1、外文翻译原文BEHAVIOURASSESSMENTINPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALSIGNIFICANCEANDTRENDSMATERIALSOURCEABHIGYANJAN1,2010AUTHORNANDAN,SHEFALIDESPITEALLCRITICISMOFTHEPROCESSOFPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALBYVARIOUSRESEARCHERSANDMANAGEMENTPRACTITIONERS,ORGANIZATIONSCONTINUETOUSEITITHASBEENSUGGESTEDTHATUTILIZATIONOFPERFORMANCEMANAGEM
2、ENTSYSTEMSMAKECOMPANIESPERFORMSTRATEGICALLYBETTER,INFINANCIALTERMS,THANTHOSEWHICHINVESTLESSINTHISPROCESSRHEEM1996,GLENNDINNING2002ACCORDINGTODULEWICZ1989,THEREIS“ABASICHUMANTENDENCYTOMAKEJUDGMENTSABOUTTHOSEONEISWORKINGWITH,ASWELLASABOUTONESELF“THEREFOREITISESSENTIALTOHAVEACAREFULLYSTRUCTUREDSYSTEMOF
3、APPRAISALANDANAPPROPRIATEMETHODOFAPPRAISALTOPREVENTARBITRARYANDBIASEDJUDGMENTOFWORKPERFORMANCETHUSPERFORMANCESEEMSTOBEDETERMINEDBYBEHAVIORVARIOUSDEFINITIONSOFPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALALSOINDICATETHATBEHAVIORISONEOFTHEIMPORTANTFACTORS,AMONGSTOTHERS,WHICHISMEASUREDINTHISPROCESSVERMAANDPATTANAYAK,1997WWWPER
4、FORMANCEAPPRAISALCOMMOORHEADANDGRIFFIN,1992ARMSTRONG,1995SIKULA,1976ACCORDINGTOTOWNLEY1993ANDAKELLA2003,PERFORMANCEAPPRAISALSYSTEMSENSURETHATTHEBEHAVIOUROFINDIVIDUALSDOESNOTDEVIATEFROMHIS/HEROWNSELFCONFESSEDIDENTITYSINGH2004MENTIONEDTHATFIRMSCANMONITORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDESIREDEMPLOYEEATTITUDESANDBEHAV
5、IORSTHROUGHTHEUSEOFTHEAPPRAISALMECHANISMSCOMPETENCIESRECENTLY,THERESEEMSTOHAVEBEENALOTOFATTENTIONONEXAMININGCOMPETENCIESOFEMPLOYEESCHENANDNAQUIN2006CONSIDERCOMPETENCYTOREFERTOTHEUNDERLYINGINDIVIDUALWORKRELATEDCHARACTERISTICSEG,SKILLS,KNOWLEDGE,ATTITUDES,BELIEFS,MOTIVES,ANDTRAITSTHATENABLESUCCESSFULJ
6、OBPERFORMANCE,WHERE“SUCCESSFUL“ISUNDERSTOODTOBEINKEEPINGWITHTHEORGANIZATIONSSTRATEGICFUNCTIONSEG,VISION,MISSION,UNIQUENESS,FUTUREORIENTATION,SUCCESS,ORSURVIVALARELEVANTTERM,CORECOMPETENCY,ISUNDERSTOODASSTRATEGIC,FUTUREORIENTED,COLLECTIVEFUNCTIONSINORGANIZATIONALLEVELMOINGEONANDEDMONDSON,1996PRAHALAD
7、ANDHAMEL,1990JOBCOMPETENCYHASBEENSEENAS“ASERIESOFBEHAVIORSORACTIONSTHATMAKEUPAPORTIONOFAJOB“AND“TRAITSMAYUNDERLIECOMPETENCIES“THUS,ACOMPETENCYCANBEUNDERSTOODASTHEABILITYTOTACKLECOMPLEXSITUATIONS,USINGKNOWLEDGEANDSKILLSANDMOBILISINGPSYCHOSOCIALRESOURCESINCLUDINGATTITUDESINAPARTICULARCONTEXTFOREXAMPLE
