1、0外文文献翻译原文ONTHEBALANCESHEETBASEDMODELOFFINANCIALREPORTINGHISTORYANDBACKGROUNDFORTHECURRENTDEVELOPMENTSSOMESENSEOFHISTORYANDAREVIEWOFTHEBALANCESHEETVERSUSTHEINCOMESTATEMENTAPPROACHTOACCOUNTINGHELPPROVIDEAPROPERCONTEXTACCOUNTINGHASALONGSTANDINGDEBATEABOUTTWOALTERNATIVEANDCOMPETINGAPPROACHESTODOINGFINAN
2、CIALREPORTINGTHEESSENCEOFTHESOCALLEDBALANCESHEETBASEDAPPROACHISTHATITVIEWSTHEPROPERVALUATIONOFASSETSANDLIABILITIESASTHEPRIMARYGOALOFFINANCIALREPORTING,WITHTHEDETERMINATIONOFOTHERACCOUNTINGVARIABLESCONSIDEREDSECONDARYANDDERIVATIVETHEPRINCIPALIMPLICATIONFROMTHISPERSPECTIVEISTHATTHEDETERMINATIONOFINCOM
3、ESTATEMENTAMOUNTSANDESPECIALLYEARNINGSISGOVERNEDBYBALANCESHEETCONSIDERATIONSTHEBALANCESHEETAPPROACH,TAKENTOITSLOGICALCONCLUSIONANDEXTREME,PRESCRIBESTHATTHECORRECTDETERMINATIONOFASSETSANDLIABILITIESCOMPLETELYDETERMINESEARNINGS,WHEREEARNINGSFORAGIVENPERIODISSIMPLYTHECHANGEINNETASSETSOVERTHATPERIODADJU
4、STEDFORDISTRIBUTIONSANDCONTRIBUTIONSFROMEQUITYHOLDERSTHISVIEWOFEARNINGSHASSTRONGUNDERPINNINGSINECONOMICS,WHEREITISKNOWNASHICKSIANINCOMEINCONTRAST,THEINCOMESTATEMENTAPPROACHVIEWSTHEDETERMINATIONOFREVENUES,EXPENSES,ANDESPECIALLYEARNINGSASTHEPRIMARYGOALOFFINANCIALREPORTINGTHEEMPHASISHEREISONTHEPROPERDE
5、TERMINATIONOFTHETIMINGANDMAGNITUDEOFTHEREVENUEANDEXPENSEAMOUNTS,WHEREASBALANCESHEETACCOUNTSANDAMOUNTSARESECONDARYANDDERIVATIVETHETWOMAJORGUIDINGPRINCIPLESINTHISPROCESSARETHEPRINCIPLESOFREVENUERECOGNITIONANDMATCHINGOFEXPENSESTOREVENUESTHEGOALOFACCOUNTINGISTORECORDACCRUALS,WHICHPROPERLYRECORDTHETIMING
6、OFECONOMICACHIEVEMENTSREVENUEANDTHEALIGNMENTOFASSOCIATEDEXPENSESMATCHINGBALANCESHEETACCOUNTSANDAMOUNTSAREMOSTLYTHERESIDUALOFTHISPROCESS,ANDASSETSANDLIABILITIESAREINESSENCETHECUMULATIVEEFFECTOFPERIODICACCRUALSFOREXAMPLE,ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEARISEBECAUSEREVENUEISRECORDEDBEFOREACTUALCOLLECTIONS,AND1THEPPE
7、ACCOUNTREPRESENTSUNEXPIREDCOSTSOFACQUIREDEQUIPMENTTHEINCOMESTATEMENTAPPROACHHASALWAYSHADSTRONGSUPPORTAMONGACCOUNTINGPRACTITIONERS,ANDESPECIALLYINTHEINVESTMENTCOMMUNITY,WHERETOTHISDAYINVESTMENTMANAGERSANDFINANCIALANALYSTSPRIMARILYTHINKOFSTOCKVALUEASARISINGFROMTHEFIRMSABILITYTOGENERATEASTREAMOFEARNING
