1、relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)-scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: according to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units “1“) (2) find associat
2、e “volume rate corresponds to“ relationship, Then in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of common units of measur
3、ement and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of re
4、lationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)-line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry prelimin
5、ary knowledge (2)-plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and area combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divide
6、d into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table .和第一讲 金融与货币信用1、金融发展全球化趋势的表现及动因？答：金融全球化是一种趋势，是指因全球范围内金融管制放松和金融业开放加速而使国别资本得以在全球范围内自由流动的趋势；是资金或资本或金融服务在全球范围内迅速、大量和自由流
7、动，最终形成全球统一金融市场、统一货币体系的趋势。金融全球化是金融自由化、金融国际化和金融一体化紧密相关的，金融自由化、金融国际化和金融一体化从不同侧面推动了金融全球化。金融的全球化具体表现为：第一，资本流动全球化。随着投资行为和融资行为的全球化，即投资者和融资者都可以在全球范围内选择最符合自己要求的金融机构和金融工具，资本流动也全球化了。第二，金融机构全球化。金融机构全球化就是指金融机构在国外广设分支机构，形成国际化或全球化的经营。为了应对日益加剧的金融服务业全球竞争，各国大银行和其他金融机构竞相以扩大规模、扩展 业务范围和推进国际化经营作为自己的战略选择。世界一些国家先后不同程度放松了对别
8、国金融机构在本国从事金融业务或设立分支机构的限制,从而促进了各国银行向海外的拓展。金融机构的并购与重组成为金融机构全球化的一个突出特点。第三，金融市场全球化。金融市场是金融活动的载体，金融市场全球化就是金融交易的市场超越时空和地域的限制而趋向于一体。目前全球主要国际金融中心已连成一片，全球各地以及不同类型的金融市场趋于一体，金融市场的依赖性和相关性日益密切。金融市场全球化有两个重要的因素：一是放松或取消对资金流动及金融机构跨地区、跨国经营的限制，即金融自由化；二是金融创新，包括新的金融工具、融资方式与服务方式的创造，新技术的应用，新的金融市场的开拓，新的金融管理或组织形式的推行。特别是信息通讯
9、技术的高度发达和广泛应用，全球金融市场已经开始走向金融网络化，即全球金融信息系统、交易系统、支付系统和清算系统的网络化。金融全球化的动因：一是金融资本的国际间流动，使稀缺资源在国际范围内合理配置，促进世界经济共同增长；二是投资者在国际金融市场上寻找投资机会、合理配置资产结构、分散风险的需要。4、为什么说利率市场化是我国利率管理体制改革的基本方向答：利率化市场是指将中央银行用计划手段确定的受管制的利率变为由金融机构依据自身的资金供求情况，头寸状况、盈利及风险等因素自行调节，自行控制的利率，并使其成为引导资金配臵的基本指标。我国长期管制利率为主的利率体制随着经济发展和改革深入，其高度的计划性和封闭
10、性等弊端日益暴露出来。因此进行利率市场化改革势在必行。利率市场化成为我国利率管理体制改革的基本方向的原因有：一是利率市场化可以协调各生产要素的使用比例，充分发挥我国土地资源和劳动力资源丰富的优势，促进我国社会经济结构的优化调整。二是利率市场化有助于促使稀缺的资金要素按照社会各生产部门收益高relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)-scores and percentage application problem review content overvie
11、w answers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: according to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units “1“) (2) find associate “volume rate corresponds to“ relationship, Then in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering p
12、roblem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of common units of measurement and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their
13、 relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)-line and angle revie
14、w content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (2)-plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and area combination graphic
