1、原文CANSTATETAXPOLICIESBEUSEDTOPROMOTEENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYABSTRACTDESPITEARECENTFLURRYOFEMPIRICALRESEARCHONTHEEFFECTSOFTAXESONSMALLBUSINESSACTIVITY,STATELEVELTAXESFACEDBYENTREPRENEURSHAVEBEENOVERLOOKEDBYMOSTOFTHEEXISTINGLITERATUREUSINGA50STATEPANELOFTAXPOLICYINFORMATIONSPANNINGTHEYEARS1989THROUGH20
2、02,OURANALYSISREVEALSTHATSTATETAXPOLICIESGENERALLYDONOTAPPEARTOHAVEQUANTITATIVELYIMPORTANTEFFECTSONENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYWHENWEFINDSTATISTICALLYIMPORTANTEFFECTS,WEFINDTHATHIGHERINDIVIDUALINCOMETAXRATES,THEEXISTENCEOFASTATELEVELESTATE,INHERITANCEORGIFTTAX,ANDAHIGHERWEIGHTONTHESALESFACTORINTHESTATECO
3、RPORATEINCOMETAXAPPORTIONMENTFORMULAALLSLIGHTLYREDUCEASTATESSHAREOFTHENATIONALENTREPRENEURIALSTOCKRESULTSALSOINDICATETHATSTATESWITHMOREPROGRESSIVEPERSONALINCOMETAXSTRUCTURESANDSTATESTHATHAVEMOREAGGRESSIVECORPORATEINCOMETAXESTHROUGHTHEIMPOSITIONOFACOMBINEDREPORTINGREQUIREMENTBOTHTENDTOHAVESLIGHTLYHIG
4、HERENTREPRENEURSHIPRATESTHECOMPOSITIONOFSTATETAXPORTFOLIOSISNOTFOUNDTOBEASIGNIFICANTDETERMINANTOFSTATEENTREPRENEURSHIP1INTRODUCTIONTHEINTERPLAYBETWEENTAXPOLICYANDENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYHASENJOYEDARESURGENCEINTHEEMPIRICALECONOMICSLITERATUREMOSTOFTHERECENTRESEARCHHASFOCUSEDONFEDERALTAXES,HOWEVER,LEAVI
5、NGSTATETAXPOLICIESRELATIVELYUNEXPLOREDASSTATESCONTINUETOGRAPPLEWITHDIFFICULTISSUESINBUSINESSTAXATIONANDDEVELOPMENTINCENTIVES,ATHOROUGHCONSIDERATIONOFTHEEFFECTSOFSTATETAXPOLICIESONENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYBECOMESEVENMOREIMPORTANT,ESPECIALLYWHENCONSIDERINGTHEPOSSIBLEBENEFITSTHATCOULDFOLLOWNEWENTREPRENEU
6、RIALVENTURESTHROUGHECONOMICGROWTH,INNOVATION,ANDTHELIKEINTHISREPORT,WEEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSTATETAXPOLICYANDENTREPRENEURSHIPUSINGALONGITUDINALDATABASEOFDETAILEDINFORMATIONONSTATETAXPOLICIESFORALL50USSTATESFROM1989THROUGH2002THISINVESTIGATIONISWARRANTEDFORANUMBEROFREASONSFIRST,ASARESULTOFTHE
7、FOCUSONFEDERALTAXES,EARLIERRESEARCHHASONLYCONSIDEREDASUBSETOFTHETAXESFACINGSMALLBUSINESSESFOREXAMPLE,CLINEETAL2006SHOWTHATTHETOTALSTATEANDLOCALTAXBURDENFORUSBUSINESSESINCLUDESMUCHMORETHANDIRECTBUSINESSTAXESSUCHASCORPORATEINCOMETAXESORSTATEFRANCHISE,EXCISE,ORGROSSRECEIPTSTAXESBUSINESSESESPECIALLYSMAL