8、,THEABILITYTOCOMMUNICATEEFFECTIVELYISACOMPETENCYTHATMAYDRAWONANINDIVIDUALSKNOWLEDGEOFLANGUAGE,PRACTICALWORKSKILLSANDATTITUDESTOWARDSTHOSEWITHWHOMHEORSHEISCOMMUNICATINGCOMPETENCYDEVELOPMENTORCOMPETENCYMODELINGREFERSTOTHEPROCESSOFIDENTIFYINGASETOFCOMPETENCIESREPRESENTATIVEOFJOBPROFICIENCYSAUL1989SDISC
9、USSEDTHEBENEFITSOFINCLUDINGANASSESSMENTOFJOBCOMPETENCIESINANORGANISATIONSPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALPROCESSANDBELIEVESTHATNOTONLYDOCOMPETENCIESIPROVIDEBEHAVIOURALLYBASEDANDTHEREFOREMOREOBJECTIVEFOUNDATIONFORAVARIETYOFPERSONNELPRACTICES,BUTTHEYCANALSOSIGNALANDREINFORCECHANGESININDIVIDUALBEHAVIOURASPARTOFBRO
10、ADERCHANGESINCORPORATECULTUREEMPLOYEESNEEDAWIDERANGEOFCOMPETENCIESFOREFFECTIVEJOBPERFORMANCEPERFORMANCEANDTALENTMANAGEMENTTRENDSURVEY2007CONDUCTEDBYTHEBUSINESSPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENTFORUMANDSUCCESSFACTORSANDHUMANCAPITALINSTITUTEFOUNDTHATHRPROFESSIONALSBELIEVETHATCERTAINKEYCOMPETENCIESAREESSENTIALFORMA
11、NAGERSFIG1DEPICTSTHEMOSTVALUEDCOMPETENCIESITCLEARLYSHOWSTHATTHETOPTHREEMOSTVALUEDCOMPETENCIESAREMANAGEMENTLEADERSHIP622PERCENT,TECHNICALKNOWLEDGE448PERCENTANDPEOPLESKILLS432PERCENTITCANBECONCLUDEDFROMTHEABOVEDISCUSSIONTHATBEHAVIORSFORMTHEBASISFORPERFORMANCEANDCOMPETENCIESTHEREFOREASSESSMENTOFJOBRELA
12、TEDBEHAVIOURS/COMPETENCIESMAYBECONSIDEREDASANESSENTIALCOMPONENTOFAPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALSYSTEMIMPORTANCEOFASSESSINGBEHAVIOURSRECENTPERFORMANCECLASSIFICATIONSDONOTCONSIDERJOBPERFORMANCESAMEASTECHNICALTASKPERFORMANCEBORMANANDMOTOWIDLO1993ANDBORMANANDMOTOWIDLO1997SUGGESTEDATWOCOMPONENTPERFORMANCEMODELREL
13、EVANTFORALLJOBSAJOBSPECIFICTASKPERFORMANCETHATMAKESUSEOFTECHNICALSKILLSOFEMPLOYEEANDBCONTEXTUALPERFORMANCE,WHICHINCLUDESBEHAVIORSTHATMAINTAINTHESOCIALANDORGANIZATIONALNETWORKANDTHEPSYCHOLOGICALCLIMATEWHICHEMBEDSTHETECHNICALTASKSTHISSUGGESTSTHATAPPRAISALOFPERFORMANCEWOULDMEANASSESSMENTOFBOTHTHECOMPON
14、ENTS,NAMELY,TASKPERFORMANCEANDCONTEXTUALPERFORMANCEANDRESEARCHESREVEALTHATTHISCONTEXTUALPERFORMANCEISCONSIDEREDTOBEASIMPORTANTASJOBSPECIFICTASKPERFORMANCEITMAYMAKETHEAPPRAISALPROCESSVERYJUDGMENTALANDSUBJECTIVEWHICHISTHECAUSEOFMUCHDISSATISFACTIONFOREMPLOYEESBEHAVIOURASSESSMENTSEEMSTOBEANESSENTIALCOMP