15、s of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface ar
16、ea and volume 1, size 2, table .和2低向优势产业集聚，从而优化资金要素的配臵。三是利率市场化有助于建立社会投资和消费的市场传导机制，使中央银行可以有效地利用利率变化进行宏观经济调控。四是利率市场化能够促使商业银行根据收益风险状况合理地确定贷款投向。第二讲 金融市场2、为什么说金融市场是金融体系发挥作用的核心机制？答：金融市场具备的经济功能使之成为金融体系发挥作用的核心机制。一是聚集功能，是指金融市场引导众多分散的小额资金汇聚成为可以投入社会再生产的资金集合的功能，从而把资金供求双方连接起来，保证资金从供给方向需求方转移；二是分配功能，是指金融市场通过资金的聚集带
17、动各种生产要素在全社会范围内流动和配置的功能；三是调节功能，金融市场是连接储蓄者与投资者的中介，金融市场的存在与发展，为政府实施间接宏观调控创造了条件；四是反映功能，是指金融市场通过资金供求变化和价格波动反映国民经济运行状况的功能。3、如何进一步发展和完善我国的金融市场？答：（一）加快资本市场发展，提高直接融资比重。提高直接融资比重最终使我国金融结构发生改变的背后还有三个重要因素，首先，我国要面对加入 WTO 后向实行混合经营的外资金融机构学习并与之竞争；其次，居民储蓄行为发生转变而更注重理财使得对金融产品产生更多需求；最后是我国的金融机构改革取得成功，现代银行制度的建立和我国金融企业经营效率
18、的改善客观上刺激了金融产品创新。（二）扩大企业债券发行，优化证券市场结构（三）加快利率市场化步伐（四）完善金融市场法制体系1、提高金融监管能力，有序推进中国金融对外开放2、构建多层次金融市场体系，改进和完善金融市场运行机制3、深化金融机构改革，提高中国金融企业竞争力。第三讲 货币政策1、为什么说货币政策是国家宏观经济政策的主要组成部分？答：货币政策是国家宏观经济政策的主要组成部分，主要因为：一是从性质上说， 货币 政策首先是一种宏观经济政策，着眼于宏观经济总量和结构；二是货币政策是以需求调控为主的政策；三是货币政策是以总量调控为主的政策；四是货币政策是目标长期性和措施短期性相统一的政策；五是货
19、币政策是以间接调控为主的政策。3、存款准备金率、再贴现、公开市场业务如何发挥调节作用的？答：存款准备金率提高时，商业银行吸收的存款中交存中央银行的部分增大，relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)-scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: acc
20、ording to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units “1“) (2) find associate “volume rate corresponds to“ relationship, Then in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amou
21、nt of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of common units of measurement and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of p
22、oly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)-line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, a
23、nd angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (2)-plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and area combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid conte
24、nt category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table .和3用于增加贷款的部分会相应缩小，即货币乘数变小；反之，存款准备金率降
25、低，交存中央银行的部分缩小，用于贷款的部分扩大，即货币乘数变大。再贴现作为一种货币工具，包括两方面内容：一是再贴现率的调整，二是规定贴现票据的资格，前者主要是影响商业银行的准备金及社会的资金需求，后者主要是影响商业银行及全社会的资金投向。公开市场业务是指中央银行为实现金融调控目标而在公开市场上买进或卖出有价证券的市场操作。当市场上资金缺乏时，中央银行通过公开市场业务买进有价证券，等于向市场投放基础货币，增加社会货币供应量，相反，当市场上资金过多时，中央银行可以通过公开市场业务卖出有价证券，减少社会货币供应量。第四讲 金融创新1、金融创新会产生什么效应？答：金融创新产生的正效应：一是扩大了金融机
26、构资金来源渠道，使金融机构获取资金的方式和渠道发生很大的变化；二是提高了金融机构动作效率和经营效益；三是丰富了金融产品；四是促进了金融自由化进程；五是提高了金融业在国民经济运行中的地位与作用。金融创新产生的负效应：一是增加了金融机构的经营风险；二是带来了新金融市场交易问题；三是使金融监管的有效性受到限制；四是对货币政策产生的消极影响；五是对货币供应的影响；六是使金融体系的稳定性下降。2、金融业务创新的主要内容是什么？答：金融业务创新的主要内容：一是负债业务创新，推出新型的负债类工具，如大额可转让定期存单、可转让支付命令账户、自动转账服务、货币市场存款账户、 协定账户 等；二是资产业务创新，主要
27、包括消费信用、住宅贷款、银团贷款、平行贷款、 组合性融资等；三是中间业务创新，主要是信托业务和租赁业务得到充分发展；四是清算系统创新，主要表现为支票系统创新和转账系统创新。信用卡的诞生， 标志着传统的以支票为中心的支付和清算系统发生了质的飞跃。电子转账系统的出现，打破了传统转账方式的时空限制，实现了资金划拨的自动化。第五讲 金融监管2、银行监管的基本内容是什么？答：在当今国际上，关于银行金融机构监管的的内容包括许多方面，其监管形式和方法也多种多样。从目前国际上通行的监管实践来看，归纳起来主要包括以下三个方面，即为保证银行稳健经营的预防性监管；为解决银行困难的应急性监管以及在银行倒闭时为保护存款
