1、教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训 门户 网 站 www.theA.cn 1 2012 年职称英语考试综合类 A 级真题及答案 本试题来源于 教育联展网 ， 更多职称英语 资料与考试试题： http:/ 第 1 部分：词汇选项 (第 115 题，每题 1 分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1 个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定 1 个意义最为接近的选项。 1. He shifted his position a little in order to (alleviate) the pain in his leg. control B. easy C. experience D. su
2、ffer 2. Our aim was to (update) the health service, and we succeeded. offer B. provide C. modernize D. fund 3. She moves from one (exotic) location to another. unusual B. familiar C. similar D. proper 4. Nothing would (induce) me to vote for him again. teach B. help C. discourage D. attract 5. The p
3、hotographs (evoked) strong memories of our holiday in France. refreshed B. stored C. blocked D. erased 6. The weather was (crisp) and clear and you could see the mountains fifty miles away. hot B. heavy C. fresh D. windy 7. Every week the magazine presents the (profile) of a well-known sports person
4、ality. success B. description C. evidence D. plan 8. Her comments about men are (utterly) ridiculous completely. slightly B. completely C. partly D. faintly 9. The walls are made of (hollow) concrete blocks. A . big B. empty C. long D. now 教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训 门户 网 站 www.theA.cn 2 10. We almost (ran int
5、o) a Rolls-Royce that pulled out in front of us without signaling. A. overtook B. hit C. passed D. found 11. When I heard the noise in the next room, I couldnt resist having a (peep) look. chance B. visit C. look D. try 12. He has been granted (asylum) in France. A. power B. relief C. protection D.
6、license 13. He was (weary) of the constant battle between them. A. fond B. tired C. proud D. afraid 14. Newborn babies can (discriminate) between a mans and a womans voice. A. treat B. distinguish C. express D. analyzes 15. All the flats in the building had the same (layout) arrangement. A. color B.
7、 size C. function D. arrangement 答案： alleviateease updatemodernize exoticunusual induceattract evokedrefreshed crispfresh profiledescription utterlycompletely hollowempty ran intohit peeplook 教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训 门户 网 站 www.theA.cn 3 asylumprotection wearytired discriminatedistinguish layoutarrangementN
8、extPage 第 2 部分：阅读判断 (第 1622 题，每题 1 分，共 7 分 ) 下面的短文后列出了 7 个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 ;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及， 请选择 C。 In Sports, Red is the Winning Color When opponents of a game are equally matched, the team dressed in red is more likely to win, according to a new study. Briti
9、sh anthropologists Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durham reached that conclusion by studying the outcomes of one-on-one boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman-wresting, and freestyle-wrestling matches at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. In each event Olympic staff randomly
10、assigned red or blue clothing or body protection to competitors. When otherwise equally matched with their opponent in fitness and skill, athletes wearing red were more likely to win the bout. “Where there was a large point differencepresumably because one contestant was far superior to the othercol
11、or had no effect on the outcome,“ Barton said. “Where there was a small point difference, the effect of color was sufficient to tip the balance.“ In equally matched bouts, the preponderance of red wins was great enough that it could not be attributed to chance, the anthropologists say. Hill and Bart
12、on found similar results in a review of the colors worn at the Euro 2004 international soccer tournament. Their report will be published in tomorrows issue of the journal Nature. Joanna Setchell, a primate researcher at the University of Cambridge in England, has found similar results in nature. Her
13、 work with the large African monkeys known as mandrills shows that red coloration gives males an advantage when it comes to mating. The finding that red also has an advantage in human sporting events does not surprise her, addding that “the idea of the study is very clever.“ 教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训 门户 网 站
14、www.theA.cn 4 Hill and Barton got the idea for their study out of a mutual interest in the evolution of sexual signals in primates“red seems to be the color, across species, that signals male dominance and testosterone levels,“ Barton said. For example, studies by Setchell, the Cambridge primate res
15、earcher, show that dominant male mandrills have increased red coloration in their faces and rumps. Another study by other scientists shows that red plastic rings experimentally placed on the legs of male zebra finches increase the birds dominance. Barton said he and Hill speculated some speculated t
16、hat “there might be a similar effect in humans. And if so, it could be apparent in sporting contests.“ The pair say their results indicate that sexual selection may have influenced the evolution of humans response to color. Setchell, the primatologist, agrees. “As Hill and Barton say, humans redden
