1、 外文翻译 原文 Cities and Competitiveness Material Source :China journal net Autther: MICHAEL LYNN and PIERS STEEL ABSTRACT. Extraversion and neuroticism interact to a?ect subjective well-being(SWB)at the individual level of analysis,so that introverted neurotics tend to be particularly miserable.The goal
2、 of this study is to determine if this interaction can also be detected at a national level.Findings based on data from 30 countries confirmed that the interaction between extraversion and neuroticism was an extremely strong predictor of satisfaction with life and a?Neuroticism lowered satisfaction
3、with life and a?ect among all nations,but more so among introverted nations than among extraverted ones.These findings further confirm that personality traits can be used to extend our understanding of national di?erences regarding SWB.They also further validate national SWB scores,as they relate to
4、 personality in a complex but the oretically meaningful manner. KEY WORDS:extraversion,interaction,nations,neuroticism,personality,swb INTRODUCTION Almost by definition,people everywhere strive for happiness populations of some nations are less successful than others inachieving these desired states
5、.For example,the percentage of those claiming to be happy ranges from a low of 44 in Moldova to a high of 97 in Iceland,while the percentage of those claiming to be satisfied with their lives ranges from a low of 20 in Ukraine to a high of 92 in the Netherlands(Inglehart and Klingemann,2000).Althoug
6、h the validity of these subjective measures as well as their comparability across nations has been questioned,the available evidence suggests that the measures are reasonably valid and comparable(see Diener et al.,1995b;Veenhoven,2000a).Thus,variations in national subjective well-being(SWB)appear to
7、 be both sizable and meaningful. Recently,psychologists have begun to study the correlates/determinants of these national differences.Some researchers have examined the impact on national SWB of economic and political forces,on the grounds that these factors can facilitate or impede goal attainment,
8、which underlies satisfaction and happiness.Consistent with this reasoning,the research indicates that national SWB increases with national income/wealth and with economic and political freedom(Diener et al.,1995a;Inglehart and Klingemann,2000;Veenhoven,2000a).Other researchers have examined the impa
9、ct on national SWB of cultural values,on the grounds that cultural values influence:(1)the environments that national populations create for themselves,(2)the perceptions and evaluations that national populations have of life situations,and/or(3)the goals that national populations strive for(with so
10、me goals being more conducive to happiness and satisfaction than others).This research indicates that national SWB increases with national disapproval of power differences Still other researchers have examined the impact on national SWB of national character(orpersonality),onthe grounds that persona
11、lity influences the happiness and satisfaction of individuals.Although the results of these later studies are not entirely consistent,they generally indicate that national SWB increases with national extraversion and decreases with national neuroticism and psychoticism(Arrindell et al.,1997;Steel an
12、d Ones,2002;van Hemert et al.,2002). This study extends the use of national personality to predict national SWB.Specifically,it examines for the first time the im pact on national SWB of the interaction between national extraversion(E)and national neuroticism(N).Empirical research at the individual
13、level of analysis has already found that these personality traits interact to affect SWB.Following Eysenck(e.g.,Eysenck and Eysenck,1985),Hotard et al.(1989)argued that extraverts(who seek to increase arousal)interpret social arousal positively and seek out social interactions,while introverts(who s
14、eek to decrease arousal)interpret social arousal negatively and try to avoid social interactions.Neuroticism(or negative emotionality)amplifies the negative reactions of introverts to social stimuli,so that neurotic introverts are more socially withdrawn and less happy than the other three groups de