8、S,ANDTHEREFOREFINANCIALREPORTINGSGOALSHOULDBETHECORRECTDETERMINATIONOFEARNINGSALTHOUGHANINHERENTCONCEPTUALTENSIONEXISTSBETWEENTHESETWOAPPROACHES,INPRACTICEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGHASALWAYSBEENAPRAGMATICCOMPROMISEBETWEENTHEMHISTORICALLY,THEINCOMESTATEMENTVIEWOFFINANCIALREPORTINGWASDOMINANTINACCOUNTINGBYTH
9、EFIRSTHALFOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY,THISVIEWWASFIRMLYEMBEDDEDINTHETHEORYANDPRACTICEOFACCOUNTING,REACHINGITSEPITOMEINPATONANDLITTLETON1940,ANENORMOUSLYINFLUENTIALWORKTHATWASLATERPROCLAIMED“THEACCOUNTINGBOOKOFTHECENTURY“LOOKINGBACKONTHISBOOKTODAYISFASCINATINGANDINSTRUCTIVEBECAUSEITISENTIRELYBUILTAROUNDINC
10、OMESTATEMENTCONCEPTSANDPROBLEMS,ANDBALANCESHEETCONSIDERATIONSARERELEGATEDTOAPERIPHERALSTATUSITSHOULDBEEMPHASIZEDTHATTHEREHAVEALWAYSBEENPROPONENTSOFBALANCESHEETANDEVENFAIRVALUEAPPROACHESTOACCOUNTINGFOREXAMPLE,MACNEAL1939/1970ANDCHAMBERS1966CANBEVIEWEDASEARLYPROPONENTSOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGFORASSETSONB
11、ALANCE,THOUGH,ITISFAIRTOSAYTHATTHEINCOMESTATEMENTAPPROACHTOFINANCIALACCOUNTINGDOMINATEDTHEORY,PRACTICE,STANDARDSETTING,ANDPEDAGOGYUNTILTHEMID1970SANIMPORTANTNEWSTAGEINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFACCOUNTINGWASSETIN1973WITHTHESTARTOFFASBSREIGNASTHEOFFICIALSTANDARDSETTERINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEPREDECESSOROFFASB,THEACC
12、OUNTINGPRINCIPLESBOARDAPB,WASAPARTTIMEORGANIZATION,WITHLIMITEDSTAFFANDRESOURCESTHUS,THEEMPHASISINTHEAPBSWORKWASMOSTLYONCODIFYINGANDCLARIFYINGEXISTINGPRINCIPLESOFACCOUNTING,WITHLITTLEABILITYORATTEMPTTOINFLUENCEFINANCIALREPORTINGINAMAJORWAYHOWEVER,WIDESPREADDISSATISFACTIONWITHTHEAPBSWORKLEDTOTHECREATI
13、ONOFFASBASAFULLTIMEPROFESSIONALUNIT,WHICHWASMUCHBETTERFUNDEDANDSTAFFED,ANDWASREADYANDABLETOPURSUEAMOREAMBITIOUSANDACTIVISTAPPROACHTOACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSETTING2FORTHEINTERESTEDREADERSTOREYANDSTOREY1998PROVIDEANEXHAUSTIVEACCOUNTOFTHESEDEVELOPMENTSSOONAFTERFASBSTARTEDITSWORK,ITBECAMEAPPARENTTHATAPIECEME
14、ALAPPROACHTOSTANDARDSETTINGWASNOTGOINGTOWORK,BECAUSEABSENTSHAREDCONCEPTUALFOUNDATIONS,INTERNALINCONSISTENCIES,ANDEVENCONTRADICTIONSWEREINEVITABLEACROSSTHESTANDARDSTHATGOVERNSPECIFICACCOUNTINGAREASBECAUSEOFCHANGINGBOARDCOMPOSITION,POLITICALPRESSURES,ANDTHEEFFECTOFAMYRIADOFOTHERIDIOSYNCRATICFACTORSTHU
