1、ISO14000 环境管理体系认证ISO14000 Environmental Management System CertificationISO14001 加入时间： 2007-7-28 16:38:45 点击：1195ISO14001 Joining time : 2007-7-28 16:38:45 Click: 1195ISO14000 产生的背景 Procreant background of ISO14000 我们知道 ISO9000 是为产品或服务的质量把关，那么 ISO14000 是在什么样的背景下产生的呢？We know that ISO9000 is to control
2、 a product or service quality; Consequently, what background generates the ISO14000? 随着社会、经济的不断发展，人口的不断增加，越来越多的环境问题摆在了我们面前：温室效应加剧、酸雨不断蔓延、臭氧空洞的出现、水体不断遭到严重污染、土地大量荒漠化、草原退化、森林锐减、许多珍稀野生动植物濒临灭绝这一系列的环境问题中，可以说有大部分是由于人为对自然的破坏造成的。这些问题已经危及到了我们人类社会的健康生存和可持续发展，面对如此严重的形势，人类开始考虑采取一种行之有效的办法来约束自己的行为，使各种各样的组织重视自己的环境行
3、为和环境形象；并希望以一套比较系统、完善的管理方法来规范人类自身的环境活动，以求达到改善生存环境的目的。 With the social, economic and continuous development and population increase, more and more environmental problems are place before us: Exacerbate the greenhouse effect, the spread of acid rain, the emergence of the ozone hole, water constantly an
4、d seriously polluted, a lot of land desertification, grassland degradation, and loss of forests, many rare and endangered wild animals and plants. In this series of environmental issues, it is said that a majority of the results is due to destruction of nature caused by human. These problems have en
5、dangered the health of human society of our survival and sustainable development .In the face of such a serious situation, humans began to consider adopting an effective way to restrain their behavior in order to make a wide range of organizations focus on their environmental behavior and environmen
6、tal image; and hope to set a more systematic, perfect management methods to regulate their environmental activities in order to achieve the purpose of improving the living environment首先开始酝酿制定这样一套比较系统、完善的管理方法的是 ISO（国际标准化组织）。ISO 是世界上最大的非政府性国际标准化机构，它成立于 1947 年 2 月，主要从事各行业国际标准的制定，从而促进世界范围内各国贸易的友好往来以及文化、
7、科学、技术和经济领域内的合作。ISO 自成立以来，已经制定并颁发了许多国际标准，其下设若干个技术委员会，其中第 176 技术委员会（TC176）在 1987 年成功地制定和颁布了 ISO9000 质量管理体系系列标准，对改善企业的质量管理模式起到了很大的作用，在世界范围内引起了很大的凡响。 Above all, beginning to develop a more systematic, perfect management methods is the ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO is the worl
8、ds largest non-governmental International Organization for Standardization. Founded in February 1947, it is mainly engaged in the formulation of international standards for various industries, thereby contributing to friend exchanges of the countries world trade as well as cultural, scientific, tech
9、nical and economic cooperation in the field of world. Since ISO come into existence, it has been developed and presented a number of international standards, which consists of a number of technical committees, including the 176 Technical Committee (TC176) in 1987 successfully developing and promulga
10、ting a series of ISO9000 quality management system standards,. Therefore, it has played a significant role in improving the business quality management model, which caused a great signification in the world. 进入 90 年代以后，环境问题变得越来越严峻，ISO 对此作了非常积极的反应。1993 年 6 月，ISO 成立了第 207 技术委员会（TC207），专门负责环境管理工作，主要工作目
11、的就是要支持环境保护工作，改善并维持生态环境的质量，减少人类各项活动所造成的环境污染，使之与社会经济发展达到平衡，促进经济的持续发展。其职责是在理解和制定管理工具和体系方面的国际标准和服务上为全球提供一个先导，主要工作范围就是环境管理体系（EMS）的标准化。为此，ISO 中央秘书处为 TC207 预留了 100 个标准号，标准标号为 ISO14001-14100，统称为ISO14000 系列标准。 After entering the 90 years, environmental problems become more and more severe. ISO have made a ve
12、ry positive response to the matter. In June 1993, ISO established Technical Committee 207(TC207) which is responsible for environmental management. The objective of its job is to support environmental protection, improve and maintain the ecological quality of the environment, reduce environmental po
13、llution caused by human activities in order to balance with social and economic development and promote sustained economic development. Its duties are to provide a global leader under understanding and developing management tools and systems of international standards and services and the main scope