15、fined by the intersection of these personality traits.Consistent with the expectation regarding happiness,Hotard et al.(1989)found significant extraversion by neuroticism(E?N)interactions in three data sets with di?erent measures of extraversion,neuroticism and SWB such that neurotic introverts were
16、 particularly unhappy and dissatisfied with their lives(see also Pavot et al.,1990).However, contrary to expectations,they did not find that neurotic introverts had fewer social relationships than neurotic extraverts.This later finding challenges the role of sociability in producing the E?N interact
17、ion on SWB.Analternative explanation is that the negative emotionality of neurotics is less distressing to extraverts, whose low levels of cortical arousal and consequent need for external stimulation cause them to dwell on negative emotions less than do introverts.Thus,this E?N interaction makes se
18、nse given Eysencks conceptualization of extraversion as chronically low arousal(hence,insensitivity to external stimuli). Relationships observed at the individual level may not occur at the group level(e.g.,Ostroff,1993).However,it is also possible that relationships may be even stronger at higher l
19、evels of analysis;this may occur with the E?N interaction.First,homology may occur,where the same processes exist at both levels of analysis.In this case,nations whose populations score low on extraversion and high on neuroticism may have a disproportionately large number of neurotic introverts whos
20、e dissatisfaction with their lives lowers the average SWB in those nations.Second,additional processes can magnify individual level e?ects.Specifically,past research has shown evidence of emotional contagion.As summarized by Hatfield et al.(1993),People tend from moment to moment tocatchother people
21、s emotions as a result of mimicry,feedback,and resulting synchrony in social encounters(p.96). Consequently,neurotic introverts will not only tend to be unhappy but may also make those they come in contact with less happy.Thus,it is possible that extraversion will interact with neuroticism to a?ect
22、SWB at the national level of analysis as well as at the individual level of analysis.This possibility is examined for the first time in the following study. METHOD We re-analyze data compiled by Steel and Ones(2002)for their examination of national personality e?ects on national SWB(see Table I).Ste
23、el and Ones provide detailed information regarding the measurement equivalence of their personality and SWB data,that is,the degree to which the recorded di?erences among nations are meaningful and reflect true scores.Given a series of studies examining convergent and discriminant validity along wit
24、h bilingual administration and di?erential item responding,they conclude that observed scores largely reflect true scores. Also,consistent with classical test theory,any measurement inequivalence will simply add error,which will typically attenuate observed correlations.Consequently,if we could meas
25、ure traits and SWB perfectly,any results we obtain would likely be significantly stronger.Steel and Ones also detail how their databases were compiled,which we review only briefly here. National Subjective Well-Being Steel and Ones(2002)obtained national scores on SWB from an international database
26、of happiness surveys compiled by Veenhoven(2000b).These surveys were administered to different samples(e.g.,students,general population),asked di?erent questions(e.g.,how satisfied are you),and had di?erent numbers of response options(e.g.,15,17).To put the scales on a common metric,Veenhoven used e
27、xpert opinion,which Steel and Ones supplemented with linear equating when 20 cases or more were available(see Ango?,1971). RESULTS The means and standard deviations of each variable along witheir zero-order correlations with one another are presented Table II.Prior to analysis,the national personali
