1、1. The following appeared as part of an article in a weekly newsmagazine:“The country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of sugar, its primary export. Such an action would make Sacchar better able to compete for markets with other sugar-exporting countr
2、ies. The sale of Sacchars sugar abroad would increase, and this increase would substantially reduce Sacchars trade deficit.”Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.1） 充分必要条件价格是否是销量的唯一因素2） 无关假设糖降价是否一定能解决trade deficit，还有其他的办法， 减少进口啊，发展国内生产啊。3) 时地全等A trade-deficit occurs when a country spends more on impor
3、ts than it earns from exports. The argument above depends on a unconvincing assumption that the spend on imports will remain same in future. If a increased in spend on imports, therefore, decrease the price of sugar will not be a efficient solution. 2. The following is part of a business plan create
4、d by the management of the Megamart grocery store. “Our total sales have increased this year by 20 percent since we added a pharmacy section to our grocery store. Clearly, the customers main concern is the convenience afforded by one-stop shopping. The surest way to increase our profits over the nex
5、t couple of years, therefore, is to add a clothing department along with an automotive supplies and repair shop. We should also plan to continue adding new departments and services, such as a restaurant and a garden shop, in subsequent years. Being the only store in the area that offers such a range
6、 of services will give us a competitive advantage over other local stores.”1. 错误因果关系Added pharmacy -increase sale (price, quality of medicine )2 错误类别就算Added pharmacy有用， 也不代表clothing department 和 repair shop3 无关假设Range of service-competitive advantage3 这是一篇Saluda 这个地区的 editorial：Saluda Consolidated H
7、igh School有200多门课程，另外一家private high school只有80门课程，但是这家私立高中每年送higher proportion of graduates进大学。所以建议Consolidated High School cut at least half the number of its courses and focus on the routine curriculum, thereby improving student performance and saving tax dollars.错误还是比较明显的：1.higher proportion不证明这家
8、学校的学生就比Consolidated表现好； 2. 没有证明better performance和number of courses有联系。3. 这家成功了不见得另一家就得成功。V2 讲一个中学校录取大学比例比另一个高，因为这个学校的课程少，只有80 门课，而差一点的学校有200门课。因此，应该减少课程，这样可以提高成绩，而且减少税收负担The following appeared in an editorial from a newspaper serving the town of Saluda:“The Saluda Consolidated High School offers mo
9、re than 200 different courses from which its students can choose. A much smaller private school down the street offers a basic curriculum of only 80 different courses, but it consistently sends a higher proportion of its graduating seniors on to college than Consolidated does. By eliminating at leas
10、t half of the courses offered there and focusing on a basic curriculum, we could improve student performance at Consolidated and also save many tax dollars.”1） Gratuitous assumption 无关假设(number of courses 和 better performance )2. False causal relationship(the proportion of students is a overall meas
11、ure of student performance)1） 错误类比(一家私立学校成功，不代表你也能成功)4 原始: 文是一篇 Afun toys company successfully use the module which that senior employees take on an aprrence，然后我们的 manager 也要求我们这样做这篇 GMAC 题目里面没有原题以下是考古：V1。 Fun Toy Company 采取了一个职工培训计划 program，让 senior employees volunteer to take an new employees as t
12、heir apprentice, 这样的话，new employees 就可以 follow the pattern sets by the senior employees. 用这种方法，可以减少培训成本，也不会 time-consuming。因此，我们公司也应该仿效该公司，采取同样的方法来培训员工。偶写的错误是：false analogy& gratuitous assumptionV2.摘自 a human resouce director in a tire manufacturing company.”The cost of training the new employee pla