14、 of its work is the Environmental Management System (EMS) standardization. Therefore, ISO Central Secretariat set aside for the TC207 standard to preparatively remain the number of 100 standards. The number of the standard is ISO14001-14100.Its general name is ISO14000 series of standards此后，一个全新的概念：
15、环境管理体系（EMS）产生了。环境管理体系是一个组织的整个管理体系当中的一个组成部分，包括为制定、实施、实现、评审和保持环境方针所需的组织结构、计划活动、职责、惯例、程序、过程和资源。 Since then, a new concept: Environmental Management System (EMS) was generated. Environmental management system is a integral part of the entire management system from organization, including the required or
16、ganizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources of the formulation, implementation, realization, review and maintenance of the environmental policy 环境管理体系这个概念产生以后，经过了 3 年的发展与完善，达到了可以用标准来衡量的程度。于是 ISO 考虑将其标准化，于 1996 年 9 月出台了两个国际标准?ISO14001
17、和 ISO14004 标准，这是环境管理体系标准化发展史上的一个非常重要的里程碑。 After the concept of environmental management system was created, through development and perfection for three years, it can use the standard to achieve the extent of measure. Therefore, ISO would have considered making it be standardization. In September 19
18、96, two international standards were introduced. An ISO14001 and ISO14004 standard was a very important milestone in the standardization of environmental management system development from the history. ISO14000 目前已经颁布了将近 10 个独立的标准。许多观察家乐观地认为，ISO14000 产生的影响要远大于 ISO9000， ISO14000 前景到底如何，全世界人们都在密切关注着它的
19、发展动向。 ISO14000 has issued nearly 10 separate criteria. Many observers optimistically consider that the impact of ISO14000 is larger than that of ISO9000.What will the foreground of ISO14000 be? People around the world are closely watching its development trend.实施 ISO14001 审核与认证的一般程序 The general proc
20、edure of implementing the ISO14001 audit and certification 环境管理体系认证程序大致上分为以下四个阶段： The certification process of environmental Management System would be divided into the following four stages一、受理申请方的申请 一、the application of the received applicant 申请认证的组织首先要提出环境管理体系认证申请。认证机构接到申请方的正式申请书之后，将对申请方的申请文件进行初步
21、的审查，如果符合申请要求，与其签订管理体系审核/注册合同，确定受理其申请。 The organization of certification must firstly apply for certification of the environmental management system. After Certification Authority receives a formal application of the applicant, the application documents of the application side will be preliminarily c
22、onducting a review. If requirements are complied with , the management system audit / registration contract will be underwritten and the admissibility and the application will be determined.二、环境管理体系审核 二、Environmental Management System Audit在整个认证过程中，对申请方的环境管理体系的审核是最关键的环节。认证机构正式受理申请方的申请之后，迅速组成一个审核小组，并
23、任命一个审核组长，审核组中至少有一名具有该审核范围专业项目种类的专业审核人员或技术专家，协助审核组进行审核工作。审核工作大致分为 3 步： Throughout the certification process, the environmental management system audit is the most critical tache to application side. Certification bodies formally accept the application of application side, a review committee will be q
24、uickly form, and an audit team leader will be appointed. Audit team have at least one professional audit staff or technical experts with item kind from the scope of the audit in order to assist the audit team to audit. Audits can be divided into three steps:1.文件审核 对申请方提交的准备文件进行详细的审查，这是实施现场审核基础工作。申请方
25、需要编写好其环境管理体系文件，在审核过程中，若发现申请方的 EMS 手册不符合要求，则由其采取有效纠正措施直至符合要求。认证机构对这些文件进行认真审核之后，如果认为合格，就准备进入现场审核阶段。 1. Document review. The submission of the prepared documents from applicant is meticulously reviewed, which is the basic work-site audit. Applicant need to write a good environmental management system d
