1、1確實有實際可行的替代方案【p1】CHAPTER ONEDEVELOPING A REALISTIC ALTERNATIVETO WAR AND OTHER VIOLENCE第一章發展一個可以替代戰爭與其它暴力的實際方案Violence in society and politics, whether in the form of war, terrorism, dictatorship, oppression, usurpation, or genocide, is widely recognized as a grave problem.社會與政治上的暴力，不論是以戰爭、恐怖主義、獨裁政權
2、、壓迫體制、篡奪權力或者種族大屠殺的形式，都廣泛地被認為是一個極度嚴重的問題。All the proposals to solve the problem of violence, or particular expressions of it, have been unsuccessful. It is probable that the problem remains unsolved because such proposals have been based on inadequate understandings of its nature. Without understandin
3、g a problem, it is difficult, if not impossible, to solve it.要解決暴力問題或者它特別外在形式的全部提議，還不曾成功過。這個問題還一直未曾獲得解決，很可能是因為這些提議的基礎是對暴力本質的瞭解並不足夠。對一個問題不了解，要解決它，如果不是不可能的話，也是困難的。The objective of this essay is to explore a different perspective on the nature of the problem of widespread violence in society and politi
4、cs that suggests what will be required for its resolution.1這篇論文的目的是要從不同的角度來探討社會與政治裡普遍存在之暴力問題的本質，根據這個瞭解進而提議找出解決方法的必要條件。 1We need to analyze the conditions under which it will be possible to reduce drastically the reliance on military and other violent means of conflict. We need to examine why violenc
5、e is so widely regarded as necessary for good causes as well as for bad ones, and how fundamental change away from that syndrome might be achieved.2我們必須分析一些條件，在這些條件之下有可能大幅度地降低對衝突抗爭之軍事與其它暴力手段的依賴。我們必須研究為何暴力會廣泛地被當作要完成良好目的的必要手段，也是達到不良目的之必要手段，以及要如何達到遠離這種症候群的根本改變。The perspective in this essay is simple, b
6、ut perhaps fundamental to solving the problem of violence in political and international conflicts.這篇論文的觀點很簡單，但這也許是在政治與國際衝突裡要解決暴力問題的根本所在。It is important to recognize that conflict in society and politics is inevitable and, in many cases, desirable. Some conflicts can be resolved by mild methods, suc
7、h as negotiation, dialogue, and conciliationmethods that involve compromise. These are feasible when the issues at stake are not fundamental. Even then, the resolution of a conflict by negotiation is more often influenced by the relative power capacities of the contenders than by reasoned joint asse
8、ssment of where justice lies.重要的是要認知到，社會與政治上的衝突是不可避免的，在許多情況它是令人期待的。有一些衝突可以使用溫和的方法，例如談判、對話與調解等妥協的方法來解決。當面臨的那些議題不是基本議題的時候，這些方法是可行的。儘管這樣，透過妥協來解決衝突的時候，時常會受到參與雙方之相對權力能量的影響，這比依據邏輯聯合評估正義何在的影響來得多。-1 “Violence” is used here with the restricted meaning of physical violence against persons to inflict injury or
9、 death, or action dependent on the threat of such results, not as a term of moral or political opinion.1 暴力在這裡是狹義的定義，是指對別人以肢體的暴力造成傷害或死亡，或者依靠造成這種結果之威脅的行動，而不是一個道德或者政治的看法。【2】However, in many conflicts fundamental issues are, or are believed to be, at stake. These are “acute conflicts.” They are not dee
10、med suitable for any resolution that involves compromise.不過，在很多衝突中，涉及的議題正是，或者被相信是，基本的議題。這些衝突是尖銳的衝突。它們就不被認為適合任何妥協方式的解決方案。In acute conflicts at least one side regards it as necessary and good to wage the conflict against hostile opponents. Acute conflicts are often believed to be waged to advance free