17、when we are angry and pale when were scared. These are very important signals to other individuals,“ she said. The advantage of red may be intuitively known, judging from the prevalence of red uniforms in sports“though it is clearly not very widely appreciated, on a conscious level at least,“ Barton
18、 said. He adds that the finding of reds advantage might have implications for regulations that govern sporting attire. In the Olympic matches he surveyed for the new study, for example, it is possible some medal winners may have reached the pedestal with an unintended advantage. “That is the implica
19、tion, though we cannot say that it made the difference in any one specific case,“ Barton said. Meanwhile, Setchell notedtongue-in-cheekthat a red advantage may not be limited to sports. “Going by the recent U.S. election results, red is indeed quite successful,“ she said. 16. Both Hill and Barton wa
20、nted to find out if color affects the outcome of sports matched. 17. Hill and Barton are both interested in primates. 18. Male mandrills use yellow coloration to attract a mate. 19. Red is not an advantage for zebra finches. 20. The red plastic rings were left on the finches permanently. 教育联展网 中国最实效
21、的教育培训 门户 网 站 www.theA.cn 5 21. Hill and Barton believe athletes in red are more likely to win. 22. Many athletes oppose the new regulations on sports uniforms. 答案： 16. Both Hill and Barton wanted to find out if color affects the outcomes of sports matches. 答案为 A(right). 相关句： They (Hill and Barton) r
22、eached the conclusion by studying th e outcomes of boxing The outcomes 回应上文中提到的 “the team dressed in red is more likely to win” 17. Hill and Barton are both interested in primates(灵长目 ). 答案为 A(right). 相关句： Hill and Barton got the idea for the study from a mutual interest in primates. 18. Male mandri
23、lls use yellow coloration to attract a mate. 答案为 B(wrong). 相关句： Red coloration gives males an advantage when it comes to mating. 19. Red is not an advantage for Zebra finches(斑胸草雀 ). 答案为 B(wrong). 相关句： Scientists put red plastic rings on the legs of male Zebra females, which increased the birds succ
24、ess in finding a mate. 20. The red plastic rings were left on the finches permanently. 答案为 C(not mentioned). 21. Hill and Barton believe athletes in red are more likely to win. 答案为 A(right). 相关句： Across a range of sports, we find that wearing red is consistently associated with a higher probability
25、of winning. 22. Many athletes oppose the new regulations on sport uniforms. 教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训 门户 网 站 www.theA.cn 6 答案为 C(not mentioned) 相关句： the discovery of reds advantage might lead to new regulations on sports uniforms.NextPage 第 3 部分：概括大意和完成句子 (第 2330 题，每题 1 分，共 8 分 ) 下面的短文后有 2 项测试任务： (1)第 2326 题
26、要求从所给的 6 个选项中为指定段落每段选择 1 个小标题 ;(2)第 2730 题要求从所给的 6 个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 How technology pushes down price The Treaty of Breda, signed in 1667 after a war between the English and Dutch in which the English were worsted, gave the Dutch the big prize: Run, a small island in the Indonesian archipelago whic
27、h was the worlds principal source of nutmeg. The margin on nutmeg at the time was around 3,200%. The English, as a consolation prize, got Manhattan. As an illustration of the long-term fall in food prices compared with other goods, that is a sharp one. But deflation has characterized the food busine
28、ss for centuries, because of continual advances in food production and distribution technology. Consumers have benefited greatly from those advances. Malthusians, whose descendants until quite recently predicted that the world would run out of food, have thereby been confounded. More and more food i
29、s being produced by fewer and fewer people with less and less capital; it is therefore ever more plentiful and cheaper. Since demand is to some extent limited by the size of peoples stomachs, spending on food compared with other goods has been falling for many years, and continues to drop (see chart
30、 4). Genetically modified (GM) seeds are the latest manifestation of a production revolution that started with Charles “Turnip” Townsend, who in the 18th century laid the basis for crop rotation. Organic fertilisers were replaced by chemical ones in the 19th century. The railway opened up the Americ
31、an mid-west. The horse replaced the cow, the combine harvester the horse. After the second world war, dwarf varieties of wheat and rice (which overcame the problem that heavily fertilised crops in hot countries grew too tall and fell over) boosted developing-country output. The “green revolution” he
32、lped trigger a more recent “livestock revolution”, documented by Chris Delgado, who works jointly for the International Food Policy Research Institute and the International Livestock Research Institute. Higher incomes and urbanisation, combined with falling food prices, have boosted meat and milk co
33、nsumption in developing countries. By 1997, real beef prices were a third their level in 1971. Over that period, meat consumption in developing countries rose five-fold, three times as fast as in developed countries. Milk consumption rose three-fold.By the 1980s, advances in conventional plant breed