15、ONENTINTHEPROCESSOFMANAGINGEMPLOYEEPERFORMANCEDUETOTHEFOLLOWINGREASONS1POTENTIALAPPRAISALPOTENTIALASSESSMENTREQUIRESANALYZINGTHECAPABILITIESANDCOMPETENCIESOFANINDIVIDUALTOSHOULDERFUTURERESPONSIBILITIESTHISMAYREQUIREEVALUATINGHIS/HERABILITIESLIKELEADERSHIPQUALITIES,MANAGERIALSTYLEETC,BESIDESTECHNICAL
16、SKILLS2IMPROVEEFFECTIVENESSONJOBEFFECTIVENESSONJOBCANBEIMPROVEDBYIDENTIFYINGTHEFACTORSREQUIREDFOREFFECTIVEPERFORMANCEANDDEVELOPINGEMPLOYEESONTHOSEASPECTSTHROUGHPROPERTRAININGANDDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMQUALITIESLIKECREATIVITY,INTEGRITY,ANDCOOPERATION,ANDSOON,ALSOPLAYMAJORROLESINAPERSONSJOBSUITABILITYANDPRO
17、DUCTIVITYPERSONALITY,RATHERTHANINTELLIGENCE,PREDICTSTHESEQUALITIESHOGAN,ANDPERSONALITYBECOMESVISIBLEINBEHAVIOURS3PROVIDINGFEEDBACKBEHAVIOURMEASURESCANBEUSEFULFORFEEDBACKPURPOSESBECAUSETHEYINDICATEEXACTLYWHATANEMPLOYEESHOULDDODIFFERENTLYITPROVIDESACONCRETEBASEFORPROVIDINGFEEDBACKFOREXAMPLE,ANEMPLOYEE
18、MAYBEVERYSTRAIGHTFORWARDBYNATUREBUTHEISEXPECTEDTOBEPOLITEANDPATIENTINDEALINGWITHCUSTOMERS4PREDICTIONOFJOBPERFORMANCEVARIOUSRESEARCHESHAVESUPPORTEDPERSONALITYPERFORMANCERELATIONSACROSSVARIOUSOCCUPATIONALGROUPSANDCRITERIONMEASURESFOREXAMPLE,CONSCIENTIOUSNESSORDEPENDABILITYISFOUNDTOBEAVALIDPREDICTOROFO
19、VERALLJOBPERFORMANCEEG,BARRICKANDMOUNT,1991MOUNTANDBARRICK,1995SALGADO,1997ANOTHERSTUDYINDICATEDTHATPERSONALITYTRAITSTHATRELATETOINTERPERSONALORIENTATIONBETTERPREDICTINTERPERSONALVERSUSPERSONALCONTEXTUALBEHAVIORS,WHEREASATRAITASSOCIATEDWITHPERSONALVIRTUESPREDICTSTHEPERSONALBUTNOTTHEINTERPERSONALDOMA
20、INTHESERESULTSEXTENDPREVIOUSRESEARCHFINDINGSTHATPERSONALITYVARIABLESAREVALIDPREDICTORSOFTHECONTEXTUALDOMAINOFJOBPERFORMANCEKWONGANDCHEUNG,2003SAUL1989BELIEVESTHATCOMPETENCIESNOTONLYPROVIDEBEHAVIOURALLYBASEDANDTHEREFOREMOREOBJECTIVEFOUNDATIONFORAVARIETYOFPERSONNELPRACTICES,BUTTHEYCANALSOSIGNALANDREIN
21、FORCECHANGESININDIVIDUALBEHAVIOURASPARTOFBROADERCHANGESINCORPORATECULTUREAWELLCONSTRUCTEDCOMPETENCYMODELINCLUDESNOTONLYBEHAVIORSTHATAREINDICATORSOFEFFECTIVENESSONTHEJOBBUTALSOTHOSEREQUIREDTOSUPPORTTHEORGANIZATIONSSTRATEGICDIRECTION,ASWELLASDEVELOPANDMAINTAINTHECULTURENEEDEDTOACHIEVEBUSINESSRESULTSLU