11、dom, justice, religion, or ones civilization, or to 3resist and defeat hostile violence. Hostile violence may be applied to impose oppression, injustice, or dictatorship. Hostile violence also may be applied to attack ones moral or religious principles or human dignity, or even to threaten the survi
12、val of ones people.在尖銳的衝突中，至少有一方認為向有敵意之對手發動抗爭是有必要的。一般都認為發動尖銳的衝突是為了促進自由、公義、宗教、或者自己的文明、或者抵抗及擊敗有敵意的暴力。具有敵意之暴力可能被應用來施加壓迫、不公義、或者獨裁政權。具有敵意之暴力也有可能被應用來攻擊一個人的道德或者宗教信仰或者人類尊嚴、或者甚至威脅一個族群的生存。In acute conflicts at least one side regards submission, capitulation, or defeat as disastrous for its principles, convict
13、ions, whole society, and at times even to life itself. In such situations, people believe it is necessary to wage the conflict as strongly as possible.在尖銳的衝突內，至少有一方認為屈服、投降、或者挫敗，對他們的原則、信念、整個社會、並且有時甚至他們的生命是災難一場。在這樣的情勢下，人們會認為有必要發動盡可能強烈的衝突抗爭。The need for a means of waging conflicts發動衝突抗爭之手段的需求War and ot
14、her violence have been applied for diverse purposes, but in acute conflicts political and international violence has served as a means of waging the conflict to protect and advance causes believed to be good and noble. Violence has been believed to be the necessary alternative to passive submission
15、to great evil.戰爭與其它暴力已經被應用於許多不同的目的，但在尖銳的衝突中，政治與國際性暴力被當作發動衝突抗爭的手段以保護及促進善良與高尚的理念。一般人都相信暴力是取代不願意被動地屈服於惡魔之必要替代對策。In most political systems, war and other violence serve as an “ultimate sanction.” That is, forms of violence are believed to be the means of last resort, the most powerful activity that can
16、be applied, the final means of applying pressure, punishment, or power when all presumably milder means are seen to have failed, or to be destined to fail. Violence is used then, it is believed, to advance and defend all that is held to be good and worthwhile.在大多數的政治體制裡，戰爭與其它暴力方式都被當作一種終極的制裁。這就是說，一般都
17、相信暴力的形式是最後可以使用的手段、可以使用之最強而有力的活動，在所有假設之溫和手段被認為失效或者註定失敗的時候，它是可以使用來行使壓力、處罰、或者權力的最後手段。大家相信暴力在那時候是4被使用來促進及捍衛所有認為是善良與值得的東西。Unless this role of violence is understood, there is no possibility of a major reduction of reliance on war and other violence in acute conflicts.除非暴力的這個角色被理解，否則在尖銳衝突中對戰爭與其它暴力行的倚賴，是不可
18、能會有明顯的減少。In conflicts with basic issues at stake it is naive to think and act as though the offer of negotiation or dialogue is an adequate response. Hostile opponents are most unlikely to abandon their goals or means without a struggle. It is unreasonable to aim for a “win-win” resolution. Brutal d
19、ictators and perpetrators of genocide do not deserve to win anything.在涉及基本議題的衝突中，如果把談判或者對話的提議認為及當作是適當的回應，就太天真了。有敵意的對手最不可能在沒有抗爭下放棄他們的目標或手段。追求一個雙贏的解決方案是不合乎邏輯的。殘暴的獨裁者與種族大屠殺的作惡者沒有權利值得贏得任何東西。【3】We have many decades of evidence that violence in the conduct of conflicts is not eliminated by protests agains
20、t such violence. In acute conflicts, the majority of people will not reject war and other violence because they believe, or are told, that such violence violates ethical or religious principles. Adherence to expectations to the contrary is unrealistic.我們數十年的證據顯示，衝突過程中的暴力不會因為反對這些暴力的抗議而被消除。在尖銳的衝突裡，多數人