8、LBUSINESSESALSOPAYSIGNIFICANTAMOUNTSOFPROPERTYANDSALESTAXES,ALONGWITHAGROWINGMENUOFMISCELLANEOUSCHARGESANDFEESTHEEXISTINGARRAYOFSTATETAXSTRUCTURESPROVIDESAVIRTUALCORNUCOPIAOFEXOGENOUSPOLICYVARIATIONTHATCANBEUSEDTOCLEANLYIDENTIFYENTREPRENEURIALRESPONSESASECONDMOTIVATIONFOROURSTUDYISTHEOBSERVATIONTHAT
9、STATEGOVERNMENTSCONTINUETODEBATEANDENACTTHEBULKOFPROENTREPRENEURSHIPPOLICYINTHEUSWITHOUTTHEBENETOFHARDDATAONTHEEFFECTSOFTHOSEPOLICIESONSMALLBUSINESSDEVELOPMENTANDSUCCESSONONEHAND,HIGHERTAXESMIGHTREDUCEENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYBYLOWERINGTHERETURNSONTHEOTHERHAND,HIGHERTAXESINCREASETHEREWARDSFROMTAXAVOID
10、ANCEOREVASIONANDTHUSMIGHTHAVETHEUNDESIRABLEEFFECTOFINCREASINGENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYTHESETWOIMPACTSMIGHTALSOOFFSETEACHOTHER,SUCHTHATHIGHERTAXESHAVENONOTICEABLEIMPACTONENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTAXPOLICIESESPECIALLYSTATETAXPOLICIESACTUALLYINFLUENCEENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYREQUIRESEMPIRICAL
11、EXPLORATIONIFTAXESDONOTAFFECTENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYIE,IFTHERETURNSANDAVOIDANCEEFFECTSAREEITHERBOTHSMALLORCANCELEACHOTHEROUT,USINGTAXPOLICYTOENCOURAGEINNOVATIONORGROWTHTHROUGHENTREPRENEURSHIPISNOTLIKELYTOBEFRUITFULALTERNATIVELY,IFANONZEROEFFECTCANBEDETERMINED,THEACTUALPARAMETERESTIMATESCANBEUSEDTOMO
12、REEFFICIENTLYDESIGNTAXPOLICYTOACHIEVEDESIREDCHANGESINENTREPRENEURSHIPASSTATEDABOVE,OURPAPERISONEOFONLYAFEWTOINVESTIGATETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSTATETAXPOLICYANDENTREPRENEURSHIP,ASTHELARGEMAJORITYOFTHELITERATUREHASFOCUSEDONFEDERALPOLICYWEEXTENDTHEIRLINEOFANALYSISINTHEFOLLOWINGGENERALWAYS,ALLOFWHICHARED
13、ISCUSSEDINDETAILBELOW1WECONSIDERABROADERARRAYOFSTATETAXPOLICYVARIABLES,2WECONSIDERANADDITIONALMEASUREOFENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYDRAWNFROMTAXRETURNDATA,3WECONSIDERNOTONLYTHESTOCKOFENTREPRENEURSHIPINASTATE,BUTALSOASTATESSHAREOFNATIONALENTREPRENEURSHIPINORDERTOADDRESSLOCATIONEFFECTS,4WECONSIDERNOTONLYTAX
14、RATESBUTALSOTAXSHARESINSTATETAXPORTFOLIOS,5WECONSIDEREFFECTIVETAXRATESASAROBUSTNESSCHECKONOURBASELINEANALYSISOFSTATUTORYTAXRATES,6WECONSIDERAGRICULTURALENTREPRENEURSHIPINANOTHERROBUSTNESSCHECK,AND7WEANALYZEALONGERTIMEPERIOD2EXISTINGLITERATURETWOBROADAREASOFSTUDYINTHEEARLIERLITERATUREMOTIVATETHISANAL
