1、1外文翻译原文CREATINGACULTUREOFIDEASMATERIALSOURCETECHNOLOGYREVIEW,FEB2003,VOL106ISSUE1,P34,2P,1COLORPHOTOGRAPHAUTHORNICHOLASNEGROPONTEWHATSPARKSTHEIDEASTHATBEGETNEWTECHNOLOGIESTHECOFOUNDEROFMITSMEDIALABSAYSCELEBRATINGWRONGANSWERSANDLISTENINGTOYOUTHMAKEAGOODSTARTINNOVATIONISINEFFICIENTMOREOFTENTHANNOT,ITI
2、SUNDISCIPLINED,CONTRARIAN,ANDICONOCLASTICANDITNOURISHESITSELFWITHCONFUSIONANDCONTRADICTIONINSHORT,BEINGINNOVATIVEFLIESINTHEFACEOFWHATALMOSTALLPARENTSWANTFORTHEIRCHILDREN,MOSTCEOSWANTFORTHEIRCOMPANIES,ANDHEADSOFSTATESWANTFORTHEIRCOUNTRIESANDINNOVATIVEPEOPLEAREAPAININTHEASSYETWITHOUTINNOVATIONWEAREDOO
3、MEDBYBOREDOMANDMONOTONYTODECLINESOWHATMAKESINNOVATIONHAPPEN,ANDJUSTWHEREDONEWIDEASCOMEFROMTHEBASICANSWERSPROVIDINGAGOODEDUCATIONALSYSTEM,ENCOURAGINGDIFFERENTVIEWPOINTS,ANDFOSTERINGCOLLABORATIONMAYNOTBESURPRISINGMOREOVER,THEABILITYTOFULFILLTHESECRITERIAHASSERVEDTHEUNITEDSTATESWELLBUTSOMETHINGSTHENATU
4、REOFHIGHEREDUCATIONAMONGTHEMWILLHAVETOCHANGEINORDERTOENSUREAPERPETUALSOURCEOFNEWIDEASONEOFTHEBASICSOFAGOODSYSTEMOFINNOVATIONISDIVERSITYINSOMEWAYS,THESTRONGERTHECULTURENATIONAL,INSTITUTIONAL,GENERATIONAL,OROTHER,THELESSLIKELYITISTOHARBORINNOVATIVETHINKINGCOMMONANDDEEPSEATEDBELIEFS,WIDESPREADNORMS,AND
5、BEHAVIORANDPERFORMANCESTANDARDSAREENEMIESOFNEWIDEASANYSOCIETYTHATPRIDESITSELFONBEINGHARMONIOUSANDHOMOGENEOUSISVERYUNLIKELYTOCATALYZEIDIOSYNCRATICTHINKINGSUPPRESSIONOFINNOVATIONNEEDNOTBEOVERTITCANBESIMPLYAMATTEROFPEOPLESWALKINGAROUNDINTACITAGREEMENTANDFULLCOMFORTWITHTHESTATUSQUOAVERYHETEROGENEOUSCULT
6、URE,BYCONTRAST,BREEDSINNOVATIONBYVIRTUEOFITSPEOPLE,WHOLOOKATEVERYTHINGFROMDIFFERENTVIEWPOINTSAMERICA,THESOCALLEDMELTINGPOT,ISSEENBYMANYASHAVINGNOCULTUREWITHEITHERACAPITALCORA2LOWERCASECINRANKINGSOFSTUDENTSININDUSTRIALCOUNTRIES,USHIGHSCHOOLSTUDENTSCOMEACROSSASAVERAGE,ATBEST,INREADING,MATHEMATICS,ANDS
7、CIENCEANDUNFORTUNATELY,THENATIONISUNRIVALEDINGUNRELATEDCRIMESAMONGYOUNGPEOPLEYET,LOOKINGBACKOVERTHEPASTCENTURY,THEUNITEDSTATESHASACCOUNTEDFORABOUTATHIRDOFALLNOBELPRIZESANDHASPRODUCEDANUNRIVALEDOUTPOURINGOFINNOVATIONSFROMFACTORYAUTOMATIONTOTHEINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANDGENESPLICINGTHATARETHEBACKBONEOFWORLDW