22、CIAANDLEPSINGER,1999RESEARCHESANDSURVEYSHAVESHOWNTHATTODAYORGANIZATIONSARENOTJUSTCONCERNEDABOUTQUALITATIVEASPECTSOFEMPLOYEEEFFECTIVENESSANDJOBPERFORMANCE,ALOTOFIMPORTANCEISBEINGATTACHEDTOQUANTITATIVEASPECTSALSORESULTBASEDAPPROACHESOFAPPRAISALLIKEMANAGEMENTBYOBJECTIVESMBOAREBECOMINGPOPULARTHECHOICEOF
23、METHODFORASSESSINGPERFORMANCEISASIMPORTANTASTHECHOICEOFCRITERIARESEARCHSTUDIESHAVEEMPHASISEDTHATORGANISATIONSTODAYDONOTHAVEACHOICEOFWHETHERORNOTTOEXAMINETHEIRPRESENTPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALRESEARCHFINDINGSOFMORAVAC1981INDICATETHATTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALASAMECHANISMFOREVALUATINGPERFORMANCE
24、OFANINDIVIDUALANDUSINGITASAMEANSFOREMPLOYEEGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTWITHAVIEWTOIMPROVINGPRODUCTIVITYDEPENDSUPONTHEEFFECTIVEEMPLOYEEASSESSMENTMETHODBOLAR1968REPORTEDQUALITATIVETRAITSANDACTUALQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVEPERFORMANCEASTWOCRITERIAOFAPPRAISALBERNARDINANDKLATT1985NOTEDTHATSMALLFIRMSTENDEDTORELYHE
25、AVILYONTRAITBASEDAPPROACHES,WHILELARGERFIRMSRELIEDONACOMBINATIONOFTRAIT,BEHAVIORAL,ANDRESULTSBASEDTECHNIQUESPRIVATECOMPANIESTENDTOMEASUREBOTHTANGIBLEANDINTANGIBLEFIELDSOFACTIVITYTHEMAININDICATORSUSUALLYARELEVELOFCUSTOMERSATISFACTION,LEVELOFEFFICIENCY,QUALITYANDQUANTITYSUCHASCOMPLETIONCHARACTERISTICS
26、NANDAN2008FOUNDTHATCOMPETENCYASSESSMENTINPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALISDONES“XINMOSTOFTHEPRIVATESECTORORGANIZATIONSININDIAAPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENTPRACTICESSURVEYREPORTSHOWEDTHATTHIRTYEIGHTPERCENTOFTHESAMPLEORGANIZATIONSFREQUENTLYIUSECOMPETENCIESINTHEIRPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSTHEYESTABLISHJOBCOMPETENCIESAN
27、D/ORCORECOMPETENCIESTOCLARIFYWHATISEXPECTEDOFEMPLOYEESANDTOLINKDIFFERENTSYSTEMSANAUSTRALIANSTUDYFOUNDTHAT,34PERCENTORGANIZATIONSDONOTUSECOMPETENCIESINTHEIRAPPRAISALS,46PERCENTUSEFORMALORINFORMALBEHAVIOURALLYBASEDMEASURESAND20PERCENTEMPLOYBEHAVIOURALLYANCHOREDRATINGSCOMPTON,2005THUS,ITMAYBECONCLUDEDT