28、ty scores we standardized and centered(see Aiken and West,1991).this case,each of the dependent variablesnational a?ect,hapiness,and satisfaction with lifewas regressed on the stadardized extraversion and neuroticism scores followed by the product in the second step.The resulting E?N interactio were
29、 further examined by performing regressions of the depe dent variables on neuroticism separately for extraverted an introverted nations,which were defined by extraversion scor greater and less than 18.3 respectively revious research has addressed some of these concerns as they relate to national EPQ
30、 scores and national SWB scores.For example,Barrett et al.(1998)demonstrated that the EPQ had a similar factor structure across 34 countries,and Diener et al.(1995b)found little evidence that response artifacts contributed to national di?erences in SWB.However,evidence supporting the validity of nat
31、ional extraversion,neuroticism and SWB scores is still sparse.The fact that those scores in this study were related to one another in a complex(i.e.,an interaction)but theoretically meaningful way provides additional evidence that they are valid.In turn, this evidence of measurement validity should
32、encourage additional research on national di?erences in personality and SWB.Traits appear to be critical determinants of an important national quality and should not be. 译文 国家差异主观幸福感：外向性和神经质的互动效应 资料来源 : 中国期刊网 作者：迈克尔林恩、 斯梯尔 文斯 摘要：外向性和神经质是相互作用的，主观幸福在个人层面的分析让内向的神经症往往是感到特别悲惨。本研究旨在研究不同的国家之间的数据让这个相互作用可以得到
33、印证。以三十个国家的数据源为依据确认外向性和神经质之间是相互作用，这是一个极其准确地对生活满意度的解读器。所研究的国家表明，神经质降低生活满 意度，这会使让他们的幸福感比外向型性格要低。这些发现进一步表明，人格特质能够进一步拓展我们对于国家的理解，我们把它看成主观幸福感。最新的国家幸福感分数，这涉及到一个复杂的问题，但非常有意义。 关键词：外向性，互动，国家，神经质，个性，主观幸福感。 简 介 定义表明，世界各地人民争取幸福生活满意度。但是，研究发现，一些国家的人没有达到他们所期望的状态。例如，摩尔多瓦是 44%偏低的快乐指数，冰岛 97%偏高的快乐指数，乌克兰的快乐指数是 22%，但是 92
34、%的国家是荷兰。尽管这些国家主观措施的合法性 以及他们的可比性存在一起是问题，可用的证据表明那些措施相当地有效，并具有一定可比性。因此，主观幸福感在各个国家的变化表现得具有很大规模和意义。 最近，心理学家开始研究导致这些国名差异的相关因素，一些研究者已研究国家经济与主观幸福感将会影响政治力量，其理由是这些因素可以促进或妨碍目标的实现，其中强调了满意和幸福因素。根据这一推理，研究人员指出主观幸福感的增加，将影响国家与国家收入、财富和与经济和政治自由（迪纳等人， 1995 年。英格哈特和 Klingemann， 2000;范荷文， 2000）。其他研究人员探索了主观 幸福感影响国家文化价值，其理由
35、是文化价值观的影响：（ 1）国民创造自身环境。（ 2）国民对自己生活状况的看法和评价。（ 3）国民争取自身目标（比别人快乐和幸福的满意目标）。本研究表明，国民随着国家力量的增加，也会促使增强主观幸福感。还有一些研究人员已经开始研究了民族性格（或人格）对国家幸福感的影响，其理由是他们的性格影响了幸福和满意度。虽然后来的研究结果不完全一致，但是他们普遍表示，国家的主观幸福感是随着外向型的增加而增加，随着神经质和精神质的减少而相反。（例如， 1997。斯梯尔、文斯2002.） 该研究扩展了用 国民人格来预测国家主观幸福感，特别是他第一次全国性地检测了国家在国家外向性（ E）和国家神经质（ N）的相互
36、作用对主观幸福感的影响。在个人层面的实证研究已发现，每个具有这些双重人格会影响主观幸福感。在个人层面上的实证研究分析已经发现这些人格特质交互影响主观幸福感。艾森克（ 1985），霍塔德等。（ 1989）认为，外向性人格积极寻找社会合作，增强社会觉醒他们的主观幸福感比神经质和精神质者要高得多。消极情感增强对内向型的负面社会刺激的反应，使神经质性格内向孤僻，这更明确了人的性格与幸福感程度具有相关性的定义。霍塔德等 。（ 1989）发现神经质显着的外向性三个数据的相互作用，外向性，神经质和主观幸福感有明确联系，就是神经质性格内向的人，特别不容易高兴，对自己的生活不满意。然而，事与愿违，他们没有发现，
37、神经质性格内向神经质外向的人少了许多社会关系。而后又发现富有挑战的社会结构对主观幸福感的互动。另一种解释是神经质具有较多的负面情绪，他们比外向型更令人不安，外界情绪很容易导致他们纠缠于负面情绪。这个相互作用给予艾森克的研究更有意义，外向性概念化作为长期低觉醒（因此，对外界刺激不敏感）。 在个人层面观察到的水平可能不会出现在集体层面（例如， Ostroff， 1993）。然而，它们有关系这是有可能的，即使在较高的水平，更深入地分析，也可能会出现人格和主观幸福感的相互作用。首先，同源性可能会出现，而两个层次的分析在同一过程中同时存在。在这种情况下，各国的人口评分外向型低，神经质高，可能是因为神经质
38、性格内向，对不成比例的生活状态大量不满，这些都降低了他对国家的幸福感。二，附加进程可以放大个人层面。具体来说，过去的研究已经显示出情绪感染的证据。正如哈特菲尔德等人总结。（ 1993）， 人们往往从刹那到 追赶 的结果作为一个模仿别人的情绪，从而回顾学习，并在社会交往中产生同步 。因此，神经质的内向倾向不是让他们趋向不开心，而是让他们趋于与快乐远离。外向型与神经质在个体层面上的分析变得可能，主观幸福感与两者的关系在以下的研究中在国内尚属首例。 方 法 我们重新分析了斯梯尔和文斯的（ 2002）编制的数据，其中国民人格测试表，国家常态主观幸福感（见表一）。斯梯尔提供详细的有关资料测量他们的人格和
39、主观幸福感数据的等价性，也就是说，在某种程度上记录国与国之间的差异是有意义和反映真实分数的。鉴于一系列研究报告审 查和区分效度以及收敛双语行政项目响应，他们得出结论，观察分数在很大程度上反映真实分数。此外，符合古典测验理论，任何测量，等效性简单的添加错误，这通常会削弱观察到的相关性。因此，如果我们可以测量特质与主观幸福感，我们取得任何结果很可能会明显增强他们的预测的准确性。斯梯尔还详细了解他们的数据库并进行汇编，这些我们在这里仅作简要回顾。国民主观幸福感斯梯尔和文斯的（ 2002 年）获得的得分是由范荷文（ 2000 年）编译的幸福调查的国际数据库那得来的。这些调查是管理的直接投资的事件如（学
40、生，一般民众），要求的问题（如你的 满意度如何），并在直接投资应对方案号码（例如 ,1- 5,1- 7）。范荷文用专家的意见，用一个共同的尺度来衡量，用 20 例或者更多的人来进行补充（例如安戈， 1971）。 结 论 每 一个相关的零阶段的变化都会对研究的意义和标准发生偏差。在分析之前，我们的国民人格的分数被标准化和中心化（艾肯，西， 1991）。在这种情况下，国家的每一寸土地都可以是因变量，国民的外向型和神经质对于主观幸福感的得分都是根据土地接下去的政策来的。 这个结果进一步表明，神经质、内向型人格对于国家幸福感的定义是大大不同的。先前的研究已 解决了其中一些问题，因为它们涉及到国家艾森克个性问卷分数与主观幸福感所获得的分数。例如，巴雷特等人（ 1998）表明，人格特征在 34 个国家中也有类似的结构因素。迪纳等人（ 1995 年）发现几乎没有证据表明人们主观上的反应不能促进了国家在主观幸福感。然而，有有效的证据支持国家外向型的效力，神经质与主观幸福感的得分仍然稀少。事实是这个研究中的分数是关于一个复杂的，充满意义的理论。这个理论也提供了很多证据表明这个研究的有效性。人格与主观幸福感性状的联系似乎是一个重要的关于国家质量的关键因素，不应被忽视。