8、IDEECONOMICGROWTHISEETWOREASONSFORTHISONEISTHATWEDONOTSTIGMATIZETHOSEWHOHAVETRIEDANDBEENUNSUCCESSFULINFACT,MANYVENTURECAPITALISTSAREMORE,NOTLESS,LIKELYTOINVESTINSOMEBODYWHOHASFAILEDWITHANEARLIERSTARTUPTHANINSOMEONEWHOISLAUNCHINGHISORHERFIRSTCOMPANYTHEREALDISAPPOINTMENTISWHENPEOPLEDONOTLEARNFROMTHEIR
9、MISTAKESTHEOTHERREASONISTHATWEAREUNIQUELYWILLINGTOLISTENTOOURYOUNGINMANYCULTURES,AGECARRIESTOOMUCHWEIGHTEXPERIENCEISREWARDEDOVERIMAGINATION,ANDRESPECTCANBETOODEFERENTIALINSOMECULTURES,PEOPLEAREGIVENJOBSONTHEBASISOFAGE,CREATINGASEDENTARYENVIRONMENTSTIFLINGTOTHEYOUNGREMEMBERTHESAYING“CHILDRENARETOBESE
10、ENANDNOTHEARD”WELL,LOOKATTHEECONOMICGROWTHCREATEDBYSUCH“CHILDREN”ASBILLGATESANDMICHAELDELL,TONAMEJUSTTWOTHATSTHEGOODNEWSBUTWHENITCOMESTONURTURINGOURYOUTH,WEHAVETODOBETTERIAMESPECIALLYCONCERNEDABOUTEARLYEDUCATION,WHICHCANANDUSUALLYDOESHAVEAPROFOUNDLYNEGATIVEEFFECTONCREATIVITYINTHERACETOUNDERSTANDWHAT
11、CHILDRENLEARN,WEAREFARTOOENTHUSIASTICABOUTCELEBRATINGTHEIRSUCCESSESWHATISMOREFASCINATINGISWHATCHILDRENDOWRONGEVENTHECONCEPTOF“WRONG”SHOULDGETSOMEATTENTIONTHOUGHTHEWINDISNOTMADEBYLEAVESFLAPPING,ASSOMECHILDRENGUESS,THETHEORYISSUFFICIENTLYPROFOUNDTHATITSHOULDNOTBEDISMISSEDOUTOFHANDINFACT,DISASSEMBLINGE
12、RRONEOUSCONCEPTSISONEOFTHEBESTWAYSTOFINDNEWIDEASTHEPROCESSISAKINTODEBUGGINGACOMPUTERPROGRAMANDHASALMOSTNOTHINGTODOWITHDRILLANDPRACTICEWHICHISONCEAGAINBECOMINGACORNERSTONEOFSCHOOLINGOURBIGGESTCHALLENGEINSTIMULATINGACREATIVECULTUREISFINDINGWAYSTOENCOURAGEMULTIPLEPOINTSOFVIEWSMANYENGINEERINGDEADLOCKSHA
13、VEBEENBROKENBYPEOPLEWHOARENOTENGINEERSATALLTHISISSIMPLYBECAUSEPERSPECTIVEISMOREIMPORTANTTHANIQTHEIRONYISTHATPERSPECTIVEWILLNOTGETKIDSINTOCOLLEGE,NORDOESITHELPTHEMTHRIVETHEREACADEMIAREWARDSDEPTHEXPERTISEISBREDBYEXPERTSWHOWORKWITHTHEIROWNKINDDEPARTMENTSANDLABSFOCUSONFIELDSANDSUBFIELDS,NOWANDTHENADDING