15、YSISTHERSTISTHELITERATUREONTHEEFFECTSOFSTATETAXPOLICIESONBUSINESSLOCATIONDECISIONSTHESERESULTSAREIMPORTANTBECAUSEBUSINESSLOCATIONDECISIONSCANHAVEIMPORTANTIMPACTSONMEASUREDENTREPRENEURSHIPORSELFEMPLOYMENTRATESINHISOFTCITEDREVIEWOFAVASTARRAYOFEMPIRICALSTUDIES,WASYLENKO1997CONCLUDESTHATTAXESHAVESTATIST
16、ICALLYSIGNIFICANTBUTQUANTITATIVELYSMALLEFFECTSONINTERREGIONALLOCATIONBEHAVIORINASIMILARVEIN,BARTIK1991CONCLUDESTHATHIGHERSTATEANDLOCALTAXESREDUCEBUSINESSACTIVITYINAREGIONWITHANELASTICITYOFABOUT03,WHILENOTINGSIGNIFICANTDEVIATIONFROMTHISAVERAGEACROSSSTUDIES3HOWEVER,THISLITERATUREMAYBESLIGHTLYLESSRELEV
17、ANTTOTHEPRESENTSTUDYBECAUSEOFITSFOCUSONLOCATIONDECISIONSAMONGFIRMSIFSMALLERBUSINESSESARELESSMOBILETHANLARGERRMSANDTHEYMIGHTNOTBE,THEYAREPERHAPSLESSLIKELYTORESPONDTOSTATEDIFFERENCESINTAXPOLICIESFURTHER,MOSTSTATEDEVELOPMENTINCENTIVESARETARGETEDATLARGERMANUFACTURINGRMSRATHERTHANSMALLBUSINESSESTHESECOND
18、BROADAREAOFRELEVANTLITERATURECONSISTSOFEMPIRICALSTUDIESOFTAXATIONANDENTREPRENEURSHIPTHENUMBEROFSTUDIESINTHISLITERATUREHASGROWNSIGNIFICANTLYINRECENTYEARS,LARGELYDUETOGREATERAVAILABILITYOFUSEFULDATATIMESERIESSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONFEDERALTAXPOLICIESANDHAVEGENERALLYCONCLUDEDTHATHIGHERFEDERALINCOMEORPAYROL
19、LTAXRATESCAUSEHIGHERRATESOFENTREPRENEURSHIP,SPECIFICALLYDEFINEDASSELFEMPLOYMENTLONG1982BLAU1987PARKER1996COWLINGANDMITCHELL1997ROBSON1998EXPLANATIONSOFTENRESTONTHEIDEATHATHIGHTAXRATESDRIVEWORKERSOUTOFPAIDEMPLOYMENT,ORWAGEJOBS,INTOENTREPRENEURIALVENTURESWHERETHEYCANMOREEASILYAVOIDOREVADETAXESDESPITET
20、HECONSISTENCYOFTHELARGERGROUPOFTIMESSERIESSTUDIES,AMORERECENTANDEXTENSIVETIMESERIESANALYSISINTHISAREABYBRUCEANDMOHSIN2006SHOWSTHATTHEQUESTIONOFHOWTAXESAFFECTENTREPRENEURSHIPISNOTYETSETTLEDINADDITIONTOPERSONALINCOMEANDPAYROLLTAXES,BRUCEANDMOHSINCONSIDERCORPORATEINCOMETAXES,CAPITALGAINSTAXESANDESTATET
21、AXESRESULTSGENERALLYINDICATETHATTAXESHAVESTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTBUTVERYSMALLANDSCATTEREDEFFECTSONENTREPRENEURSHIPRATESCONSEQUENTLY,THEYARELIKELYTOBEINEFFECTIVEINGENERATINGDESIREDCHANGESINENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYNONEOFTHESESTUDIESCONSIDERTHEEFFECTSOFSTATETAXESSEVERALOTHERSTUDIESHAVEEXAMINEDCROSSSECTI