15、S,ATTHEVERYDAWNOFITSEXISTENCEFASBEMBARKEDONANEXTENSIVEPROJECTTOPROVIDEACONCEPTUALLYSOUNDANDWORKABLEFOUNDATIONFORFINANCIALREPORTINGANDSTANDARDSETTINGFASBRECEIVEDSEVERALROUNDSOFINPUTFROMITSCONSTITUENCIESANDWASENGAGEDINVIGOROUSINTERNALANDEXTERNALDEBATES,ASITWASCLEARTHATTHENATUREOFTHECONCEPTUALFOUNDATIO
16、NWOULDHAVEAMAJORINFLUENCEONALLFUTURESTANDARDSETTINGACTIVITIES,ONTHEECONOMY,ANDONTHEWORLDATLARGETHEBOARDQUICKLYREACHEDTWOCONCLUSIONSFIRST,THATTHEINCOMESTATEMENTANDTHEBALANCESHEETAPPROACHTOACCOUNTINGARETHETWOMAJORALTERNATIVESFORAFINANCIALREPORTINGMODELANDSECOND,THATIFONEWANTSTOENSURECONCEPTUALCLARITYA
17、NDINTERNALCONSISTENCY,ONEHASTOCHOOSEANALTERNATIVEANDAVOIDSOMESORTOFAMUDDLEDCOMPROMISEBETWEENTHEMAGAINSTTHISBACKGROUND,INTHELATE1970SFASBREACHEDAMAJORDECISIONFASBCONCLUDEDTHATTHEBALANCESHEETAPPROACHISTHEONLYLOGICALANDCONCEPTUALLYSOUNDBASISOFACCOUNTINGANDTHATTHEREFORETHEBALANCESHEETAPPROACHSHOULDBECOM
18、ETHECORNERSTONEOFSTANDARDSETTINGANDFINANCIALACCOUNTINGINGENERALSTOREYANDSTOREY1998,BULLENANDCROOK2005,ANDOTHERACCOUNTSOFTHISDECISIONCLEARLYINDICATETHATTHEMAINREASONFORTHISCONCLUSIONWASTHEPERCEIVEDCONCEPTUALSUPREMACYOFTHEBALANCESHEETAPPROACHFASBSREASONINGCANBESUMMARIZEDASFOLLOWSEARNINGSISA“CHANGEINVA
19、LUE“CONCEPT,ANDITISIMPOSSIBLETODEFINEACHANGEINVALUECONCEPTBEFOREONEDEFINES“VALUE“THUS,THEDETERMINATIONOFASSETSANDLIABILITIESLOGICALLYPRECEDESANDSUPERSEDESTHEDETERMINATIONOFEARNINGS,WHICHIMPLIESTHATTHEBALANCESHEETAPPROACHISTHENATURALBASISOFACCOUNTINGINCONTRAST,THEINCOMESTATEMENTAPPROACHISCONCEPTUALLY
20、3SUSPECTBECAUSEITRELIESONVAGUECONCEPTSSUCHASMATCHINGINADDITION,THEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEINCOMESTATEMENTAPPROACHRESULTSINDEFERRALSANDACCRUALS,WHICHCREATEASSETSANDLIABILITIESOFQUESTIONABLESUBSTANCESEESPROUSE1966FORANEARLYANDFORCEFULEXPOSITIONOFTHISVIEWDURINGTHEYEARSTHATHAVEFOLLOWED,ACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSETT
21、ERSHAVEEXPANDEDANDSOLIDIFIEDTHEBALANCESHEETAPPROACHONSEVERALDIMENSIONSFIRST,OLDERMIESHAVEGRADUALLYTRANSITIONEDTOCONFORMTOTHENEWCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKFOREXAMPLE,APBOPINIONNO11FROM1967,WHICHPRESCRIBEDANINCOMESTATEMENTAPPROACHFORINCOMETAXREPORTING,WASSUPERSEDEDBYABALANCESHEETORIENTATIONINSEASNO96IN1987AND
22、SFASNO109IN1992,ANDTHECHANGEWASSPECIFICALLYMOTIVATEDBYADESIRETOCONFORMTOFASBSCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKSECOND,FASBHASBEENINCREASINGLYADOPTINGMOREPUREANDEXTREMEFORMSOFTHEBALANCESHEETAPPROACH,PARTICULARLYWITHTHERECENTBROADINITIATIVEFORMOVINGTO“FAIRVALUE“ACCOUNTINGASTHENAMESUGGESTS,FAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGAFFIRMST
