving warehouse), distribution logistics (from th
5、e distribution warehouse to the customer) and intralogistics (in-house processes). Traffic logistics. Traffic logistics can be seen as the link between a companys purchasing and sales markets.Traffic logistics is the movement of goods or people to their destinations by road, rail, air and water.This
6、 essentially covers the planning and optimisation of traffic systems with regard to the design of transport chains, roads and distribution structures for freight traffic, and the study of public transport systems for passengers. A good example is the newdistribution structure for goods where a centr
7、al warehouse supplies several regional warehouses. Order-picking. In the past, goods were generally picked from pick-lists, i. e. order lists for each picking process, which told the picker how many products were needed for a specific consignment. The inherent capacity for pickers to read the lists
8、incorrectly made this procedure extremely prone to error. Today, the quantities and locations of small parts are specified,for example, by light signals or acoustic signals and, in comparison with the traditional method, these techniques have significantly 2 improved the quality of the picking proce
9、ss. In the pick-by-voice procedure, the picker wears headphones and is informed how many of which goods he or she has to retrieve from which aisle and shelf. Once completed,the process is confirmed manually and the system guides the picker to the next retrieval point. E-logistics. Extremely efficien
10、t picking processes are required in the e-shopping sector where products are usually delivered within 24 hours of ordering. Route-optimised picking, where software indicates the shortest route from bin A to bin B, is generally used.Automatic picking of single items is also commonly sed in e-logistic
11、s. Picking robots and automated warehouse systems transport the goods quickly on tracks to the picker who consolidates the consignment for delivery. Software also enhances the transport packaging selection process to ensure optimum use is made of the available space during shipment. Radio Frequency
12、Identification (RFID). An RFID tag is a “transponder”, a device that “transmits” and“ responds”. The tag is scanned by a reader and provides information about the product to which it is attached.The readers antenna transmits the data by transferring power to the tags coil via a high frequency field.
13、 Every transponder is equipped with a coil. A chip then uses this power to transmit or save the data, i. e. data are sent to the reader or new data are saved on the tag. A passive transponder consists of a micro-chip with different memory capacities, an antenna, and a carrier or body. An active tran
14、sponder, on the other hand, has a built-in power supply. This battery allows the tags to send radio signals intuitively and span distances of up to 100 m. Tracking and tracing. Identification technologies like RFID allow the parcel processing and shipping cycle to be recorded and analysed over the c
15、omplete supply chain. This is known as tracking and tracing. Tracking and tracing may come in useful, for example, when a recipient claims a consignment has been lost. RFID continuously tracks the transfer of goods. This establishes clear legal responsibility and is therefore extremely important in
16、logistics where many sub-suppliers are involved. Monitoring. External or internal conditions have to be supervised, monitored and controlled for sensitive goods. Active transponders use their built-in energy supply to save data, measured by sensors, such as temperature or acceleration. This informat
17、ion can be saved for up to several days. The data can then be read and analysed in order to monitor, for example, the quality of temperature-sensitive drugs or food. Supply Chain Management (SCM). This principle addresses the planning and 3 management of goods,information and cash flows within a net
18、work of suppliers, manufacturers, retailers and final customers. In the past, companies only tended to optimise processes at their premises (industrial companies optimised production processes while retailers improved the stock at their shops. Both, however, kept safety stocks). Today, organisations
19、 put more focus on improving the overall situation by perfecting inter-company relationships along the complete supply chain. The “pull” principle reduces a companys stocks considerably and creates a lean organisation that allows the company to respond much more flexibly to the market. Unlike the “p