22、ONALORPANELMICRODATATOEXAMINETHEINFLUENCEOFTAXPOLICIESONINDIVIDUALDECISIONSABOUTENTREPRENEURSHIPRESULTSFROMTHESESTUDIESHAVEALSOBEENINCONCLUSIVEBRUCEANDGURLEY2005BRUCE2000,2002CARROLLETAL2001GENTRYANDHUBBARD2000MOORE2003SCHUETZE2000WHILESOMEOFTHESEHAVEINDICATEDTHATHIGHERTAXRATESONSELFEMPLOYMENTINCOME
23、HAVEAMBIGUOUSEFFECTSONSELFEMPLOYMENTRATES,AGROWINGCONSENSUSSUGGESTSTHATTAXRATEINCREASESREDUCEENTREPRENEURIALENTRY,GROWTH,HIRING,INVESTMENT,ANDSURVIVALSTATETAXESHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDINONLYAPORTIONOFTHESESTUDIES,HOWEVER,ANDTHENONLYASACOMPONENTOFACOMBINEDFEDERALANDSTATEINCOMETAXRATEAFEWSTUDIESHAVEANALYZED
24、STATELEVELTIMESERIESORPANELDATATOEXPLICITLYEXAMINETHEEFFECTSOFSTATETAXPOLICIESONENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYANDARETHEREFOREMOSTRELEVANTTOTHECURRENTPAPERCARLTON1979FINDSNOSTRONGEVIDENCETHATLOCALTAXESINFLUENCETHENUMBEROFFIRMBIRTHSHEUSESRATHERROUGHPROXIESFORTAXVARIABLES,HOWEVER,ANDONLYCONSIDERSTHREEINDUSTRI
25、ESFORALIMITEDTIMEPERIODBARTIK1989USESMOREDETAILEDTAXINFORMATIONANDABROADERARRAYOFINDUSTRIESANDFINDSTHATHIGHERPROPERTYTAXES,CORPORATETAXES,ANDSALESTAXESONEQUIPMENTNEGATIVELYIMPACTSMALLBUSINESSSTARTUPS4HEALSOFINDSTHATPERSONALINCOMETAXESANDGENERALSALESTAXESARENOTSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANT,WHILEGOVERNMENT
26、SPENDINGHASMIXEDEFFECTSDEPENDINGONTHECATEGORYOFSPENDINGHISSURVEYOFEARLIERSTUDIESFINDSELASTICITIESTHATAREGENERALLYBELOW05INABSOLUTEVALUECHENANDWILLIAMS1999EXAMINEBUSINESSFAILURERATESFROM1984THROUGH1993,ESTIMATINGPANELREGRESSIONSFOREACHOFANUMBEROFINDUSTRYCATEGORIESALTHOUGHTHEIRFOCUSISNOTEXCLUSIVELYONS
27、MALLBUSINESSES,THEYFINDTHATHIGHERSALESTAXESPERCAPITAINCREASEBUSINESSFAILURERATESFORLOWTECHINDUSTRIES,WHILEHIGHERCORPORATEINCOMETAXESPERCAPITALEADTOLOWERFAILURERATESFORHIGHTECHINDUSTRIESKREFTANDSOBEL2003FINDTHATTHEEXISTENCEOFSTATEINHERITANCETAXESABOVETHEFEDERALLEVELISASSOCIATEDWITHLOWERRATESOFGROWTHI
28、NTHENUMBEROFSOLEPROPRIETORSBETWEEN1996AND20003DATAANDEMPIRICALMETHODOLOGYACOMMONCRITICISMOFVIRTUALLYALLMEASURESOFENTREPRENEURIALORSMALLBUSINESSACTIVITYISTHATTHEYINCLUDEPARTTIMEANDSOCALLEDPARTIALENTREPRENEURSNOCONSENSUSHASARISENABOUTHOWTOADDRESSTHIS,OREVENWHATTHECONSEQUENCESMIGHTBEFOREMPIRICALRESEARC