14、ORSUBTRACTINGADOMAINGRADUATEDEGREES,NOTTOMENTION3TENURE,DEPENDUPONTUNNELINGINTOTRUTHSANDILLUMINATINGIDEASINNARROWAREASTHEANTIDOTETOSUCHCANALIZATIONANDCOMPARTMENTALIZATIONISBEINGINTERDISCIPLINARY,ATERMTHATISATONCEUTTERLYBANALAND,INADVANCEDSTUDIES,DESCRIBESANALMOSTIMPOSSIBLEGOALINTERDISCIPLINARYLABSAN
15、DPROJECTSEMERGEDINTHE1960STOADDRESSBIGPROBLEMSSPANNINGTHEFRONTIERSOFTHEPHYSICALANDSOCIALSCIENCES,ENGINEERING,ANDTHEARTSTHEIDEAWASTOUNITECOMPLEMENTARYBODIESOFKNOWLEDGETOADDRESSISSUESTHATTRANSCENDEDANYONESKILLSETFINEONLYRECENTLY,HOWEVER,HAVEPEOPLEREALIZEDTHATINTERDISCIPLINARYAPPROACHESCANBRINGENORMOUS
16、VALUETOSOMEVERYSMALLPROBLEMSANDTHATINTERDISCIPLINARYENVIRONMENTSALSOSTIMULATECREATIVITYINMAXIMIZINGTHEDIFFERENCESINBACKGROUNDS,CULTURES,AGES,ANDTHELIKE,WEINCREASETHELIKELIHOODTHATTHERESULTSWILLNOTBEWHATWEHADIMAGINEDTWOADDITIONALINGREDIENTSARENEEDEDTOCULTIVATENEWIDEASBOTHHAVETODOWITHMAXIMIZINGSERENDI
17、PITYFIRST,WENEEDTOENCOURAGERISKTHISISPARTICULARLYHARDINMIDCAREERANDOFTENFLIESINTHEFACEOFPEERREVIEWANDTHEMECHANISMSFORCORPORATEADVANCEMENTTHISISSIMPLYBECAUSERISK,ONITSOWN,CANLOOKPRETTYSTUPIDPEOPLEWHOLOOKAROUNDCORNERSAREEXPOSEDTOFAILUREANDRIDICULE,ANDTHUSTHEYMUSTFINDBUOYANCY,ORSUPPORT,WITHINTHEIROWNEN
18、VIRONMENTIFTHEYDONT,COUNTERINTUITIVEIDEASWILLREMAINSOTHESECONDINGREDIENTISENCOURAGEMENTFOROPENNESSANDIDEASHARINGANOTHERBANALITYNEARLYIMPOSSIBLETOACHIEVEATTHEDIGITALBUBBLESPEAK,BEINGOPENABOUTIDEASWASPARTICULARLYHARDFORCOMPUTERSCIENTISTSBECAUSEPEOPLESAWRICHESCOMINGFROMNOTSHARINGTHEIRIDEASSTUDENTSWOULD
19、WITHHOLDIDEASUNTILAFTERGRADUATIONASONEPERSONHELDHISORHERCARDSCLOSE,ANOTHERFOLLOWED,ANDASARESULT,MANYRESEARCHLABSDECLINEDINVALUEANDEFFECTIVENESSINTHISREGARD,THANKGODTHEBUBBLEHASBURSTNOTSOMANYYEARSAGO,BELLLABSCONDUCTEDSOMUCHRESEARCHITCOULDEASILYHOUSESOMEVERYHIGHRISKPROGRAMS,INCLUDINGTHESOCALLEDBLUESKY
20、THINKINGTHATLEDTOINFORMATIONTHEORYANDTHEDISCOVERYOFTHECOSMICMICROWAVEBACKGROUNDRADIATIONBUTTHEWORLDBENEFITED,ANDSOMETIMESATTDIDTOONOW,BELLLABSISASHADOWOFITSFORMERSELF,SUBDIVIDEDSEVERALTIMESTHROUGHATTS1984DIVESTITUREANDSUBSEQUENTSPLITINTOLUCENT,NCR,ANDTHEPARENTFIRMMOREOVER,ITISNOTALONEASTHEECONOMYSAG