20、ush”production system of the past, which required large stocks, the pull principle focuses on the final customer.At the end of the chain, the customer places an order triggering production downstream. Applications Bullwhip effect. A typical phenomenon in supply chain management is the “bullwhip” eff
21、ect. In a traditional supply chain, the manufacturer ships its products to the wholesaler who then distributes these products to the broker. Finally, they are sold to the consumer in a shop. At each level of the supply chain, goods are ordered downstream, e. g. a retailer orders from a broker. The d
22、emand-focused information, which the manufacturer uses to plan its production and logistics, may be distorted by the behaviour of the multiple players in the supply chain. Demand for nappies in a shop, for example, remains relatively stable. The trading companys central dispatching department collec
23、ts individual orders from several shops, consolidates them into an overall order and sends this to the broker with no further information about how many shops are ordering which quantities of products. The broker receives a large order, but no information about the quantities ordered by each shop, a
24、nd therefore assumes that demand is at a peak. In order to maintain its own safety stocks, the broker then orders a large quantity from the wholesaler. This process triggers a domino effect: the manufacturer receives a large order from the wholesaler and orders an even larger quantity of semi-finish
25、ed products to adjust its safety stocks.Studies have shown that from the first level (the retail trade) upwards, orders no longer reflect the original demand for nappies and increase from level to level.This is the bullwhip effect, which has a negative impact on the availability of goods and costs a
26、long the supplychain. Nowadays, central dispatching departments have software solutions that reduce this problem. Suppliers have access to data like stocks, sales, receipt of goods and reservations made by upstream and downstream players so that they can, in turn, 4 optimise their orders. This helps
27、 to reduce or adapt stocks and minimises delivery times. RFID. Trading companies are increasingly using RFID for logistical purposes. The aim is to fit transponders to shipments and entire containers within the global value-added chain to optimise the receipt and issue of goods and ensure overall tr
28、aceability. Pilot projects have already integrated sub-suppliers in these processes. When the goods are loaded, the RFID readers scan the transponder EPC and send the relevant data to the warehouse management system. The goods are then booked out and an electronic delivery note informs the recipient
29、 that the truck transporting its goods is on its way. As soon as the truck reaches its destination, RFID antennas automatically scan the consignment EPC and the data is sent to the recipients EDP system. The data is compared with the delivery note sent by the manufacturer, and wrong and incomplete d
30、eliveries can be identified immediately (with no need for manual checking). Trends The Internet of Things. RFID technology decentralises intralogistics systems and makes them more flexible. In the same way that emails always find the free or the shortest route, logistics objects will also be able to
31、 find their own way. In the future, junctions with gates on a conveyor belt, for example, will be equipped with “smart” tags so that a suitcase will be able to find its own way to the aircraft. Luggage is currently controlled from a central point. However, in the future,pieces of luggage will be abl
32、e to select their own route.Each piece of luggage at an airport will be equipped with a transponder containing target information such as flight number and gate. On its journey, the suitcase passes junctions on a conveyor belt, which are equipped with RFID antennas and programmed with decision algor
33、ithms. When the antenna scans the suitcase target information, the system can decide whether the shortest route to the target gate is available or overloaded.If the shortest route is available, the junction releases the suitcase. In the event of failure or overload,the suitcase is directed to the ne
34、xt junction, where data on all the possible routes are also stored. The suitcase transponder sends its target signal again, and the decision making process is repeated. The suitcase and the“smart” junction separate themselves from a superimposed controlling instance and make their own routing decisi
