1、【雅思真题】剑 7Test4 阅读 Passage3 真题及解析READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.EFFECTS OF NOISEIn general, it is plausible to suppose that we should prefer peace and quiet to noise. And yet most of us have had the experience of havin
2、g to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially too quiet, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels. Research supports this view. For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts of very lo
3、ud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. Their physiologic
4、al arousal also declined quickly to the same levels as those of the control subjects.But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate on more than one task. For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects w
5、ho were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of an aeroplane pilot or an air-traffic controller (Broadbent, 1957). Similarly, noise did not affect a subjects ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subjects ability to repeat nu
6、mbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass, 1970).Probably the most significant finding from research on noise is that its predictability is more important than how loud it is. We are much more able to tune out chronic background noise, even if it is quite loud, than to work under circumstances with
7、unexpected intrusions of noise. In the Glass and Singer study, in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they worked on a task, some subjects heard loud bursts and others heard soft bursts. For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others hear
8、d the same amount of noise overall, but the bursts occurred at random intervals (unpredictable noise). Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment. But the different
9、noise conditions had quite different after-effects when the subjects were required to proofread written material under conditions of no noise. As shown in Table 1 the unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise; and soft, unpredictable noise actuall
10、y produced slightly more errors on this task than the loud, predictable noise.Table 1: Proofreading Errors and NoiseApparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance.Predictability is not the only varia
11、ble that reduces or eliminates the negative effects of noise. Another is control. If the individual knows that he or she can control the noise, this seems to eliminate both its negative effects at the time and its after-effects. This is true even if the individual never actually exercises his or her
12、 option to turn the noise off (Glass and Singer, 1972). Just the knowledge that one has control is sufficient.The studies discussed so far exposed people to noise for only short periods and only transient effects were studied. But the major worry about noisy environments is that living day after day
13、 with chronic noise may produce serious, lasting effects. One study, suggesting that this worry is a realistic one, compared elementary school pupils who attended schools near Los Angeless busiest airport with students who attended schools in quiet neighbourhoods (Cohen et al., 1980). It was found t
14、hat children from the noisy schools had higher blood pressure and were more easily distracted than those who attended the quiet schools. Moreover, there was no evidence of adaptability to the noise. In fact, the longer the children had attended the noisy schools, the more distractible they became. T
15、he effects also seem to be long lasting. A follow-up study showed that children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility one year later than students who had always been in the quiet schools (Cohen et al, 1981). It should be noted that the two groups of children h
16、ad been carefully matched by the investigators so that they were comparable in age, ethnicity, race, and social class.Questions 27-29Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.27 The writer suggests that people may have difficulty sleeping in
17、 the mountains becauseA humans do not prefer peace and quiet to noise.B they may be exposed to short bursts of very strange sounds.C humans prefer to hear a certain amount of noise while they sleep.D they may have adapted to a higher noise level in the city.28 In noise experiments, Glass and Singer