13、ys an important role in the overall expense of a company. 象 the Fun Toys Company 发起一个 Apprentice Training Progam. 他们给 senior empoloyee 发 salary bounus 如果他们自愿参加这个项目。在这个项目中 new employee can learn business patterns from the senior employee 这样来降低新员工的培训成本。 so no more expensive and cost programs are neede
14、d. 所以我们公司也应该象 FUN Toys Company 一样用这中项目降低新员工培训的成本V6. Fun Toy Company 采取了一个职工培训计划 program，让 senior employees volunteer to take an new employees as their apprentice, 这样的话，new employees 就可以 follow the pattern sets by the senior employees. 用这种方法，可以减少培训成本，也不会 time-consuming。因此，我们公司也应该仿效该公司，采取同样的方法来培训员工写作思
15、路： 1） False Analogy. 错误类比了我们公司（ tire manufacturing company 和 Fun Toys Company）可能轮胎公司需要技术创新呢，玩具公司只要流水作业2） 充分必要条件Decrease cost of training 是 reduce overall cost 的唯一条件。 还有可能减少成本浪费啊， 提高生产力啊 都能减少 overall cost 3） Gratuitous assumptionNew employee follow the pattern sets by the senior employees 一定会 learn b
16、usiness patterns from the senior employee。 在 Apprentice Training Program 中新员工只能学到专业技能，操作，但是对团队协作力，团队建设等没有很好的培训到。并且在学习过程中，新员工可能会学到老员工的一些坏习惯，比如错误操作等5 V1 一家motel有很多服务，去这家 motel的顾客不管享不享受这些服务都要付钱。另一家叫A的也有服务，但是顾客只用付自己所享受的服务的钱。于是这家motel就想采取A采取的策略，就是让顾客只支付自己享受的服务的钱，而不用付其他钱，以提高profit。V2 坐稳是说的一个restaway motel
17、想要模仿lux.INN酒店，对早餐服务单独收费，希望可以降低成本，吸引更多用户。我选了2个flaw,无效类比和结论无据考古 ： Restaway Motel一直都是提供complimentary local phone calls，breakfast etc的service。但是many guests dont take advantage这些service 。这样很浪费钱。more luxious Ambassadors hotel across the town does better business， 他们的这些service都是bill seperately的，这样一来不用这些 se
18、rvice 的guests就可以不用share the expense了。很显然，Ambassador生意更好是因为他们provide better deal to guests by billing seperately for那些service。所以Restaway也要follow他们的policy，这样一来可以attract more customers并且更profitable1） 错误类比选择入住A的人可能本身就倾向于去使用那些设施，所以即使分开服务费，也能收到钱，但是住motel的人为了省房费可能就真的不去了，这样的损失可能都超过入住人数提高带来的利润2、 充分必要条件价格是影响s
19、ale的唯一原因A Inn的经验不能直接套用在motel身上，两者情况不一样，不能一概而论 这种方法不能就保证带来更好的效益，比如要住motel的顾客是商业客户，价格变化不会影响入住人数，这样低房价的计划反而是motel效益受损1） 无关假设只要价格低了 顾客就一定会多， 也许顾客原本都是高端客户， 你降价了 营销你自己的brand image6 作是说橘子类价格升高，然后作者觉得是因为橘子种植户故意太高价格，说应该颁布规定约束价格上涨。Over the past decade, the price per pound of citrus fruit has increased substan
20、tially. Eleven years ago, Megamart charged 5 cents apiece for lemons, but today it commonly charges over 30 cents apiece. In only one of these last eleven years was the weather unfavorable for growing citrus crops. Evidently, then, citrus growers have been responsible for the excessive increase in t
21、he price of citrus fruit, and strict pricing regulations are needed to prevent them from continuing to inflate prices.”1. 充分条件是否出了 citrus growers以外 没有其他因数导致了价格的上涨？。还有，比如环境保护，加工价格上升，人力成本上升，或者单纯的物价上涨。 。 。Monetary inflation, increased distribution and labor costs, or alterations in supply and demand co
22、nditionsthe growers desire for increased profits.2. 充分条件Only way to combat increased price is through government intervention.3. 无关假设天气好 果树的产量一定高。因为种植柑橘的农民已经动用了可用的资源了，产量无法再多4. 错误类别（柠檬是不是可以橘类水果类比，或者说，柠檬有其特殊性，譬如柠檬都是进口的，比较贵）7. 作文能想起来 是说在很多人放弃 stable office job，而从事 soho 工作，在家里工作的人由于受到诸如电话啊，邻居噪音啊 ，家务劳动等干
23、扰，以及他们变得 unsocial，和不professional，失去了很多职业上的 advancement，所以从事 stable office job 的人比从事 work from home 的人赚的 earnings 要 greater。考古： V1：Generally speaking, it is financially unwise for people quit stable office job and start working from home. It is there are a lot of distractions when people working from
24、 home. People working from home tend to procrastinate because there is no discipline. Also, working from home make people isolated. Therefore, it is financially more advantageous for people working in the office. It is unwise to quit a stable office job in order to be self-employed and work at homeV