28、人利益的保险性监管。一是预防性监管，是监管当局通过采取积极的监管策略，在银行或其他金融机构成立之时，对其设立条件、 组织机构、经营项目、 营业区域、 资本要求和内控系统等进行的监管。relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)-scores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application problem o
29、f key is: according to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units “1“) (2) find associate “volume rate corresponds to“ relationship, Then in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measuremen
30、t of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of common units of measurement and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zh
31、ijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)-line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, an
32、d parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (2)-plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and area combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review o
33、f solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table .和4具体内容包括：注册登记管理、资本充足性管
34、理、清偿能力管理、银行业务活动管理、贷款集中程度管理、外汇业务风险管理、贷款的国家风险管理、管理评价和报表分析。二是保险性监管，是指通过建立存款保险制度而实施的一种监管，具有事先检查和事后监督双重稳定的特性。三是应急性监管，是对发生清偿能力困难的银行机构提供紧急援助，通常采取的措施有：直接贷款、组织大银行紧急求助、由存款保险机构出面提供资金、购买有问题银行的资产和由政府担保发放贷款以及由政府出面援助。四是制裁性监管，是当银行机构发生违法违规或金融犯罪问题时，监管当局实施的制裁性监管。4、国际金融监管的发展方向是什么？答：国际金融监管的发展方向：首先，进一步提高监管标准的国际一致性程度；其次，进
35、 一步加强内部控制的国际合作；第三，进一步加强市场约束的国际合作；第四，进一步实施跨国金融机构的并表监管。第六讲 金融风险1、为什么说金融风险无处不在，无时不有？答：金融风险是指在现实金融金融活动中由于各种不确定性而带给金融主体或金融体系损失的可能性，是金融活动中普遍而客观存在的经济现象。它既是一个微观问题，也是一个宏观问题。微观上的金融机构的挤兑或破产，金融投资的失败或损失，宏观上的货币体系与货币制度的动荡或解体，都是金融风险的生动表现。金融风险的无处不在，无时不有可从以下几方面理解：第一，金融风险是客观必然性。金融风险广泛存在于一切金融活动中，是金融活动的内在属性。无论 是在资本市场，还是
36、货币市场，无论是国内市场，还是在国际市场，金融风险都是无处不在，无时不有的。第二，金融风险是行为人遭受损失的不确定性，一方面金融风险不一定就会造成损失。另一方面金融风险的实质是一种可能性，它既可能造成损失的结果，也可能不发生。第三，金融风险源自经济活动中的不确定性。不确定性越大，金融风险越大；不确定性越小，金融风险越小。不确定性既有外在的，也在内在的。外在不确定性来自于经济体系之外，是经济运行过程中随机性、偶然性的变化或不可预测的趋势，如宏观经济走势等，它所造成的金融风险又称为“ 系统性风险” ；内在不确定性来自于 经济体系之内，这是由于行为人主观决策以及获取信息的不充分等原因造成的，带有明显
37、的个性特征，如企业 的管理能力等，它所产生的风险又称为“ 非系统风险”。经济与金融风险的必须发生，就在于经济与金融活动中的未来不确定性和行为主体对未来认识的不完全性。3、如何从我国实际出发防范和化解金融风险？答：我国现在存在的金融风险主要有以下几方面：1、银行业风险（1）直接融资比例的下降导致金融风险向银行集中。（2）不良贷款反弹压力加大。从贷款投向看，地方政府融资平台、基础设施relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)-scores and percent
38、age application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: according to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units “1“) (2) find associate “volume rate corresponds to“ relationship, Then in-line solution. Category fraction multiplication word pro
39、blem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of common units of measurement and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, weight and rate. (
