1、一、现代外科学的发展1. 解剖学 John Hunter (1728-1793), Scottish surgeon ，the father of experimental surgery and a superb anatomist and teacher.皇帝内经 - 血循环2. 麻醉 Willam t.G. Morton (1819-1868)Boston dentist whose successful demonstration of ether anesthesiaon October 16, 1846, at the Massachusetts Gneeral Hospital
2、was a landmarkin the history of surgery扁鹊 酒3. 抗菌术 上世纪四十年代 产科医生 Semmelweis 博士(1818-1865), 因为发现了puerperal fever（产褥热）的病因而被尊称为“母亲的救星”, 为了纪念这一重大成果 , 学校在1969年改名为 Semmelweis。德国医生Bergmann 蒸汽灭菌1929 英国Fleming 青霉素4. 输血 Blood transfusionKarl Landsteiner (1868-1943), 奥地利病理学家、美国免疫学家，1930年诺贝尔生理学和医学奖得主， the human b
3、lood groups, A, B, and O.奥地利 1968.6.14 发行病理学家卡尔 . 兰德斯泰纳誔辰100周年邮票，一套1枚Richard Lewisohn (1875-1961) , 德国枸橼酸钠，血液抗凝Theodor Kocher (1841-1917), professor of surgery at the University of Berne and pioneer in the development of surgery of the thyoid. He received the Nobel Prize in 1909.Theodor Billroth (1829-1894), professor at the University of Vienna and pioneer abdominal surgeon, Billroth was one of the most influential teachers of his time.John H. Gibbon (1903-1973), 心脏外科，体外循环Alexis Carrel (1873-1944), 器官移植，He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1912.傅培彬 (1912-1989), 瑞金医院外科创始人张金哲首都医科大学