25、2： 说在办公室工作比在家工作好。有三个论点：（1）在家工作的人会面对更多的abstraction，比如 邻居 电话 家务等等。 （2 ）在家工作的人更没有时间计划，更倾向与avoid work。 （ 3）与社会和人群隔离，会对人的career advance有限制。整个argument都没有举例和调查。1 false causal relationship: Working at home caused the distractions2 gratuitous assumption：在家工作一定钱少？Income of people working at home would be adve
26、rsely affected due to distractions at home上班工作， 成本还高呢， 还要坐车，还要吃饭，还要应酬，还要。 。 。3 gratuitous assumption在办公室上班 一定会有 career advancement ？ 造成career advancement 提升的因数有很多。 比如自身的专业性啦， professional4. Shirely 补充的第4 个flaw， 看问题太片面在办公室上班也有他的缺点。比如工作环境不好啊， 同事有时候也会造成干扰8 AWA：一个Cafe的网站上有feedback page, 他们的receipt上有印fee
27、dback page的网址所以顾客应该很容易能找到这个page。而自从有了这个page，只收到了百位数的complaints 和十位数的suggestion （具体数字忘） ，而他们已经卖出了300000杯饮料，得出结论，顾客都很满意，不用提高服务和产品的质量。考古 Hot Cup Cafe在一个网站弄了个online feedback。在每个发票反面都有印这个网站的地址，所以顾客做这个feedback不会很困难。在所有30000家他们的cafe分店中，只有173个complaints和58个suggestions，说明他们做的不错，所以theres no need to evaluate a
28、nd improve their procedureV3六个月了，the hot cup cafe has a website, containing a customer feedback page,然后customers可以submit comments. the website address is clearly printed on the each receipt, so it is not difficult for customer to access the feedback page. 然后呢，那六个月the hot cup cafe卖了300,000cups of cof
29、fees，但是customer feedback page最有179个complaints和87 个suggestions(大概数字是这样的既不清楚了)。然后就说almost all the customers are satisfied with our current products and customer service department, so we dont have make any improvement。1. Gratuitous assumption：没写feedback 不代表 顾客满意，人家可能没时间，或者没有这种习惯，或者非常不满意 再也不来了2. Gratui
30、tous assumption：不能假设100%的顾客都看到了发票后面的网站， 可能付钱的是一个人，有意见的另一个人， 但是他没有拿到发票3. Gratuitous assumption：所以一旦有人有建议和complaints说明情况还蛮严重的，应该采取措施去改进9. 本月原始： 考的是那个什么高中用互动电脑导致学生辍学率低，建议该校多购置电脑，以及其他学校也照部就班。这个错误点很好找，我一下子找了3大点6 小点，最后写了500字。 。不建议写那么多，最后10分钟检查的时候我还删了一些内容，这样更加有针对性。Two years ago Nova High School began to us
31、e interactive computer instruction in three academic subjects. The school dropout rate declined immediately, and last years graduates have reported some impressive achievements in college. In future budgets the school board should use a greater portion of the available funds to buy more computers, a
32、nd all schools in the district should adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum.1) False Casual relationship: (错误因果关系)（introduction of interactive computer, 与 impressive achievements decline in the dropout 的关系）（可能是学校出台的 policy 要求老师上课认真，学生更加勤奋导致的； stricter discipline applied la
33、st year2) All things equal 两年前的情况 现在可能变化很大， 人事变动之类的2） 错误类比（一个学校不代表所有学校）这个学校是高中啊，其他学校可能是小学， 小学生不一定有运用电脑的能力10. 一个科技公司的 memorandum 上写道：因为一个公司设备的先进能大大提高公司的员工效率进而提高公司的盈利能力。所以他们公司应该购进 hardware and software 什么什么设备。这样员工 efficiency 就能提高，然后又有一句话也是把这个意思转述了一遍。1、 无因果联系换了好设备员工效率就一定高吗？（还与培训的效果好坏、员工的素质高低有关、甚至是否仪器反应
34、过于灵敏导致员工的一个失误就会产生巨大损失？）员工效率高了公司盈利就一定会增多吗？（是否还有高昂的 maintains fee 等等）2.时地全等情况一定不会发生变化吗，时候任何时候这种先进的 technical hardware and software都会增加公司的效率它们能跟得上时代的变化吗，时候需要经常 update 从而又产生很多费用。To sum up。考古： 7月有同样的V1. 作文是员工越有效率企业的利润越高，然后说很多企业利用improvements in technology software and hardware来提高员工的效率。然后广告公司的人也要改善公司的技术来提
35、高企业的利润。The following appeared in a memorandum from the information technology department of a major advertising firm:“The more efficient a firms employees are, the more profitable that firm will be. Improvements in a firms information technology hardware and software are a proven way to increase the
36、 efficiency of employees who do the majority of their work on computers. Therefore, if our firm invests in the most powerful and advanced information technology available, employee productivity will be maximized. This strategy ensures that every dollar spent on enhanced information technology will help to increase our firms profit margins1） False causal relationship （information technology 与 employee productivity 的因果关系）也许有其他方面的因数， 比如公司内部管理问题， 奖励机制， training3) Gratuitous assumption 无关假设）( 假设买了新电脑，员工一定都会用)