35、ons according to the given frame conditions.This kind of application can also be used for a variety of logistical systems. Furthermore, it is planned to incorporate automatically guided 5 transport vehicles intothe static conveyor belt system. Food Chain Management. Food Chain Management sees the en
36、tire food chain from production,processing and trade, up to the consumer as a uniform process where the importance of food safety and quality, as well as traceability, is paramount. E. g. when a Danish retailer receives strawberries from Spain, the wholesaler or fruit company does not provide any da
37、ta in the transport information about the use of pesticides,although this information is still available. Trading companies set maximum pesticide levels for fruit and vegetables but, for time and money reasons, quality checks are only carried out randomly to ascertain whether these levels have been
38、exceeded. Avoiding excessive levels of pesticides therefore remains an unsolved problem. This issue might be resolved by quick analyses or information provided on the Internet that lists the quantities of pesticide used by the producer for each respective batch. Retailers and customers could then ac
39、cess this information by entering the batch number. Temperature during the transportation from Spain, and during the handling of goods at the distribution centre, is another factor that has an influence on the product lifecycle. If the temperature is measured regularly and a transponder saves this i
40、nformation, the data can be checked when the goods are received and the transponder is scanned. If the thresholds have been exceeded, this data may trigger a quality check. In Europe, up to 25% of all goods are currently thrown away because they have perished. Prospects Modern logistics uses advance
41、d 55 information and communication technologies to design, control and optimise logistical processes. From 2000 to 2020, freight volume in Europe will increase by 50%. Trucks are not environmentally acceptable because they consume large amounts of fossil fuels, and emit high levels of carbon monoxid
42、e and dioxide, as well as nitric oxide. Freight traffic must become more efficient and sustainable. 6 译文 物流的概念、应用与发展 资料来源 : 2009 年 12 月专业和应用计算 作者： Hans-Jrg Bullinger 物流就是对公司与客户之间以及与供应商之间的商品和相关信息的规划、执行、设计 及控制的过程。简言之，物流以最低的成本确保了货物的数量和质量，并在规定的时间将货物送达至目的地。物流服务不仅提供货物的运输、转运以及仓储，还提供为客户包装和组装货物、数据存储和信息管理等一系列
43、服务。随着某些行业外包业务的普遍化，世界各地企业更加频繁的运用增值链服务。因此，供应链物流发展成为一个对规划、跟踪和控制货物具有较高要求的交付性网络。 物流可分为多个子系统，如采购物流（从供应商到采购方）、销售物流（从供应商到需求方）和内部物流（企业内部间物流）。 交通物流。交通物流发生于采购公司和销售市场之间，交通 物流中的货物通过公路、铁路、航运和空运这四种运输方式送达至目的地。规划和优化交通物流系统有利于运输链、道路、货物运输以及公交系统的完善，物流系统中为中央仓库货物提供一些分仓库就是一个很好的例子。 订单采购。过去，货物一般根据领料单领取，采购者根据订单列表确定领取过程，根据订单列表
44、确定特定销售数量。若采购者不能准确读取订单，这个过程将容易出错。现在，货物的数量和位置都会在合同中规定，例如，通过光信号或声信号挑选，这与传统方法相比，这些技术大大提高了采购货物的质量。在语音程序采购中，采购员带上耳机，将会被告知从 何处获得多少数量的产品。这一系统一旦完成，就可以手动确定下一个检索点。 电子物流。电子物流非常有效，其产品通常在 24 小时内交付订货。电子物流有路线优化选择的功能，会采用软件系统测试出从 A 地到 B 地的最短路线，单项自动采购也普遍运用于电子物流中。采购机器和自动化仓储系统是货物迅速上轨并交货。软件还增强了运输包装的选择过程，以确保运输过程中可用空间的最佳利用
45、。 电子标签技术。 RFID 电子标签是一种应答器，一种传送和沟通的应答器，当阅读器扫描电子标签时将提供该产品的供应商信息。读者的天线传输通过具有转移能力的卷标 签传输数据。每个转发器配有一个线圈。芯片利用该线圈来发送和接受数据，数据发送到阅读器上而标签又会保存新的数据。一个不具备调节功能的转发器由一个有内存容量的微型芯片，一个天线和一个载体构成。主动调节的转发器还有一个内置电源。该电源可以让标签在 100 米距离内发送无线电信7 号。 跟踪和追溯。 RFID 识别技术可以记录包裹加工和航运周期，并分析了完整的供应链。这就是所谓的跟踪和追溯。跟踪和追溯可能具有利用价值，例如，当收件人声称货物已
46、丢失。 RFID 识别技术可以连续跟踪货物位置。这确立了明确的法律责任，许多有级别的供应 商参与，因此该项物流技术非常重要。 监控设备。重要商品的外部和内部条件都必须受到监督，监测和控制。自动转发器使用其内置的能源来保存数据，利用传感器测量，诸如温度或加速。这些信息可以存放数天。为了监测这些数据可以被读取和分析，例如，监测对温度敏感的药物和食物的质量。 供应链管理（ SCM）。供应链用来计划和管理供应商、制造商、零售商和最终客户的商品，信息和现金流量等。在过去，公司比较注重场地的优化过程（工业企业优化生产流程，而零售商提高了其店铺的价值。两者保持安全库存）。现在，组织将重点放在沿着完整的供应链
47、 来提高和完善公司关系上。“拉”的原则大幅度地减少了公司的股票，创造了精益机构从而使得公司能够更灵活地适应市场。不像 “推 “过去的生产体系，这要求大型股票，关注最终客户。在供应链末端，客户下定单触发生产下游。 应用 牛鞭效应。在供应链管理中典型的现象就是“牛鞭”效应。在传统的供应链上，产品制造商只将产品批发给分配这些产品的经纪人。最后，他们在一家商店将产品出售给消费者。在每一个层次的供应链上，商品都在后阶段根据经纪零售商的订单来预定。制造商利用市场需求信息来制定生产计划和物流过程，可能会在供应链上扭曲各个商 家的信息。例如，一家商店尿布的需求量保持相对稳定。贸易公司的中央调度部门从几家个体商
48、店收取订单 ,并统计订单数量，并将这些商店的订购数量的统计结果发送给经纪人。经纪人收到大批订单 ,可是没有各商店订购数量的任何信息 ,因此假定需求在最高点。为了维持自身的安全库存，经纪人从批发商处订购大量订单。这一过程引发了多米诺效应：制造商从批发商处收到一个大订单，提供更大的订单量来调整其半成品库存安全。研究表明 ,从第一级 (零售业 )向上，无订单不再反映了尿布原始需求和水平提高到，这是牛鞭效应，这对商品和供应链成本将产生负面影响。 如今，中央调度部门软件解决方案可以减轻这个问题。供应商有机会获得股票一样，销售、收到货物和上游和下游的参与者，让他们可以反过来，优化他们的订单。这有助于减少或
49、调整库存，调整交货期。 RFID 技术。贸易公司越来越多地使用 RFID 技术，这样做的目的是适应转发器装运，优化收货问题，确保货量的可追溯性。试点项目已经集成在这些次级供8 应商中。货物装船时， RFID 读写器扫描转发器 EPC 并将相关数据发送到仓库管理系统中。在货物已经发出后，根据预订的电子送货单通知收件人。当卡车到达目的地， RFID 天线自动扫描货物 EPC 和数 据并发送到收件人的电子数据处理系统。这些数据是根据制造商发出的送货单得出，错误的和不完整的发货可立即识别（无需要手动检查）。 趋势 物联网。 RFID 技术分布在内部物流系统，并使它们更灵活。在同样的方式下，邮件总能通过免费或最短的路线送出。在未来的传送带上，将配备“智能”标记，一个手提箱一定能到达所指定的飞机。目前行李有一个中央控制点，然而在将来行李也可以选择自己的路线，每条路线将与一个含有诸如航班号和门配备目标信息的转发器相联系。通过这样的路线，旅行箱通过输送带上的路口，都配备了 RFID 天线和决定程序 算法。当行李箱天线扫描目标信息时，该系统可以在最短的路线决定是否让目标通过。如果最短的路线是可用的，行李箱在交界处释放。在发生故障或过载的情况下