23、HEPRIMACYOFMARKETANDMARKETTYPEPRICESASTHEBENCHMARKFORVALUEFORCOMPANYACCOUNTINGSPECIFICEXAMPLESOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGINCLUDESFASNO133IN1999HEDGING,SFASNO141IN2001ACQUISITIONSANDGOODWILLACCOUNTING,SFASNO156IN2006SECURITIZATION,ANDTHERECENTSWEEPINGSFASNO159,WHICHALLOWSFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGFORABROADCLASSOF
24、ASSETSANDLIABILITIESASASUBJECT,FAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGISSIGNIFICANTENOUGHTOMERITSEPARATEANDDEEPERSTUDY,ANDTHEINTERESTEDREADERISREFERREDTOMOREFOCUSEDEFFORTSINTHISDIRECTIONEG,BARTHETAL2001BARTH2006ANDESPECIALLYNISSIMANDPENMAN2007INTHISARTICLEABROADERPERSPECTIVEISTAKENFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGISVIEWEDASJUSTTHELA
25、TESTANDMOREEXTREMEFORMOFALONGEREVOLUTIONTHATHASBEENGAININGMOMENTUMFORTHELAST30YEARSTHEBALANCESHEETAPPROACHHASALSOEXPANDEDGEOGRAPHICALLY,MOVINGFROMITSUSROOTSTOINTERNATIONALSTANDARDSETTING,ANDINTHEPROCESSBECOMINGTHEDOMINANTWORLDWIDEACCOUNTINGDOCTRINESINCEITBEGAN,FASBHASBEENAMODELFORINTERNATIONALSTANDA
26、RDSETTING,WHEREVARIOUSFOREIGNBODIESHAVESOUGHTTOEMULATETHESUCCESSANDPOWERTHATFASBEXERTSINTHEUNITEDSTATESSPECIFICALLY,THE4INTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSCOMMITTEEIASCWASFOUNDEDIN1973,ANDTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKITISSUEDIN1989WASHEAVILYBASEDONFASBS,ADOPTINGTHEBALANCESHEETMODELOFREPORTINGCAMFFERRNANANDZEF
27、F2007,259264THEIASCWASEVENTUALLYREPLACEDIN2001BYTHEINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDIASB,LARGELYMODELEDAFTERFASBSORGANIZATIONANDPROCESS,ANDCROSSSHARINGWITHITANUMBEROFKEYPERSONNELRECENTLY,THETWOBOARDSHAVEACTIVELYSOUGHTTOCOORDINATETHEIRPHILOSOPHYANDACTIVITIES,ADOPTINGIN2002AFORMALMEMORANDUMKNOWNAS
28、THENORWALKAGREEMENT,WHICHDETAILSTHEIRJOINTCOMMITMENTTOCONVERGENCEOFUSANDINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSSINCESUCHCONVERGENCEISPOSSIBLEONLYUNDERSHAREDCONCEPTUALFOUNDATIONS,THETWOBOARDSSHAREAFIRMCOMMITMENTTOTHEBALANCESHEETAPPROACHTHUS,WHILETHISPAPERFOCUSESONTHEUSANDFASBEXPERIENCE,THEFOLLOWINGANALYSISH