40、Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and subject: geometry
41、preliminary knowledge (1)-line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (2)-plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric g
42、raphics perimeter and area combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids and cubes relationship between characteristics
43、 of circular cone is slightly solid surface area and volume 1, size 2, table .和5和集团客户贷款增加较多， “贷大、贷长和贷集中 ”问题越发突出，信贷资金损失的可能性增大。（3）贷款与逐步升温的房地产高度关联形成风险。（4）信用卡风险明显增加。（5）管理制度漏洞形成风险。2、证券市场风险（1）上市公司素质不高。上市公司素质是证券市场的基石。（2）机构经营不规范。（3）市场投机严重。3、保险业风险（1）保险机构经营粗放。（2）资产负债匹配程度低。（3）部分保险公司偿付能力下降。4、地下金融风险。5、对我国金融风险的总体
44、判断。金融风险处于较高水平，特别是在金融开放不断扩大的情况下，对金融风险必须予以特别关注。但历史形成的风险大部分已经得到有效处置，金融总体稳定，不会发生金融危机。防范和化解金融风险的基本思路：（一）促进经济持续增长。（二）深化银行体制改革。（三）建立存款保险制度。（四）加大对金融产品创新的监管力度。（五）健全金融风险管理机制。（六）完善金融法制体系。第七讲 外汇1、汇率变动会对经济产生什么影响？答：汇率是联结国内外商品市场和金融市场的一条重要纽带。一方面，汇率的变动受一系列经济因素的制约；另一方面，汇率的变动又会对其他经济因素产生广泛的影响。（一）汇率变动对国际收支的影响（1）对进出口收支的影
45、响：本币贬值扩大出口，改善贸易收支，升值限制出口，恶化贸 易收支。（2）对非贸易收支的影响：在其他条件不变的情况下，一国货币的贬值有助于改善本国国际收支中经常账户（旅游和其他劳务）的收支状况。货币贬值对本国的单方面转移收支可能会产生不利影响，如外国侨民赡家汇款收入会相应减少。（3）对国际资本流动的影响：本币升值资本流出，本币贬值，吸引资本流入。（4）对外汇储备的影响：一国汇率变动其出口额大于进口额时，则其外汇收relationship, established equivalent relationship 14, and subject: application problem (4)-sc
46、ores and percentage application problem review content overview answers scores, and percentage application problem of key is: according to meaning, (1) determine standard volume (units “1“) (2) find associate “volume rate corresponds to“ relationship, Then in-line solution. Category fraction multipl
47、ication word problem score Division applications engineering problem problem XV, a subject: review of the measurement of the amount of capacity, measurement and units of measurement of common units of measurement and their significance in rate 1, currency, length, area, volume, unit size, volume, we
48、ight and rate. (Omitted) 2, commonly used time units and their relationships. (Slightly) with a measurement units Zhijian of of poly 1, and of method 2, and poly method 3, and of method and poly method of relationship measurement distance of method 1, and tool measurement 2, and estimates 16, and su
49、bject: geometry preliminary knowledge (1)-line and angle review content line, and segment, and Ray, and vertical, and parallel, and angle angle of classification (slightly) 17, and subject: geometry preliminary knowledge (2)-plane graphics review content triangle, and edges shaped, and round, and fan axisymmetric graphics perimeter and area combination graphics of area subject : Preliminary knowledge (3)-review of solid content category 1-d shapes are divided into: cylinder and cone 2, column is divided into: cuboid, square 3, cone cone of the features of cuboids