34、ing had tailed off, but GM made it possible to do things with DNA that conventional breeding could not do. Despite scaremongering in Europe, GM technology is spreading elsewhere: most of the worlds soya is now GM.Producing lots of food is not much good unless you can distribute 教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训 门户 网
35、 站 www.theA.cn 7 it, so advances in distribution technology have been as important as those in production technology. Salt, used to preserve food, which meant that it could be stored and traded, was an early aid to distribution. Canning arrived in the early 19th century, when a Frenchman discovered
36、that food could be stored longer if it was heated before it was bottled, and a Briton worked out that tin cans were easier to transport than bottles; and both the British and the French armies used the technology to feed their troops in the Napoleonic wars.Francis Bacon, a British scientist and essa
37、yist, was an early victim of the struggle to develop refrigeration technology: he died in 1626 after eating some chicken that he had stuffed with snow as part of an experiment. In 1877 the first shipload of frozen beef was carried from Argentina to France. The impact on the food industry of the spre
38、ad of the domestic refrigerator in the 20th century was rivalled only by that of the car, which changed the face of retailing by allowing supermarkets to develop. Supermarkets have helped push down prices principally because of their scale. Big businesses can invest in IT systems that make them effi
39、cient. And their size allows them to buy in bulk. The more concentrated the retail business becomes, the bigger supermarkets get, the further prices get pushed down until, of course, there is so much concentration that there is not enough competition. Britains Competition Commission indicated earlie
40、r this year that the supermarket industry was moving towards that point: it refused to let any of the top thr ee supermarket chains buy one of the smaller players. In America, however, where the size of the country means a more fragmented retail business, there is still scope for further concentrati
41、on: the “black death”, as Wal-Mart is known in the trade, is expected to claim more victims. Wal-Marts scale, the efficiency of its IT systems and the cheapness of its non-unionised labour force ($8-10 an hour compared with $17-18 for mid-sized players such as Albertsons, A hold, Safeway and Kroger)
42、, give it a massive advantage. It sells Colgate toothpaste for an average of 63% of its competitors price, Tropicana orange juice for 58% and Kelloggs Corn Flakes for 56%. Analysts expect at least one of the mid-sized firms to disappear.The concentration of power among retailers has led to another s
43、tage in the shift in power down the food chain. Once upon a time, power lay with landlords. In the 20th century, as processing and distribution became more important, so did the food producers. Lord Haskins, Tony Blairs adviser on farming, recalls going to food industry conferences in the 1970s, whe
44、n there would be a line of Rolls-Royces outside, all belonging to producers. Retailer concentration has shifted power (and profits) further down the food chainNo longer. Retailer concentration has shifted power (and profits) further down the food chain. But the retailers are not the type to swank ar
45、ound in flash cars. They are ostentatiously parsimonious, advertising their determination to keep prices down. Wal-Marts headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, is in a converted warehouse. Tesco, Britains biggest private-sector employer, has its headquarters in a Stalinist bunker in a nasty bit of n
46、orth-east London. Beside the main reception its share price is proudly displayed on one of those blackboards with white plastic letters stuck on to it that you see in the cheapest sandwich bars. One of the manifestations of retailers power (which also reinforces it) is the growth of private-label (i
47、e, supermarket- not producer-branded) goods. In 2002, according to the Boston Consulting Group, own-label made up 39% of grocery sales in 教育联展网 中国最实效的教育培训 门户 网 站 www.theA.cn 8 Britain, 21% in France and only 16% in the United States, but everybody thinks that, as retailing becomes more concentrated,
48、 America is going the way of Britain. Retailers can sell private-label only if the price cuts they offer mean more to consumers than a producers brand. As own-label has expanded, so supermarkets have been taking all but the most successful brands off their shelves. “If you are a must-have brand its
49、fine,” says Dido Harding, Tescos commercial director. “If youre a sub-global brand, lifes much harder.”The shift in power to retailers has put pressure on producers margins, hence huge programmes of cuts. Since 2000, Uni-lever has cut its workforce by 33,000 to 245,000 and dropped lots of minor brands as part of its “path to growth” strategy. Cadbury is the latest to announce big cuts: in October it said that it will be shutting 20% of its 133 factories and cutting 10% o