29、ASMUCHAPPLICABILITYTOTHEINTERNATIONALDOMAINASWELLONJULY6,2006,FASBISSUEDADOCUMENTCALLEDPRELIMINARYVIEWSSEEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSERIES1260001,FASB2006,WHICHSUMMARIZESTHEBOARDSCURRENTTHINKINGABOUTTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKANDASKSFORFEEDBACKPRELIMINARYVIEWSREPRESENTSANINITIALSTEPBEFOREISSUINGAMOREFORMALEXPOS
30、UREDRAFT,BUTITALREADYCONTAINSANUMBEROFIMPORTANTINDICATIONSABOUTTHESHAPEOFTHEFUTURECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKFOREXAMPLE,THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKISENVISIONEDASASINGLEUNIFIEDDOCUMENT,ALONGTHELINESOFTHEIASBSEXISTINGFRAMEWORKRATHERTHANBEINGLIKEFASBSCOLLECTIONOFSEVENCONCEPTSTATEMENTSALSO,THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKWILL
31、HAVEAHIGHSTANDINGINTHEHIERARCHYOFFINANCIALREPORTINGRULES,ANDSPECIFICSTANDARDSWILLBEEXPECTEDTOCOMPLYWITHANDEMBODYTHEFRAMEWORKFORTHEPURPOSESOFTHISPAPER,THEMOSTIMPORTANTASPECTOFTHEPRELIMINARYVIEWSDOCUMENTISTHATTHEBOARDSHAVEDECIDEDTOCONCENTRATEONIRONINGOUTEXISTINGINCONSISTENCIESWITHINANDACROSSTHETWOSYST
32、EMSOFFINANCIALREPORTINGRATHERTHANONADEEPREVIEWANDRETHINKINGOFTHEENTIREEXISTINGCONCEPTUALFOUNDATIONPARAGRAPHP7INFACT,PRELIMINARYVIEWSPRESENTSASTRONGENDORSEMENTOFTHEBALANCESHEETMODELOFFINANCIALREPORTINGTHEAUTHORSENVISIONAFURTHERDETERIORATIONINTHESTATUSOFTHEINCOMESTATEMENTANDEARNINGSINPARTICULAR5THEMAG
33、NITUDEANDEVENTHELANGUAGEOFTHEPROPOSEDCHANGESARESTARTLINGESPECIALLYCONSIDERINGWHATSTEPSWOULDLIKELYBETAKENTOFLESHOUTTHEPROPOSEDCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKINSPECIFICFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSFORONETHING,THEPRELIMINARYVIEWSLARGELYAVOIDSUSINGTERMSSUCHAS“REVENUES,“EXPENSES,“EARNINGS,“AND“INCOME,“MENTIONINGTHEMO
34、NLYASANODTOEXISTINGCONVENTIONSPARAGRAPHBCL30THEPREFERREDTERMSINPRELIMINARYVIEWSAREVARIATIONSON“CHANGESINECONOMICRESOURCESANDCLAIMSTOTHEM“PARAGRAPHSOB22ANDBC128,ALANGUAGETHATEMBODIESPUREGRADEBALANCESHEETACCOUNTINGAMORESUBSTANTIVEANDINDEEDCRITICALCHANGEINTHEPROPOSEDFRAMEWORKCONCERNSTHEIMPORTANCEOFEARN
35、INGSINFINANCIALREPORTINGNOTETHATFASBSEXISTINGCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKHASALWAYSHADASOMEWHATAMBIVALENTATTITUDETOEARNINGSBECAUSEONTHEONEHANDITENDORSESABALANCESHEETMODELOFACCOUNTING,BUTONTHEOTHERHANDITALSOHASAFORMALSTATEMENTABOUTTHEPRIMARYIMPORTANCEOFEARNINGSINFINANCIALREPORTINGSPECIFICALLY,FASBSCONCEPTSSTAT