29、H9FURTHER,FORVIRTUALLYANYMEASUREOFENTREPRENEURSHIPFORWHICHDATAAREAVAILABLE,THEREAREQUESTIONSABOUTTHEEXTENTTOWHICHITACTUALLYMEASURESWHATONEMIGHTCONSIDERTOBETRUEENTREPRENEURSHIPRATHERTHANFOCUSINGONASINGLEMEASUREORCLAIMINGTHATEITHERORBOTHOFOURSAREBETTERTHANOTHERAVAILABLEMEASURESTHEN,WESIMPLYPRESENTPARA
30、LLELTREATMENTSOFTWOALTERNATIVESINORDERGAUGESENSITIVITYOFOURRESULTSTOTHEDEFINITIONOFENTREPRENEURSHIPINTHEANALYSISTHATFOLLOWS,THESETWOENTREPRENEURIALMEASURESAREEACHVIEWEDINTWODISTINCTWAYSINOURBASELINESPECIFICATIONS,WEENTERTHESTATESPECIFICENTREPRENEURSHIPRATESDIRECTLYASDESCRIBEDABOVETHESEVALUESREPRESEN
31、TTHESTOCKOFENTREPRENEURSHIPINASTATE,ASDESCRIBEDABOVE,ANDMOSTCLOSELYRELATETOTHESELFEMPLOYMENTRATESUSEDINMUCHOFTHEPRIORLITERATUREWITHTHISAPPROACHOURFOCUSISMOREHEAVILYTOWARDTHEWITHINSTATEEFFECTSOFTAXPOLICYINSTEADOFONTHECROSSSTATELOCATIONSEFFECTSOFTAXPOLICYONENTREPRENEURSHIPASOURPRIMARYFOCUSISONTHEEFFEC
32、TSOFTAXPOLICYONTHETENDENCYTOSTARTANDMAINTAINASMALLBUSINESS,THISAPPROACHISPARTICULARLYUSEFULBECAUSEMANYENTREPRENEURSAREINVOLVEDONLYINSMALLEROPERATIONSTHATDONOTSPANSTATEBOUNDARIES5CONCLUSIONSINTHISSTUDY,WEPRESENTANEXAMINATIONOFSTATELEVELPANELDATAFORTHEPERIODFROM1989THROUGH2002TOBETTERUNDERSTANDTHERELA
33、TIONSHIPBETWEENSTATETAXPOLICIESANDENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYREGRESSIONANALYSESINDICATETHATTOPMARGINALSTATETAXRATESONCORPORATEINCOMEANDSTATESALESTAXRATESDONOTHAVESTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSONSTATEENTREPRENEURSHIPRATESTHISSUGGESTSTHATANYDISINCENTIVEEFFECTSOFHIGHERTAXRATESDUETOLOWERRETURNSFROMENTREPRE
34、NEURIALACTIVITYAREOFFSETBYINCENTIVEEFFECTSDUETOTHEGREATERREWARDSFROMTAXAVOIDANCEOREVASION,ORTHATBOTHEFFECTSAREINDIVIDUALLYSMALLORINSIGNIFICANTINCONTRAST,HIGHERTOPMARGINALSTATETAXRATESONPERSONALINCOMETENDTOREDUCEASTATESSHAREOFTHENATIONALENTREPRENEURIALSTOCKSTATESWITHMOREAGGRESSIVECORPORATEINCOMETAXES
35、,SPECIFICATIONSTHOSETHATINCLUDECOMBINEDREPORTINGREQUIREMENTS,TENDTOHAVEHIGHERENTREPRENEURSHIPRATESPARADOXICALLY,STATESWITHMOREPROGRESSIVEINDIVIDUALINCOMETAXESALSOTENDTOHAVEHIGHERENTREPRENEURSHIPRATESHIGHERWEIGHTSONTHESALESFACTORINTHECORPORATEINCOMETAXAPPORTIONMENTFORMULAANDTHEEXISTENCEOFASTATELEVELE