18、found thatA problem-solving is much easier under quiet conditions.B physiological arousal prevents the ability to work.C bursts of noise do not seriously disrupt problem-solving in the long term.D the physiological arousal of control subjects declined quickly.29 Researchers discovered that high nois
19、e levels are not likely to interfere with theA successful performance of a single task.B tasks of pilots or air traffic controllers.C ability to repeat numbers while tracking moving lines.D ability to monitor three dials at once.Questions 30-34Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases
20、, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.Glass and Singer (1972) showed that situations in which there is intense noise have less effect on performance than circumstances in which 30 noise occurs. Subjects were divided i
21、nto groups to perform a task. Some heard loud bursts of noise, others soft. For some subjects, the noise was predictable, while for others its occurrence was random. All groups were exposed to 31 noise. The predictable noise group 32 the unpredictable noise group on this task.In the second part of t
22、he experiment, the four groups were given a proofreading task to complete under conditions of no noise. They were required to check written material for errors. The group which had been exposed to unpredictable noise 33 the group which had been exposed to predictable noise. The group which had been
23、exposed to loud predictable noise performed better than those who had heard soft, unpredictable bursts. The results suggest that 34 noise produces fatigue but that this manifests itself later.A no control overB unexpectedC intenseD the same amount ofE performed better thanF performed at about the sa
24、me level asG noH showed more irritation thanI made more mistakes thanJ different types ofQuestions 35-40Look at the following statements (Questions 35-40) and the list of researchers below.Match each statement with the correct researcher(s),A-E.Write the correct letter, 4-E, in boxes 35-40 on your a
25、nswer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.35 Subjects exposed to noise find it difficult at first to concentrate on problem-solving tasks.36 Long-term exposure to noise can produce changes in behaviour which can still be observed a year later.37 The problems associated with exposure to no
26、ise do not arise if the subject knows they can make it stop.38 Exposure to high-pitched noise results in more errors than exposure to low-pitched noise.39 Subjects find it difficult to perform three tasks at the same time when exposed to noise.40 Noise affects a subjects capacity to repeat numbers w
27、hile carrying out another task.List of ResearchersA Glass and SingerB BroadbentC Finkelman and GlassD Cohen et al.E None of the aboveREADING PASSAGE 3 真题解析篇章结构体裁：说明文主题：噪声影响结构第一段：人对噪音有自我调节能力。第二段：调节能力的局限性。第三段：噪音可预测性对人的影响的实验。第四段：实验结论：不可预测性噪音更易让人疲惫。第五段：人对控制噪音能力的认知可以减少噪音影响。第六段：长期生活于高噪音环境的危害。必背词汇第一段plausi
28、ble adj. 貌似真实的，貌似有理的 work out v. 解决；设计出；计算adjust v. 调整，使 适于 physiological adj. 生理的，生理学的countryside n. 乡村，农村 reaction n. 反应initially adv. 最初 disruptive adj. 捣乱的，破坏性的，制造混乱的capable adj. 有能力的adapt v. 使适应；改编 subject n. 科目，主题expose v. 使暴露于，使接触到 control v. others heard the same amount of noise overall.题目解析
29、：按照顺序原则在第 30 题后扫描定位词可以迅速定位。空格所填词为 noise 的修饰词，答案也只可能为 BCDGJ，在这五个选项中只有 D 选项与原文 the same amount 一致，故正确答案为 D。另外，通过理解题目，按照上下文意：“实验组中一部分人接触的噪音为可预测性的，其他人接触的为随机产生的，所有人听到的噪音都是 ”也能推出空格里只能填 D 选项。32 题定位词：predictable group, unpredictable group文中对应点：第三段，Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable
30、noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment.题目解析：此题定位同样可按照顺序原则。该题空格前后为两类人，因此中间应填词为比较关系，故答案只能为 EFHI。通过扫描文中对应点可发现两种人 performed at about the same level，因此只能选择 F 选项。33 题定位词：written material文中对应点：第三段，As shown in Table 1 the unpredi
31、ctable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise.题目解析：通过分析空格前后内容，可知空格内须填写处在可预测性噪音和非可预测性噪音中的两类人的比较关系，答案只能为 EFHI。可以在文中对应点后扫描出相关比较关系：produced more errors，选项中只有 I 中的关键词 made more mistakes 与之相符，故答案为 I。34 题定位词：fatigue文中对应点：第四段，Apparently, unpredictable noise produces
32、 more fatigue than predictable noise.题目解析：此题定位词在文中原词出现，且题目空格所填词为造成疲劳(fatigue)的噪音类别，显然对应原文中的 unpredictable noise，正确答案为 B。Questions 35-40题目类型：Matching解题方法：1. 此题为人名与其研究的搭配题，应先定位人名再仔细分析其研究结果，进而在题干中进行筛选。2. 考生可在扫读文章时将文中人名大写字母进行标记以方便定位，且应先定位出现次数较少的人名。此题中 A 选项在文中出现三处， BC 选项各出现一处，D 选项出现两处，应按照 BCDA 的顺序进行定位。3. 解题时划出题干关键词，与原文进行比较即可。4. 此题中出现了独特的 E 选项：“以上选项都不对”，考生应该使用排除法判定。