21、們不會拒絕戰爭與其它暴力，因為他們相信或是聽別人這樣說，這種暴力違背倫理或者宗教信仰。堅持期待要做到與這種想法相反是不切實際的。It has been nearly forty years since psychiatrist Jerome D. Frank reminded us that for most people peace is not the highest value.2從精神科醫師傑羅米法蘭克（Jerome D. Frank）開始提醒我們起，已經差不多有 40 年了。他說：對許多人來說，和平並不是最高的價值。 2People, groups, and governments
22、will not renounce violence when that is seen to mean becoming powerless and helpless in a conflict in which their basic beliefs and the nature of their society are, or are believed to be, under attack.在這一場他們社會的基本信仰與他們社會的本質正在，或者被認為，受到攻擊的衝突中，而當這樣做會被理解是意味著他們正變得無力感與茫然無助的5時候，人民、團體、與政府是不會唾棄暴力的。In acute co
23、nflicts in order for war and other violence not to be used as the final means of action to advance or defend ones principles, ideals, society, or existence, some other means of strong action need to be available. There has to be a substitute means of conducting the conflict powerfully with the chanc
24、e of success equivalent to or greater than the violent option.在尖銳的衝突中，為了不使戰爭與其它暴力被用來作為促進或捍衛自己原則、理想、社會或生存之行動的最後手段，必須要有強大行動的一些其它手段。這就必須在進行抗爭的時候、有替代性而且強有力、同時比選擇暴力有相當的或是更多成功機會的手段。Of necessity, such a functional alternative must he able to deal satisfactorily with the “hard cases” for which violence has
25、in the past been believed to be required. These “hard cases” include conflicts against dictatorships, foreign invasions and occupations, internal usurpations, oppression, attempted genocide, and mass expulsions and killings.出於必要，這種具有功能的替代手段必須有能力把過去被認為需要使用暴力之艱難個案處理到令人滿意的程度。這些艱難個案包括對抗獨裁政權、外國侵略與佔領、內部的篡
26、奪權位、壓制脅迫、種族大屠殺、與集體群眾驅逐與殺害。A very important clue that such an alternative is possible lies in the fact that the strength of even dictatorships is dependent on sources of power in the society, which in turn depend on the cooperation of a multitude of institutions and peoplecooperation which may or may
27、 not continue, as we shall see later in more detail.有可能有這樣一個替代手段的很重要線索，就是存在於這樣的事實，即使這些獨裁統治的權力也是依賴於社會的權力來源，這樣一來它們就是倚賴許多機構與人民的合作這個合作可能會或者可能不會持續，如同我們稍後可以瞭解到的更多細節。_2 Jerome D. Frank, ”Psychological Problems in the Elimination of War” in Preventing World War Ill: Some Proposals. New York. Simon and Schus
28、ter, 1962.2 傑羅米法蘭克（Jerome D. Frank），消除戰爭的心理問題在預防第三次世界大戰：一些提議，紐約，西門與休斯特，1962 年。【4】6There is another technique of struggle有另外一種抗爭的技術Such a substitute for violent conflict is a realistic option. It is often forgot that war and other violence have not been universal in the conduct of acute conflicts. In
29、 a great variety of situations, across centuries and cultural barriers, another technique of struggle has at times been applied. This other technique has not been based on turning the other cheek, but on the ability to be stubborn and to resist powerful opponents powerfully.這樣一種暴力衝突的替代方案是一種實際可行的選擇。人
30、們經常忘記戰爭與其它暴力在尖銳的衝突中並不是普遍的通則。在許多不同的情勢下，跨越數個世紀與文化的障礙，有時候曾經使用抗爭的另一種技術。這個另一種技術並不是建立在將另一個面頰轉向敵人的理論基礎上，而是以堅定固執的能力與可以強力抵抗龐大對手的能力為基礎。Throughout human history, in a multitude of conflicts one side has foughtnot by violence, butby psychological, social, economic, or political methods, or a combination of thes