36、STATE,INHERITANCE,ORGIFTTAXABOVETHEFEDERALESTATETAXAREBOTHASSOCIATEDWITHLOWERSTATESHARESOFTHENATIONALENTREPRENEURIALSTOCKALLOFTHESEEFFECTSAREQUITESMALLINMAGNITUDE,HOWEVERWEFINDNOEVIDENCEOFANECONOMICALLYSIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFSTATETAXPORTFOLIOSONENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITYTHESERESULTSAREIMPORTANTINTHEDESIGNO
37、FSTATETAXPOLICY,ASTHEYSUGGESTTHATTAXPOLICYCHANGESWILLPROBABLYNOTHAVETHEEFFECTSONSMALLBUSINESSACTIVITYTHATPOLICYMAKERSMIGHTBELIEVERATHERTHANATTEMPTTOTARGETTAXBREAKSTOSMALLBUSINESSES,THEN,STATESSHOULDFOCUSONTRADITIONALTAXREFORMSINVOLVINGLOWERTAXRATES,BROADERTAXBASES,ANDSIMPLERTAXSYSTEMSTHATWILLCREATEA
38、MORENEUTRALANDPRODUCTIVETAXENVIRONMENTFORSMALLBUSINESSES,LARGEBUSINESSES,ANDINDIVIDUALSALIKESOURCEDONALDBRUCEJOHNDESKINS,2010“CANSTATETAXPOLICIESBEUSEDTOPROMOTEENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITY”SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,LLCJANUARYPP99110译文能说出用来促进创业活动的税收政策吗最近实证研究发现对小企业的税收影响活动中,企业家面临的国家级税收已经忽视了现有大多数文献。根据50家企
39、业从1989年到2002年的税收信息,我们的分析发现,国家税收政策并未对企业纳税产生实质性影响。但是其对统计数据上有重要影响,我们发现,较高的个人所得税税率,国有资产、继承或赠与税的存在,以及销售比重较大的国有企业所得税分摊公式都能稍微降低其在全国企业股票中的份额。结果还表明,更多的个人所得税累进结构的国家和在没有通过联合报告要求实施更加积极的企业所得税税率的国家都往往有稍高的创业率。所以说国家税收组合并不是国家企业创业创收的决定性因素。税收政策和创业活动之间的相互作用在经济学的文献中一直享有的实证复兴的称号。最近的研究主要集中在联邦税,但是,离开国家税收政策相对来说考虑的少。随着国家继续在用
40、业务发展来奖励税收和解决债券难点上的问题,对创业活动的国家税收政策的效果彻底审议变得更加重要,尤其是当考虑到可能带来的循环经济增长,创业企业创新的好处等等。在这份报告中,我们通过研究国家之间的税收政策和创业精神的关系,使用的是美国所有50个州从1989年到2002年国家税收政策的详细信息和纵向数据库。这项调查被一些原因证实。首先,早期的研究只考虑了小企业所面临税收的一部分作为对联邦税收集中的结果。例如,克莱因等人。更直接表明,占同期国家和地方包括美国企业的税务负担比,如营业税企业所得税或国家特许经营,消费税,或税收总收入。企业,尤其是小型企业,还支付财产和大量销售税,连同杂费和费用增长清单。税
41、收结构的现有阵列状态提供了一个变化虚拟的外生政策聚宝盆,可以用于清晰地识别企业的反应。我们研究的第二个动机是观察美国政府继续进行辩论,制定对小企业成功发展和没有利益的政策。一方面,较高的税收可能减少企业的收益,从而降低创业活动。另一方面,较高的税收增长回报从避税或逃税来获得,因此可能有增加创业活动的不良效果。这两个影响可能还相互抵消,使得较高的税收不会对创业活动产生显著的影响。在何种程度上的税收政策,特别是国家税收政策,实际上是对企业创业活动需要的实证探索。如果税收政策不影响创业活动(即,如果回报和避税的相差较小或相互抵消),利用税收政策来鼓励创新或通过创业增长不太可能取得成果。另外,如果一个
42、非零效果是确定的,实际的参数估计值可以用来更有效地设计税收政策并实现创业所需的更改。正如前文所述,我们的报纸只探讨少数几个国家税务政策和创业之间的关系,正如绝大多数的文献中主要集中在联邦政策。我们把视线分析集中在以下的一般方式,所有这一切都作详细的讨论如下(1)我们认为一系列国家税务政策变量更广阔;(2)我们考虑一个税收回报数据来自额外的企业活动测量;(3)我们考虑国家创业是不仅是股票企业家的精神,也是一种国家解决位置份额的影响;(4)我们考虑不仅是税率而且也考虑税务股票投资组合州税;(5)我们考虑有效税率作为一种鲁棒性分析,看看我们的基线法定税率;(6)我们认为农业企业家在进行另一个鲁棒性检