21、SANDCOMPANIESTRIMTHEIREXPENSES,SOMEOFTHEFIRSTCUTSAREINHIGHRISKOROPENENDEDRESEARCHPROGRAMSEVENIFTHERESEARCHBUDGETDOESNOTDROP,THENATUREOFPROJECTSISPRONETOBEMORE4DEVELOPMENTALTHANREALLYINNOVATIVEIFTHETRENDCONTINUES,EVENTUALLYWEWILLSUFFERADEFICITOFNEWIDEASALREADY,FEWERANDFEWERBIGCORPORATIONSAREFOCUSINGO
22、NNEWIDEASANDTHEFORMATIONOFSTARTUPSHASCOMEALMOSTTOASTANDSTILLMORETHANEVERBEFORE,INTHENEW“NEWECONOMY,”RESEARCHANDINNOVATIONWILLNEEDTOBEHOUSEDINTHOSEPLACESWHERETHEREAREPARALLELAGENDASANDMULTIPLEMEANSOFSUPPORTUNIVERSITIES,SUITABLYREINVENTEDTOBEINTERDISCIPLINARY,CANFITTHISPROFILEBECAUSETHEIROTHER“PRODUCT
23、LINE,”BESIDESRESEARCH,ISPEOPLEWHENRESEARCHANDLEARNINGARECOMBINED,FARGREATERRISKSCANBETAKENANDTHEGENERATIONOFIDEASCANBELESSEFFICIENTRIGHTNOW,ONLYAHANDFULOFUSUNIVERSITIESCONSTITUTESUCH“RESEARCHUNIVERSITIES”MOREWILLHAVETOBECOMESOUNIVERSITIESWORLDWIDEWILLHAVETOFOLLOWINDUSTRYCANOUTSOURCEBASICRESEARCH,JUS
24、TASITDOESMANYOTHEROPERATIONSTHATMEANSINNOVATIONHASTOBECOMEAPRECOMPETITIVEPHENOMENONOMETHINGJAPANUNDERSTOODINTHEEARLY1980S,WHENITSMINISTRYOFINTERNATIONALTRADEANDINDUSTRYNOWTHEMINISTRYOFECONOMY,TRADE,ANDINDUSTRYFUNDEDJAPANESECOMPANIESCOLLABORATIONONROBOTICS,ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE,ANDSEMICONDUCTORMANUF
25、ACTURINGWHILETHISAPPROACHDOESNOTALWAYSWORK,ITCANBEFARMOREEFFECTIVETHANMOSTCOMPANIESASSUMECOSTSARESHARED,DIFFERENTVIEWPOINTSARENOURISHED,ANDINNOVATIONSTANDSACHANCEFORSURVIVALINEVENTHEWORSTECONOMICTIMESTHEABILITYTOMAKEBIGLEAPSOFTHOUGHTISACOMMONDENOMINATORAMONGTHEORIGINATORSOFBREAKTHROUGHIDEASUSUALLYTH
26、ISABILITYRESIDESINPEOPLEWITHVERYWIDEBACKGROUNDS,MULTIDISCIPLINARYMINDS,ANDABROADSPECTRUMOFEXPERIENCESFAMILYINFLUENCES,ROLEMODELS,TRAVEL,ANDLIVINGINDIVERSESETTINGSAREOBVIOUSCONTRIBUTORS,ASAREEDUCATIONALSYSTEMSANDTHEWAYCULTURESVALUEYOUTHANDPERSPECTIVEASASOCIETY,WECANSHAPESOMEOFTHESESOMEWECANTAKEYTOENS
27、URINGASTREAMOFBIGIDEASISACCEPTINGTHESEMESSYTRUTHSABOUTTHEORIGINOFIDEASANDCONTINUINGTOREWARDINNOVATIONANDCELEBRATEEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIESTENFOLLOW5译文创造一种有思想的文化资料来源TECHNOLOGYREVIEW,FEB2003,VOL106ISSUE1,P34,2P,1COLORPHOTOGRAPH作者尼古拉斯尼葛洛庞帝是什么鼓舞了那些招致新技术的思想的产生美国麻省理工学院媒体实验室的创始人认为举行一些不常规的答辩和倾听年轻一代的想法是一个好的开始。创新是