36、EMENTNO1PARAGRAPH43SAYSTHEPRIMARYFOCUSOFFINANCIALREPORTINGISINFORMATIONABOUTANENTERPRISESPERFORMANCEPROVIDEDBYMEASURESOFCOMPREHENSIVEINCOMEANDITSCOMPONENTSINVESTORS,CREDITORSANDOTHERS,WHOARECONCERNEDWITHASSESSINGTHEPROSPECTSFORENTERPRISECASHFLOWSAREESPECIALLYINTERESTEDINTHISINFORMATIONPRELIMINARYVIE
37、WS,HOWEVER,ISCLEARTHATTODESIGNATEONETYPEOFINFORMATIONASTHEPRIMARYFOCUSOFFINANCIALREPORTINGWOULDBEINAPPROPRIATE,PARAGRAPHBC129DISPLAYSOFCHANGESINECONOMICRESOURCESANDCLAIMS,ANDDISPLAYSOFTHELISTOFECONOMICRESOURCESAREEQUALLYIMPORTANT,PARAGRAPHBC130OFCOURSE,THEIMPLICATIONISTHATNOWSTANDARDSETTERSVIEWEARNI
38、NGSASMUCHLESSIMPORTANTTHANBEFORESUMMARIZING,PRELIMINARYVIEWSCROWNSANDFURTHERDEVELOPSTHEBALANCESHEETMODELOFFINANCIALREPORTINGSOMECHANGESARECRITICAL,ANDTHEYPROMPTTHEMORESTRUCTUREDCRITIQUETHATFOLLOWSILIADDICHEVONTHEBALANCESHEETBASEDMODELOFFINANCIALREPORTINGJACCOUNTINGHORIZONS,20084534706译文以资产负债表为基础的财务报
39、告模式一、现状发展的历史和背景一些有关资产负债表和损益表的方法的历史观点和评论能为会计提供一个合适的背景。会计长期存在关于两种不同的方法得出财务报告的争论。对所谓的资产负债表为基础的方法的本质在于,它将正确评估资产和负债视为财务报告的主要目标,以此来确定其他辅助的会计变量或是衍生项目的价值。从这个角度看问题的主要内涵是确定损益表中项目的数额,和出于资产负债表的考虑的特殊收益。资产负债表法,它的逻辑结论采取极端的规定正确计量资产与负债由此得出收入,某个时期的收入,仅仅是对于给定的时期净资产的变化调整分配和股权持有人的贡献。这种收入的观点在经济学中具有较强的基础理念,从何得知希克斯收入与此相反,损
40、益表法直接从收入费用的角度来确认与计量企业的收益,认为收益是收入与费用相配比的结果,特别是作为财务报告盈利的首要目标。这里强调的是适当的时间和确定的收入和支出的大小,而资产负债表项目金额和数量都是次要的衍生工具。这两个主要的指导原则是在这个过程中的收入确认原则和支出与收入匹配。会计的目标是计算盈余,这正确地记录了经济成就(收入),时间及相关费用的调整(匹配)。资产负债表科目和数额,主要是这一进程的剩余和资产、负债的本质是定期的权责发生制的累积影响。例如,应收账款的产生是因为之前记录是收藏实际收入,未到单位账户但应向对方收取的款项。损益表法一直有会计从业人员的大力支持,特别是在投资界,在这一天投
41、资经理和金融分析师认为,主要的股票价值是由于公司的能力产生而产生的一连串的收益,因此财务报告的目标应该是正确的决定的收入。虽然这两种方法各自受其固有的观念影响,但是在实践中,两者均可在财务会计中体现出来。从历史上看,财务报告的看法在会计中是以损益表的观点为主。到了二十世纪前半叶,这种观点是牢牢植根于会计理论和实践,直到佩顿和利特尔顿时期(1940年),一个影响深远的工作,后来被宣布为“本世纪会计的书。”回顾这本书今天是吸引人且有意义的,因为它是完全围绕利润表的7概念和问题,建立资产负债表的考虑是降级到周边的地位。应该强调的是一直存在的资产负债表的支持者,甚至公允价值会计方法。例如,MACNEA
42、L(1936/1970)和CHAMBERS(1966)可以被看作是公允价值会计的资产早期支持者。总的来说,即使如此,公平地说,损益表法贯穿于财务会计控制理论、实务、标准、标准制定,直到70年代中期教学法。一个重要的会计发展的新阶段,成立于1973年的财务会计准则委员会,其统治地位作为官方标准的制定者在美国启动。美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)的前身,美国会计员职责委员会(APB),是兼管人员和资源的组织。因此,美国会计员职责委员会的重点工作主要是在编纂和澄清现有的会计原则,而没有能力或企图通过主要途径影响财务报告。然而,随着对美国会计员职责委员会工作的普遍不满导致了财务会计准则委员会作为一个