43、;(7)我们分析更长的时期。用一句话来总结我们的结果,我们发现国家税务政策并没有表现出进行了定量创业活动的重要的影响。我们的分析揭示了一般的一些潜在的有趣例外的主题。例如,在意大利的企业所得或销售税法定税率没有受企业精神的利率的影响,我们发现,更高的最高边际税率个人所得税会减轻国家企业的股票的份额。此外,美国联合报告要求作为企业所得税有较高的创业率。现有的文献中两大领域研究的文献更早的激励这种分析。第一个是文献对国家税收政策对工作地点决定的健康影响。这些结果很重要,因为企业定位决策可以测量创业或对自我雇用率的提高具有重要的影响。在相同的面纱中,巴体克认为地方税中减少更高的状态商业活动的地区是有
44、弹性的,然而,这种文学关系不大可能很浅的学习,因为直到现在,位置的决定重点在公司。如果小企业与大企业不移动(也可能不是),他们也许不那么容易产生国家税收的差异。此外,大多数国家激励发展税率针对的是更大的生产企业,而不是小型企业。第二广泛领域有关文献由实证研究税收和创业组成,近年来文学对目前的研究的数量已经大大提高,这在很大程度上是由于拥有了更大的可用性有用的数据。一般认为联邦税收政策的研究集中于时间序列,企业精神是增加联邦所得税或工薪税税率导致更高的利率的原因,高税率,工人们的工作工资,或有偿工作的创业行为,在那里他们可以更容易避免纳税或偷税。一名企业家,除了个人收入和工资税,还要考虑企业所得
45、税,资本利得税,还有房地产税。结果通常表明,税很显著影响小而分散多的创业企业创业率。因此,他们很可能是需要从创业活动中提取出无效的变化数量。所有这些研究都考虑到对国家税收的影响。其他一些研究横向或纵向检查了微观数据对个人决定税收政策创业的影响。这些研究结果也不确定,当这些自营收入自营率很模糊表明时,税率更高。越来越多的公众舆论表明税率增加将减少企业入境、生长、招聘、投资和存活率。在这些研究中只有一部分被认为是国家税收,而且只有的一个组成的混合联邦所得税税率。很少有研究分析国家级时间序列或面板数据支出的影响,明确国家税务政策,因此创业活动本质上最相关。卡尔顿(1979)找不到证据表明,地方税收影
46、响公司的数量出生。他用很不规范的税务代理变量,然而,只考虑三种行业有限的时间的时间周期。巴缇克将会使用更多的更广泛的纳税资料,发现一系列行业的企业所得税的财产税,销售税对设备也有影响。他也发现这还会负面影响小生意,一般的销售和个人所得税税收不显著,而政府把效果取决于开支类别。他早期的研究调查发现弹性通常在绝对值05上下。陈和威廉姆斯(1999)检查从1984年到1993年的经商失败的比例,估计为每个行业的一些类别的面板回归。虽然他们的目标并非是唯一的对小公司,他们发现,人均提高销售税企业的失败率更高的为低技术的行业,人均较高企业所得税为高科技企业降低故障率。凯瑞福斯和索伯发现在1996年到20
47、00年之间存在越来越多的投资人投资国家的工业由此获得的遗产征税的比率降低超过了联邦水平。几乎所有的企业或小型企业活动的方法措施被包括兼职和所谓的部分企业家普遍的指责。有关如何解决这个问题,甚至可能会产生什么后果的实证研究都尚无共识。此外,对于企业家几乎所有的公开资料,他们可能认为是关于真正的创业实际措施的问题。而不是侧重于一个单一的措施,或声称我们的一方或双方都可以采取的措施比其他都要好,我们现在只是为了衡量我们的业绩敏感性和创业的定义并行处理两个备选方案。这两个创业措施都从两个不同方法进行分析。直接如上所述我们的基线规格、进入特定的创业率陈述。这些价值观代表国家股票企业家的精神,如前所述,用
48、这个方法我们的目标是向国家税收政策上是更加严重的影响而不是区位越过国家税收政策的影响势头。作为我们的首要目标是开始并维持一个小企业税收政策的影响趋势,这个方法是非常有用的,因为许多企业家只有在小规模的行动中才不涉及跨度国家边界。在这项研究中,我们提出以1989年到2002年为一个周期,国家级面板数据检验以更好地了解国家税收政策和创业活动之间的关系。从经济衰退现象中分析表明,最高边际状态的企业所得税税率和国家销售税税率对于国家创业率没有显著的影响。这表明,较高税率(由于企业获得较少的回报)的任何不利因素的影响与避税或逃税产生较大的回报相抵消,两种影响都很小或者没有产生更大的实质意义。与此相反,较
49、高的最高边际国家对个人所得税率往往会降低一个国家的创业股。以更积极的企业所得税,尤其是那些包括合并报告的要求的国家往往有较高的创业率。奇怪的是,更多的个人所得税累进也往往有较高的创业率。关于企业所得税分摊公式、销售因素和国有资产税,遗产税,赠与税等超过联邦遗产税的较高权重都与国家有关企业国有股存量较低相联系,但是这些影响都相当规模小。我们并没有发现国家税收组合对创业活动在经济意义上产生显著效应的证据。这些结果对国家税收政策的设计很重要,税收政策的制定者认为,税收政策的变化可能不会对小企业产生影响。比起试图针对小企业减税,各国更应集中于传统的低税率税制改革,涉及更广泛的税基,以及简单的税收制度,它将为小型企业,大型企业和个人创建一个更中立的和富有成效的税收环境。出处美唐纳德布鲁斯约翰,能说出用来促进创业活动的税收政策吗,科学商业媒体商业杂志2010(5)99110