26、ocuments about it. In the review process, if it is found that the applicant side does not meet the requirements of the EMS Manual; effective corrective action is taken until it meets the requirements. After certification body carefully review these documents, if it is deemed as qualification, it wil
27、l enter the on-site audit phase2.现场审核 在完成对申请方的文件审查和预审基础上，审核组长要制定一个审核计划，告知申请方并征求申请方的意见，申请方接到审核计划之后，如果对审核计划的某些条款或安排有不同意见，立即通知审核组长或认证机构，并在现场审核前解决好这些问题。解决好这些问题之后，审核组正式实施现场审核，主要目的就是通过对申请方进行现场实地考察，验证 EMS手册、程序文件和作业指导书等一系列文件的实际执行情况，从而来评价该环境管理体系运行的有效性，判别申请方建立的环境管理体系和 ISO14001 标准是否相符合。 2. Audit on-site. The a
28、uditor leader shall formulate an audit plan to inform the applicant and seek the views of the applicant based on the completion of the document review of the application side. After application side receives the audit plan, if he has different views about certain provisions or arrangement of the aud
29、it plan, the senior of auditor or certification body is immediately notified, and these problems are solved before the review on-site. After resolving these problems, audit team formally implement review on-site in order to be on-site inspection to the application side, validate EMS manual, procedur
30、es, operating instructions and other documents and the practical implementation of a series of documents. This result evaluates the effectiveness of the operation differentiates the established environmental management system of application side and evaluates whether ISO14001 standards are consisten
31、t.在实施现场审核过程中，审核小组每天都要进行内部讨论，由审核组长主持，全体审核员参加，对本次审核的结构进行全面的评定，确定现场审核中发现的哪些不符合情况需写成不符合项报告及其严重程度。 In the implementation of review process on-site, the audit team conducts an internal discussion chaired by the audit team leader, attended by all auditors every day. They roundly assess the structure of thi
32、s audit to determine what non-compliances are required to write reports of non-compliances and their severity.3.跟踪审核 申请方按照审核计划与认证机构商定时间纠正发现的不符合项，纠正措施完成之后递交认证机构。认证机构收到材料后，组织原来的审核小组的成员对纠正措施的效果进行跟踪审核。如果审核结果表明被审核方报来的材料详细确实，则可以进入注册阶段的工作。 3. Applicant tracking audit. Application side in accordance with au
33、dit plan and the agreed time of certification body correct the identified non-conformity. After the corrective measures are completed, it is submitted to the certification body. After certification body receive the materials, members of the original audit team from the organization track and audit t
34、he effects of the corrected measures. If the audit results show that the submitted materials of the application side is detailed and real, the registration phase can be carried out.三、报批并颁发证书 三、Approval and issuance of certificate根据注册材料上报清单的要求，审核组长对上报材料进行整理并填写注册推荐上交认证机构进行复审，如果合格，认证机构将发放证书，将该申请方列入获证目录
35、，申请方可以通过各种媒介来宣传，并可以在产品上加贴注册标识。 According to submitted demands of listing from the registered material ,the audit team leader conducts to trim and fill out , register and recommend materials to hand over certification bodies to review for submitted materials . If it is eligible, the certification bod
36、y will issue the certificate and the applicant will be listed in the certified directory. The applicant may propagandize through a variety of media, and can affix the registered mark on the product .四、监督检查及复审、换证 四、Supervision and inspection and review, replacement在证书有效期限内，认证机构对获证企业进行监督检查，以保证该环境管理体系符
37、合ISO14001 标准要求，并能够切实、有效地运行。证书有效期满后，或者企业的认证范围、模式、机构名称等发生重大变化后，该认证机构受理企业的换证申请，以保证企业不断改进和完善其环境管理体系。 In the term of validity of the certificate, the certification bodies conduct supervision and inspection for accredited enterprises to ensure that the environmental management system is in line with ISO14
38、001 standards, and be able to effectively and efficiently run. After the valid term of the certificate expire, or the enterprise certification covers, models, agencies have major changes, the certification body deal with the application of the replacement for certificate in order to ensure that busi