28、HATTHATBEHAVIOURBASEDAPPRAISALAPPROACHHASBEENINPRACTICESINCELONGDESPITEVARIOUSDRAWBACKSINVOLVEDINQUALITATIVEASSESSMENTOFBEHAVIOURS,ORGANIZATIONSHAVECONTINUEDWITHTHEPRACTICEANDHAVEALSOINCORPORATEDMODERNTECHNOLOGIESINTHEPROCESSOFPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALTHEPROCESSOFPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALISAVERYOLDANDHASBEENA
29、LWAYSUNDERSCRUTINYOFRESEARCHERSANDPRACTITIONERSDESPITEALLCRITICISM,MOSTOFTHEORGANIZATIONSCONTINUEUSINGITQUALITATIVEBEHAVIOURASSESSMENTHASBEENANINTEGRALPARTOFAPPRAISALSYSTEMSOFMANYORGANIZATIONSANDHASBEENASOURCEOFDISSATISFACTIONFOREMPLOYEESASREVEALEDBYVARIOUSSTUDIESTHOUGHASSESSINGBEHAVIOURSISASUBJECTI
30、VEPROCESSBUTITISIMPORTANTFORTHEPURPOSEOFDEVELOPMENTOFEMPLOYEESANDALSOFORTHEIREFFECTIVEJOBPERFORMANCEITISIMPORTANTASITFULFILLSVARIOUSOBJECTIVESOFTHEPROCESSOFPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALASDISCUSSEDABOVEBEHAVIOURBASEDAPPROACHESHAVEMANYPROBLEMSBUTITISINTHISAREATHATBLINDCHOICEMETHODHASACONTRIBUTIONINTHEFIELDOFHU
31、MANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTITPROPOSESAMETHODOFAPPRAISALWHICHTENDSTOOVERCOMESEVERALINTENTIONALANDUNINTENTIONALERRORSITISEXPECTEDTHATTHISMETHODWOULDBEABLETOREDUCEEMPLOYEEDISSATISFACTIONREGARDINGTHEPROCESSBLINDCHOICEMETHODISACONCEPTUALMETHODITREQUIRESTOBETESTEDINREALWORKSETTINGSAUTHORISFURTHERCARRYINGONTHERE
32、SEARCHTOTESTTHEMETHODITSELFANDTHEPROPOSEDDISADVANTAGESANDADVANTAGES译文行为评估在绩效考核过程中的意义和趋势资料来源ABHIGYAN,JAN1,2010作者NANDAN,SHEFALI尽管绩效评价的过程考核被各种研究人员和管理人员批评,但也有组织继续使用它。这也说明了,和那些在绩效过程中投入较少的人相比,利用绩效管理体系的人使公司在战略和金融方面表现的更好RHEEM1996,GLENNDINNING2002。DULEWICZ(1989)说,“一个人比较容易对自己和那些正在从事的工作作出评价。”因此,必须精心设计一个的考核体系和适
33、当的考核方法来防止工作绩效中的任意评价和偏见。因此,绩效似乎是由行为决定的。绩效考核的各种定义还表明,在考察这一过程中这种行为是重要因素之一。据TOWNLEY1993和AKELLA(2003),绩效评估体系能确保个人的行为不偏离他/她自己的自我意识。辛格(2004)提到,公司可以通过监测考核机制的实施情况来了解的员工的态度和行为的发展。能力最近,人们似乎一直在关注员工职业能力的考核。CHEN和NAQUIN2006认为能力是指个人所具备的与工作有关的可以导致成功的基本特性(例如,技能,知识,态度,信念,动机和特点),其中对“成功”的理解是必须与组织的战略职能相一致的特性(例如,抱负,使命,独特性
34、,面向未来,成功或生存)。一个相关的术语,核心竞争力,被理解为在组织层面所具有的集合了战略,未来导向的能力。MOINGEONANDEDMONDSON,1996PRAHALADANDHAMEL,1990工作能力一直被视为“组成一项工作的一系列的行为或行动。”因此,能力可以被理解为在特定情况下,运用知识和技能,调动心理和社会资源(包括态度)来解决复杂问题的能力。例如,有效的沟通能力是一种可以利用个人的语言知识,实际的工作技能和态度的与他人沟通的能力。企业管理人员素质开发或胜任力模型是指确定一个代表集体工作能力的过程。SAULS(1989)讨论了工作能力在组织的绩效考核过程评估的好处,并认为一方面,