43、全职的专业单位的成立,这是由多方面的代表组成的,并追求一个更加雄心勃勃的和激进的方法来制定会计准则。有兴趣的读者,可以阅读,斯托雷和斯托雷(1998)详尽叙述了这些发展。不久后,美国财务会计准则委员会开始工作,很明显,一个标准制定零敲碎打的办法是行不通的,因为没有共同的概念基础,它会有内部矛盾,由于改变董事会的组成,政治压力,以及其他特有因素,产生繁多的效果。因此,如同生存曙光的财务会计准则委员会开始制定广泛的项目,提供财务报告和标准制定概念上健全和可行的基础。财务会计准则委员会接受了几个回合的社会各界讨论,并在内外部的积极进行辩论,因为它清楚地表明,基础性质的概念将会对所有未来的标准制定活动
44、对经济的重大影响,并在世界中具有广泛性。董事会很快得出两个结论第一,损益表和资产负债表法,是两种主要会计可供选择的财务报告的模型;第二,如果想确保概念清晰,内部一致性,那就必须选择一个可替代模型,以避免另一种糊涂的妥协。在此背景下,财务会计准则委员会在20世纪70年代末做出了一个重大决定。财务会计准则委员会的结论是,资产负债表的方法是唯一合理的会计和概念良好的基础,因此在资产负债表的做法应成为标准制定和一般财务会计的基石。斯托雷和斯托雷(1998),布伦和克鲁克(2005年),以及关于这一决定的其他学者明确指出,这一结论的主要理由是认为在资产负债表方法的概念之上。美国财务会计准则委员会的理由可
45、以归纳如下收益是一个“价值变动”的概8念,它不可能在界定“价值”之前改变价值观念。因此,资产和负债的测定并取代之前确定逻辑的同时,这意味着资产负债表法是会计的自然基础。相比之下,损益表的方法在观念上是有所怀疑的,因为它有赖于模糊的概念,例如配比原则。此外,损益表的执行情况取决于推迟和预提费用,这使得资产和负债的金额有问题。见斯普劳斯(1966)对这一观点的早期而有力的阐述。在随后几年,那些遵循会计准则制定机构已经扩大和巩固了几个方面的资产负债表法。首先,原来处理方法已经逐步过渡到符合新的概念框架。例如,美国会计员职责委员会在1967年第11号中的意见,原来规定用收益表法进行所得税的报告,于19
46、87年和1992年在财务会计准则第96号财务会计准则第109号中被资产负债表法所取代,其变化的动机是专门符合财务会计标准委员会的概念框架。其次,美国会计员职责委员会已越来越多地采取更纯和极端的形式,特别是最近提出的“公允价值”会计的广泛倡议。顾名思义,公允价值会计确认了市场和市场型的价格作为对公司的会计价值基准的首要地位。公允价值会计的具体例子包括在1999年SFAS133号(套期保值),2001年SFAS141号公报(收购和商誉会计),2006年SFAS156号(证券化),以及最近影响了SFAS第159号使之有一个广泛的资产和负债的公允价值会计。作为一门学科,公允价值会计是足够重要,值得单独
47、和深入研究,有兴趣的读者在这个方向有更集中的努力研究(例如,巴特等人,2001年;巴特2006年;特别是尼辛和彭曼2007年)。在这篇文章中采取更广泛的观点近三十年,公允价值会计被视为仅仅是一个较长的最新发展,更极端形式,已蓄势待发。资产负债表法还扩大了在地理上,国际标准制定从美国开始移动,并在这个过程中成为占主导地位的全球性会计原则。自委员会成立以来,美国财务会计标准委员会已成为国际标准模型权威,在此,其他组织试图仿效美国的成功和力量,并以此施加压力。具体来说,国际会计准则委员会(IASC)成立于1973年,它的概念框架在1989年发行,它大体上是基于FASB发布的模型,采用报告(CAMFF
48、ERRNAN和泽夫2007年,259264)资产负债表模型。机构间常设委员会在2001年最终由国际会计准则委员会(IASB)取代,主要是仿照财务会计准则委员会的组织和程序,交叉并与它共享一个关键信息。最近,两个委员会,积极寻求以协调他们的理念和活动,在2002年通过一项正式的协议,被称作诺沃克协议,实现USGAAP和IAS/IFRS相互间的不断趋同。这种衔接9可能只是根据共享的概念基础,即两个委员会坚定资产负债表法的做法。因此,虽然本文着重论述了美国和美国财务会计标准委员会的经验,下面的分析有很多关于国际领域的适应性。2006年7月6日,财务会计标准委员会发布了一个文件叫做初步看法126000
49、1见财务会计系列,财务会计标准委员会2006,总结了议会财务概念框架并请求反馈。初步的意见代表了一个更加正式发行之前征求意见稿的第一步,但它已经包含了对未来的概念框架形成的重要标志信息。举例来说,概念框架的设想作为一个单一的统一的文件,沿着国际会计准则委员会的现有框架的路线,而不是像财务会计准则委员会的七个概念声明。此外,概念框架将站在一个高层次,具体标准将有望符合和体现框架。本文的目的是,该文件初步意见最重要的方面是,该委员会已决定集中化解内部和财务报告的跨越两个系统,而不是深刻检讨现行的矛盾和对整个现有的概念基础反思(第P7段)。事实上,初步意见表现出对财务报告的资产负债表模型的大力支持。甚至语言的大小和提出的改变是惊人的,特别是考虑到可能会采取哪些步骤,很有可能在具体的财务会计准则提出了充实的概念框架。一方面,在很大程度上避免的初步意见使用诸如“收入”,“开支”,“盈余”和“所得”,他们对现有公约的条款只提一个点头,(BCL第30段)。在初步意见的首选条件是关于“经济资源并声称这些文件的修改”(OB22和BC128)的变化,体现了单纯的资产负债表会计。在拟议框架更实质性的问题,事实上关键的变化关系模型架构的收入的重要性财务报表。请注意,FASB的现有概念框架一直有一种有点矛盾的态度,因为它一方面赞同资产负债表的会计模式的收益,但从另一方面来说