39、nesses continue to improve and refine its environmental management system.如何获得 ISO14001 认证证书？How to obtain ISO14001 certificate ?企业（或其他组织）如果向要获得 ISO14001 证书，首先需要在咨询机构的帮助下，建立起环境管理体系，在这个体系运行 3 个月之后，向第三方认证机构申请认证，认证机构按照公正、合理、规范的原则，对其建立起的环境管理体系进行审核，如果合格，认证机构将发给证书，如果不合格，认证机构将开出不符合项，企业进行纠正，然后企业进行跟踪审核，如果合格就
40、颁发证书。 If enterprise (or other organization) want to obtain ISO14001 certificate, it is important that environmental management system is set up under the help of an advisory body.After this system runs three months, the certification is applied to the third-party certification body. The Certificatio
41、n body in accordance with fair, reasonable, normative principles establishes its environmental management system in order to audit. If it is eligible, the certification body will issue the certificate. If it is not qualified, the certification body will open non-conformity. Enterprises correct it th
42、en companies track and audit. if it is qualified , the certificate is issued.下面介绍一下具体步骤： The following introduce concrete steps首先，向咨询机构作 ISO14001 方面的咨询。 Above all, the counseling of ISO14001 is from the advisory body 我国目前在北京、天津、浙江、山东、辽宁、江苏、福建、上海、四川、陕西、广东、山西等省、市共有 25 家咨询机构。这些咨询机构能够帮助企业了解 ISO14001 标准知
43、识、建立文件化的环境管理体系、运行环境管理体系。 China currently have a total of 25 advisory body in Beijing, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Shandong, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Fujian, Shanghai, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Guangdong and Shanxi provinces, municipalities . These advisory bodies can help enterprises understand knowledge of ISO14001 stand
44、ard, establish documented environmental management system and run environment management system.当体系运行三个月之后向认证机构提出申请，企业申请认证必须具备的条件有两点： When the system runs three months later ,the application is advanced to the certification body, enterprises must possess the conditions for applying for certification
45、, which are two points.遵守国家及地方有关环境保护法规、标准及总量控制标准； To comply with the state and local laws and regulations concerning environmental protection, local standards and local total control standards 已按 ISO14001 标准建立环境管理体系，并至少运行三个月以上。According to ISO14001 standard , environmental management system has been
46、 established and it run at least more than three months.目前，我国共有 12 家环境管理体系认证机构，企业在选择认证机构时可以综合考虑这几家认证机构的认证水平、认证人员的业务能力、认证机构的信誉以及认证费用，然后选择合适的认证机构。选定认证机构以后，按照认证机构的要求提出注册申请，认证机构组织审核员对企业进行环境管理体系审核。 At present, there are in total of 12 environmental management system certification body in china. When comp
47、any selects a certification body, accreditation levels, operational capabilities of certification personnel , the credibility , costs of this several certification bodies are comprehensively considered, and then selects appropriate certification bodies. After selecting certification body, the advanc
48、ed application for registration is in accordance with the requirements of certification body. Auditors of certification organizations conduct to audit the environmental management system of company.环境管理体系审核就是客观地获取审核证据并予以评价，以判断一个组织（或企业）的环境管理体系是否符合环境管理体系审核准则的一个系统化并形成文件的验证过程。环境审核的主要步骤分五步： Audit for env
49、ironmental management system is an objective to obtain audit evidence and give an evaluation to determine whether environmental management system of an organization (or enterprise) is in compliance with systematism of audit criteria from environmental management system to form verification process of documentary. Environmental audit can chiefly divided into five steps :第一步：确定审核目的和审核范围：环境管理体系审核的目的在于对照环境管理体系审核准则中的要求来判断以下几项事项：衡量受审核方环境管理体系运行及符合情况；确定其环境管理体系是否得到了妥善的实施和保持；发现体系中可进一步改善的因素；评价组织内部管理评审是否能够保证环境管理体系的持续有效和适用。 Step one: determine the scope of audit objective