35、依据不同的人员的实践(相对更客观)可以为企业提供基础行为能力;另一方面,也可以树立和加强个人行为作为改变企业文化的一部分。员工需要许多各种不同的的工作绩效的能力。绩效和人才管理趋势2007年调查(由企业绩效管理论坛及成功要素与人力资本研究所进行)发现,人力资源专业人士认为,某些关键的能力是管理人员必不可少的。图1描绘了最有价值的能力。它清楚地表明,最看重的三大竞争力是管理领导(百分之622),技术知识(百分之448)和人际交往能力(百分之432)。从上述讨论中可以得出结论行为构成了绩效和能力的基础。因此,(与工作相关)行为或能力的考核可作为一被认为是绩效考核体系的重要组成部分。行为评估的重要性
36、近代的绩效分类不认为工作绩效就是技术性地完成工作。BORMAN,MOTOWIDLO(1993)和BORMAN和MOTOWIDLO(1997)提出了适用所有工作的绩效模型的两个要素(一)工作的具体任务绩效,仅使用员工的技能(二)关系绩效,其中包括技术技能的运用行为,维护社会,组织网络,心理气氛,嵌入技术的任务。这表明,绩效考核,就是将两个部分组成,即任务绩效和关系绩效。研究表明,该关系绩效被认为是和具体的任务绩效同样重要的。这可能使评估过程趋于主观,这也是引起员工大为不满的原因。行为评估似乎成为管理人员绩效评价的重要组成部分,取决于下列原因(1)潜力评价潜力评价需要分析以承担未来的责任的才能和个
37、人能力。这可能需要评估他或她的能力,如领导能力,管理风格等其他除了技术技能的能力。(2)提高工作效率提高工作效率可以通过确定实际的业绩,要么通过适当的培训和发展计划培养这些方面员工。素质例如创意,诚信,合作等等,在一个人的工作适应性和生产能力上扮演主要的角色。人格,而不是智慧,通过行为很容易预测这些素质(霍根)和个性。(3)提供反馈行为的措施用于反馈目的是非常有用的,因为它们表明正是员工应该有的不同。它提供了一个具体的反馈意见。例如,员工可能会处于本能很直接的与客户打交道,但他也要有礼貌并且耐心的交流。(4)预测工作绩效各项研究支持“个性绩效”关系在不同的职业团体和标准的措施。例如,责任感或可
38、靠性被发现是一个有效的整体工作绩效。另一项研究表明,个性特点,涉及到人际的方向更好地预测人际情境个人环境行为,而这一特点与个人美德预测有关,但没有人际领域。这些结果延长以前的研究发现,性格变量是有效的预测关系领域的工作表现。SAUL(1989)认为,能力不仅提供行为(及因此更客观)为基础的各种人员的做法,但他们也可以在树立模范和加强个人行为的变化作为改变企业文化的一部分。构建一个良好的胜任力模型不仅包括提高工作效率指标的行为,为实现经营结果,还需要人来支持该组织的战略方向,以及开发和维护企业文化LUCIAANDLEPSINGER,1999。研究和调查表明,今天的组织不只是对员工工作效率和工作执
39、行情况的定性,非常重要的是也正在转化为定量分析。成绩是基于目标(目标管理)管理评价的方式越来越受欢迎。选择评估业绩的方法是重要的选择标准。研究强调,当今企业没有权利选择是否要检查他们目前的绩效评估。对MORAVAC研究结果(1981年)表明,绩效考核作为评价一个人的表现,以此作为对员工的成长和提高生产力,以发展的手段机制的成效后,有效的员工评估方法而定。BOLAR(1968)报告质量性状和实际的定性和定量两个考核标准的性能。BERNARDIN和KLATT(1985)指出,小企业往往依靠特征为基础的做法较严重,而大企业依靠的是一个特质,行为相结合,结果为基础的技术。私人公司倾向于衡量有形、无形的
40、领域的活动。通常主要指标是客户满意度,效率,质量和数量(如完成)特性的水平层次。NANDAN(2008)发现,在绩效评估能力的评估做S“型的占印度的私营部门组织的大多数。绩效管理实践的调查报告表明,百分之三十八的组织经常在用自己的绩效管理系统的能力。他们建立工作能力和/或核心能力,以澄清雇员的期望是什么,联结不同的系统。澳大利亚一项研究发现,34的组织不使用他们的评价能力,46使用正式或非正式的基础措施行为,20聘请行为锚定评价法(COMPTON,2005)。因此,可以得出结论,这一行为为基础的评价方法已在实践中自长。尽管涉及的行为定性评估的种种弊端,但组织任继续实践,并也纳入了绩效考核过程的
41、现代技术。在绩效考核过程是一个很旧,一直以来是受研究员和实践者的监督。尽管所有的批评,但大多数组织任继续使用他。行为评估的定性,一直是许多组织评估制度的组成部分,一直是作为各种显示员工不满来源的研究。虽然评估行为,是一种主观的过程,但重要的是员工发展的目的和其有效的工作表现。这是重要的,因为它满足了以上所讨论的绩效考核过程中的各种目标。行为基础的方法有很多问题,但它在这方面的,盲目的选择方法也是在人力资源管理领域的贡献。它提出了评价方法,往往会克服一些有意和无意的错误。预计,这种方法将能减少员工的不满情绪。盲目选择的方法是一个概念的方法它需要在实际工作环境中试行。作者还进行着研究,以测试该方法本身和建议缺点和优点。