1、 逻辑基础：前提如何判断？because, for, as, due to, on account for, attribute to, by, in view of, givendepend on, rely on, base on, be responsible for, blame for结论如何判断？therefore, thus, so, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, for this reason, find, it follows that, it can be inferred thatwhich indicate
2、s /demonstrates/shows/suggests/proves/means/implies that 特殊前提和结论标志1. 预设前提（前提肯定为真）：know / since / presuppose /presumably 2. 假设（前提或结论真假不知）：assume /hypothesize /posit / postulate3. 条件句（真假不知）逻辑推理 reasoning演绎法：从一般到个别/ 前提真则结论真归纳法：从个别到一般 / 从个别到个别/ 前提真结论不一定真假说演绎：已知 - 假想 （ 实验/ 研究）- 证明或证伪 解释差异文章中的逻辑推理 （画每篇文章的
3、逻辑图）论题 topic论点（结论） conclusion论据（前提） premise论证（逻辑推理）reasoning论题如何判断？1. 位置：注意开头句（或开头段）2. 特点：事实陈述（讲个故事/提个人/ 讲个现象 /提个问题）/ 解释个概念 / 老观点3. 有时论题和论点合一区分全文主论点/从论点/ 分论点 快速阅读：预判出题点因果关系举例论证让步转折比较关系 判断句判断句1. 注意系动词2. 情态动词：can，cannot，may， might3. 感情色彩词： adj.， adv.，v. ， n.4. 假言判断（条件句）充分条件标志:if/when/provided/whenever
4、/if only/every/all/any/in order to/to必要条件标志:then/only/only if/must/have to/necessary/ require/ no, none(在句子开头 ) unless/except/until/without举例论证关键是确定论点位置believe/claim/argue/maintain/insist /assert/ hold/ contend/emphasize/make the pointbe challenged / discredited/ undermined / obscured列举：多个例子(a, b, a
5、nd c)让步转折让步：虽然/ 尽管/诚然 /的确/确实/似乎转折： unfortunately but， yet，however in reality, actually，in fact nevertheless, nonetheless instead比较关系比较级 （no ）more/less.than类比 as.as, the same as, similar to /parallel，analogous /share / both / common对比 in contrast / be opposed to/ difference/respectively/ distinction
6、/ disparate / without / avoid时间对比其它平行关系词：first, second, moreover唯一性：only， sole（ly） ， unique（ly） ， exclusive（ly） ， alone强调词：notably, surprisingly, especially/频率最高级（always， never） ， 程度最高级（foremost， uttermost）/ one feature, key characteristic 矛盾词：paradoxically, ironically, illogically，oddly，curiously标点
7、符号： 引号，破折号，冒号， 括号专有名词：人名， 物种，化学物质详略分配 出题点详读/具体陈述略读:史实（史实要素是时间地点人物事件，可略读的是事件，题目一般就会出现时间地点人物，可做定位标志）数据（单个数据要读懂 如果读的时候不记住不好定位；多个数据可以略读）列举（列举项的内容尽量读，动脑记住）举例（一般考例子的目的，例子本身略读/ 但是呼应的例子必须读懂，第 1 段出现，隔了几段又出现这个例子，一定要详读）首句或首段必详读论点详读/ 论点的展开略读具体解释略读分几点论述详读每个论点第 1 句平行例子：详读第 1 个并列关系读前对照关系前后读一个即可老观点和新观点详读一个即可逻辑等价关系换
8、成第 1 次见到的表达 读句子推荐杨鹏长难句：练习迅速抓主干的能力信息补充及强调方式？1.修饰成分2.插入成分3.平行结构4.否定形式5.倒装6.强调句说服的方法？修辞Simile 明喻Metaphor 暗喻Allegory 讽喻( 寓言) Personification 拟人Metonymy 借代Anecdote 轶事Allusion 暗指( 典故)Rhetorical question 反问Parallel 平行结构：排比/对比Synesthesia 通感Pun 双关Euphemism 委婉Hyperbole 夸张 / Understatement 轻描淡写句子内部的关系：复合长句结构必须
9、理解重心和两者关系从句转折句中转折补充递进同义递进并列假设 主旨题主旨题如何判断？内容主旨is primarily concerned with, primary purpose, primary focus结构主旨通过选项特点判断主旨题答案包括论题或主结论或主前提位置取决于论证结构：1 说明已知现象或提出问题 找前提 （有时是假想）实验或研究结论（确定主前提）解释某种矛盾summarizing the findings of an investigationA phenomenon is described and an interpretation is presentedDiscussi
10、ng different theories aboutDiscussing hypotheses and arguing in favor of one about Discussing evidence forDiscussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined in lobstersResolving a dispute about A problem is presented and reasons for its existence are supplied.suggesting
11、an answer to a theoretical questionidentifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problema way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archeological profession2 立论 归纳法：具体事例（分论点） 演绎法： 先假设前提为真得出结论再证明前提为真 假说演绎法：以假设前提得出结论再证明这个结论然后再加强假设前提discussing an important work in Black American literatur
12、eevaluating the soundness of a work of criticismAn evaluation is made, and aspects of the evaluation are expanded on with supporting evidence.reviewing a historical study of the status of women in Mexico City during the nineteenth-century summarizing and assessing a study analyzing a scholarly study
13、 and pointing out a central weakness An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it. A general opinion is expressed and then supportive illustrations are advanced.Stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify it3 驳论驳论文标志新观点：驳斥之后 转折之后：but / however负评价之后：fail to
14、/ is unpersuasive./ unconvincingly老观点：once/many/generally/traditionally有时没有新观点，只有对老观点驳斥 1. 反前提dismiss a plausible supposition discredit a widely shared assumption undermine a controversial hypothesis2. 反结论refute an argumentcorrect misconceptionschallenge popular misconceptionsprovide evidence to dis
15、pute an accepted theory about the evolution of galaxiesquestion the effectiveness of a process oppose a particular use of languagecriticize a technique 主旨题练习题Exercise36 61 1 9 11 14 19 21 22 24 26 30 32 33 34 40 45 46 49 56 58 59 60 63 65 68 74 细节题细节题如何判断？ According to the passage, the classical models of