31、e. This type of conflict has been waged not only when the issues were relatively limited and the opponents relatively decent. Many times this alternative form of struggle has been applied when fundamental issues have been at stake and when ruthless opponents have been willing and able to apply extre
32、me repression. That repression has included executions, beatings, arrests, imprisonments, and mass slaughters. Despite such repression, when the resisters have persisted in fighting with only their chosen nonviolent weapons, they have sometimes triumphed.在整個人類的歷史上，有許多不同的衝突，一方的戰鬥不是用暴力而是以心理、社會、經濟、或者政治
33、方法、或者這些方法的組合來進行。這種類型之衝突的發動不僅僅是在議題是相對小型有限而且對手是比較文明的情況。許多時候，這種抗爭的替代手段在涉及根本議題、與殘酷之對手有意願而且有能力使用極端鎮壓的時候都曾應用過。這種鎮壓包括行刑、拷打、逮捕、監禁與集體屠殺。儘管有這樣的鎮壓，當抵抗者僅僅以他們所選擇之非暴力武器持續抗爭堅持的時候，他們有時曾經勝利過。This technique is called nonviolent action or nonviolent struggle. This is “the other ultimate sanction.” In acute conflicts i
34、t potentially can serve as an alternative to war and other violence.這種技術被稱之為非暴力行動或者非暴力抗爭。這就是另類的最終制裁。在尖銳的衝突中，它具有潛力作為戰爭與其它暴力的替代方案。Cases of nonviolent struggle7非暴力抗爭的個案Nonviolent struggle has occurred in widely differing cultures, periods of history, and political conditions. It has occurred in the Wes
35、t” and in “the East”. Nonviolent action has occurred in industrialized and nonindustrialized countries. It has been practiced under constitutional democracies and against empires, foreign occupations, and dictatorial systems. Nonviolent struggle has been waged on behalf of a myriad of causes and gro
36、ups, and even for objectives that many people reject. It has also been used to prevent, as well as to promote, change. Its use has sometimes been mixed with limited violence.非暴力抗爭已經在廣泛不同的文化、歷史時期與政治情況中發生過。它曾經在西方、並且在東方發生過。非暴力行動曾經在工業化及非工業化國家裡發生過。它曾經在憲政民主國家及對抗帝國、外國佔領與獨裁體制時被實踐過。非暴力抗爭已經用來為了無數的理念與團體、甚至為了很多
37、人拒絕的目的而發動，它也曾經被用來預防、及促進改變。它有時曾經與小型的暴力混合使用。【5】The issues at stake have been diverse. They have included social, economic, ethnic, religious, national, humanitarian, and political matters, and have ranged from the trivial to the fundamental.涉及的這些議題非常廣泛，它們包括社會、經濟、種族、宗教、族群、人道主義、與政治的事務，並且它的散佈從日常可見的議題到根本的
38、議題。Although historians have generally neglected this type of struggle, it is clearly a very old phenomenon. Most of the history of this technique has doubtless been lost, and most of what has survived has been largely ignored.雖然歷史學家通常都會忽略這種類型的抗爭，很清楚的它是一種古老的現象。這種技術的大部份歷史毫無疑問地已經流失了，而大多數倖存的部分卻被大多數人忽略了。
39、Many cases of the use of nonviolent action have had little or nothing to do with governments. Cases include labor-management conflicts and efforts to impose or resist pressures for social conformity. Nonviolent action has also been used in ethnic and religious conflicts and many other situations, su
40、ch as disputes between students and university administrations. Important conflicts between the civilian population and governments where one side has employed nonviolent action have also occurred very widely. The following examples are often of this type.8許多使用非暴力行動的個案與政府很少有關係或者一點關係也沒有。這些個案包括勞工與管理階層