28、低效的。很多时候，这是没有纪律的，逆向，破旧立新的；并且它自身滋养混乱与矛盾。总之，在几乎所有家长所期待的子女们，大部分首席执行官所需要的公司和国家元首所希望的国家面前，创新成为了一些新型的领域。同时创新的人们变成了讨厌鬼。然而没有创新，我们注定一直无聊，甚至单一到退化。那么是什么致使创新产生，并且那些新思想又是从哪里来的呢基本的答案就是提供一套好的教育系统，鼓励不同观点和促成合作可能不是很惊奇的了。此外，在美国，已经能够很好的达到了这些标准。但是，为了确保一个新思想的永恒来源，一些事情（其中高等教育的本质）必须做出适当的改变。一套好的创新系统的基本之一是多样性。在某些方面，文化越强大（国家化
29、的，制度化的，世代的，或是其他的），越有可能是携带创新思维。内心深处的普遍信仰，广泛的规范、行为和性能标准是新想法的敌人。任何一个自夸是协调、均匀的社会状态是不可能催化特质的思维。创新的抑制不需要很明显的。它就像是一件很简单的事情，比如人们很有默契的散步，安于现状。相比之下，在用不同的观点看每个问题的人们面前，一个非常有特质的文化会繁殖创新。美国,所谓的大熔炉,被很多人视为没有文化（既不是大写字母C，也是小写字母C）。在工业化国家学生的排名，美国高中学生，充其量，在阅读，数学和科学方面刚刚平均通过。然而不幸的是，这个国家无可匹敌的持枪犯罪大部分在年轻人中间发生。然而，回顾过去一个世纪以来，美国
30、已经占大约有三分之一的诺贝尔奖，并且已经创造出一种从工厂的自动化到集成电路的无与伦比的创新流露和基因拼接是世界性经济增长的支柱。我知道有两个原因造成的。其中之一就是我们不会玷污那些已经尝试过的和失败的人们。事实上，许多风险投资者更容易投资在那些已经失败在一个更早启动计划的人身上，而不是那些以他或她的第一公司为豪的人身上。真正的失望是人们不能从错误中学到东西。6另一个原因是，我们非常珍惜并乐意倾听我们的年轻人。在许多文化中，年龄携带太多的份量。经验胜过想象，并且尊重过于习惯顺从。在其他的一些文化中，基于年龄的人们有了工作，给他们年轻一代创造久坐不动的生活环境,简直透不过气来。记住这句话“孩子们可
31、以看见,而不是听之任之那么，看经济增长由这样的“儿童”比尔盖茨和迈克尔戴尔创造,仅这两个命名。这是好消息。但当涉及到要培育我们的年轻一代，我们必须做得更好。我特别关心早期教育，因为它会（通常）对创造力具有强烈的负面影响。在比赛中，孩子们学会了明白一些事情，我们太热心地庆祝他们的成功。其实更吸引人的是孩子们做错事。即使“错误”的概念应该有一些的注意。虽然风不是叶子摆动所造成的，正如一些孩子猜想，理论是足够深刻的，不应该失去了控制。事实上，拆卸错误概念是找到新想法的最好方法之一。对于刺激创新文化我们的最大挑战是寻找鼓励多重点的观点的方法。许多工程停顿已经被不都是工程师的人给破坏了。这完全是因为视角
32、比智商更重要。具有讽刺意味的是，视角不带着孩子上大学，它也不能帮助他们茁壮成长。学术界注重深度。专业知识是被那些与同类一起合作的专家延续下去的。部门和实验室专注于领域及分支领域，有时再加入或是减去一个领域。硕士学位，更不用说任期中，依靠挖隧道向真理进军，同时在狭窄的区域里阐释理念。诸如此类的渠化和区划的解毒剂是这样的解毒剂是各学科间的，一个完全老一套的，提前进修的术语，介绍了一个几乎不可能的目标。在20世纪60年代出现的跨学科的实验室和项目，处理了跨越物理和社会科学、工程和艺术边界的大问题。这个想法是为了统一互补的知识群体来处理超出任何一个技能组合的问题好。然而，最近人们意识到跨学科的方法可能
33、在某些非常小的问题上带来巨大的价值，跨学科的环境也能刺激创造力。在背景、文化、年龄等等找出最大限度不同，我们增加其结果将不会被我们所想象的可能性。两个额外的成分是需要培养新思想。两者都需要最大化的手段。首先，我们需要鼓励冒险。这在职业中期是相当困难的，并且经常悍然不顾同行评审和公司的共同提升。这完全是因为风险承认自己看似相当愚蠢。拐角的人暴露于失败和嘲笑，因此他们必须在自己的环境中找到浮力，或是支持。如果他们不这样,违反直觉的想法会继续这样下去。第二个要素是鼓励开放和共享，老生常谈的理念几乎不可能实现。在数字泡泡的峰值，愿意接受一些想法非常困难，因为人们看到给计算机科学家的财富来自没有分享他们的想法。学生们将保留想法直到毕业。随着一个人紧紧握着他（或是她）的卡片，另一个人跟随着，因此，许多研究实验室价值、效益下降。就这一点而言，感谢上帝泡沫已经破裂。