41、的衝突及為了社會的一致性而施加或者抵抗壓力的努力。非暴力行動也曾經用於種族與宗教的衝突、及很多其它的情況，例如學生與大學行政單位之間的爭論。在公民大眾與政府之間的重要衝突中，其中一方曾經運用非暴力行動也已經非常廣泛地發生了。下列這種類型是常見的例子。From the late eighteenth century through the twentieth century the technique of nonviolent action was widely used in highly diverse conflicts: colonial rebellions, internation
42、al political and economic conflicts, religious conflicts, and anti-slavery resistance. This technique has been aimed to secure workers right to organize, womens rights, universal manhood suffrage, and woman suffrage. This type of struggle has been used to gain national independence, to generate econ
43、omic gains, to resist genocide, to undermine dictatorships, to gain civil rights, to end segregation, and to resist foreign occupations and coups dtat,從18 世紀末期到20 世紀，非暴力行動的技術被廣泛地應用在非常完全不同的衝突殖民地的反叛、國際的政治與經濟衝突、宗教衝突及反奴隸制度的抵抗運動。這種技術之目的曾經用在確保工人結社的權利、婦女民權、普世的成年男子投票權與婦女的選舉權。這類的抗爭曾經用來獲得國家獨立、促進經濟所得、抵抗種族大屠殺、破
44、壞獨裁政權、爭取公民權利、與終結種族隔離，並且抵抗外國的佔領與政變。Cases of the use of this technique early in the twentieth century included major elements of the Russian 1905 Revolution. In various countries the growing trade unions widely used the strike and the economic boycott. Chinese boycotts of Japanese products occurred in
45、 1908, 1915, and 1919. Germans used nonviolent action against the Kapp Putsch in 1920 and against the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in 1923. In the 1920s and 1930s, Indian nationalists used nonviolent action in their struggles against British rule, under the leadership of Mohandas K. Gan
46、dhi.在20世紀早期這個技術使用的個案包括俄羅斯之1905年革命的主要部份。在許多不同的國家，日益成長的工會組織廣泛地使用罷工與經濟聯合抵制。在1908年、1915年、以及1919年中國聯合抵制日本商品。德國人在1920年使用非暴力行動抵抗卡普政變（Kapp Putsch），及在1923 年抵抗法國與比利時對魯爾（Ruhr ）的佔領。在 20世紀 20年代與30年代，在聖雄甘地的領導下，印度民族主義者在他們對抗英國統治的抗爭中使用非暴力的行動。【6】From 1940 to 1945 in various European countries people, especially in 9N
47、orway, Denmark, and the Netherlands, used nonviolent struggle to resist Nazi occupation and rule. Nonviolent action was used to save Jews from the Holocaust in Berlin, Bulgaria, Denmark, and elsewhere. The military dictators of El Salvador and Guatemala were ousted in brief nonviolent struggles in t
48、he spring of 1944. The American civil rights nonviolent struggles against racial segregation, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, changed laws and long- established policies in the US South. In April 1961 noncooperation by French conscript soldiers in the French colony of Algeria combined with popula
49、r demonstrations in France and defiance by the Debr-de Gaulle government defeated the coup dtat in Algiers before a related coup in Paris could be launched.從1940年到1945年在不同的歐洲國家，特別是挪威、丹麥與荷蘭，人們使用非暴力抗爭抵抗納粹的佔領與統治。非暴力行動被用來保護猶太人免於在柏林、保加利亞、丹麥、與其它地方的集體大屠殺。在1944年春天，薩爾瓦多與瓜地馬拉的軍事獨裁者在很快速的非暴力抗爭下被驅趕下台。美國民權運動以非暴力抗爭反對種族的隔離，特別是20世紀50 年代與 60年代，在美國南方修訂了法律與長期既定的政策。在1961年4 月法國徵召的士兵以不合作的方式在法屬阿爾及利亞的殖民地、結合法國的群眾示威、與戴高樂政府的反抗威權行動，戰勝了在阿爾及爾內的政變、及在巴黎一個相關而可能被啟動的政變。In 1968 and 1969, following the Warsaw Pact
