1、词类转换，自然流畅,词是构成语言的基本单位。词性是词的一大特性，它直接决定词在句中的功能。 由于语言和语言之间的差异词汇用法不同、句子结构不同、语言逻辑不同、表达方式不同等，我们在翻译过程中很难找到汉英两种语言词性完全相通，词义完全一样词汇进行翻译。 于是，为了使译文既不失原意又符合汉语/英语的要求，我们在翻译过程中就不得不采用各种方法，其中之一是词类转换，自然流畅。,例1. Mistakes are an essential part of education. 从错误中吸取教训是教育极为重要的一部分。,例2.In her habits, she was a living personifi
2、cation of order, method, and exactness. 她的生活习惯体现了她的为人：做事井井有条，按部就班，一丝不苟。,例3.Soon the train started to move and the passengers were settled to fruit, periodicals and business letters.很快火车开动了，乘客们安静下来，有的吃水果，有的看期刊，有的则看起商业书信来。,例4He owed his popularity to his simplicity.他之所以人缘好，完全归功于他为人坦率诚恳。例5The mighty Pa
3、cific washes the shores of five continents.太平洋气势磅礴，滚滚波涛拍打着五洲海岸。,例6The ocean was filled with turtles and fish, ready for the net.海洋里鱼鳖成群，张网可得。例7住在楼上的人家得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头那里打水。Families upstairs have to carry pails to the taps downstairs for water.,一、各种词类转换成汉语的动词,1）名词转化为动词 A science must not be a selfish plea
4、sure. Those who have the good fortune to be able to devote themselves to scientific pursuits must be first to place their knowledge at the service of humanity.科学绝不是一种自私的享乐。有幸能够致力于科学研究的人，首先应该拿自己的 学识为人类服务。,Scientist is a person who has deep love in truth, for honesty is the main merit of scientists.科学
5、家是热爱真理的人。因为诚实是科学家主要的美德。There was no joke on his face.他脸上一点也看不出开玩笑的意思。,2）介词转换为动词 Everyone in the room was greatly surprised at what he said.听他一说，房间里的每个人都大吃一惊。 Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯。,The boys nudged each othe
6、r aside for a better view.男孩们你挤我，我挤你，都想占一个能看得更清楚的位置。Along the way I took pleasure in a birds song, a trees sway, and a clouds contortion.一路上，小鸟放声歌唱，树枝迎风摆动，乃至云朵舒展变化，都使我心旷神怡。,3) 形容词、副词转换成动词Cultivation to the mind is as necessary as food for the body. 学习对于头脑如同食物对于身体，不可缺少。 One thorn of experience is wor
7、th a whole wilderness of warning. 一次痛苦的经验抵得上千百次的告诫。,The two bodies are so far apart that the attractive force between them is negligible.这两个物体相距甚远，它们之间的吸引力可以忽略不计。The book will be out soon. 那本书很快就出版了。In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.在这种情况下，炉温就升高。,No Thoroughfare 禁止通行No Admittance Exc
8、ept on Business 闲人免进No Parking 禁止停车No photographing 禁止摄影No passing 禁止超车Under Construction 正在施工For persons over 18 Years of Age 未满18岁禁止入内 No Money Down 免付定金,No Hawkers 不准在此设摊兜售Authorized Cars Only未经许可，车辆不可入内A Drink on the House 本店免费提供饮料Compliments of This Establishment敝店竭诚服务Satisfaction or your money
9、 back 包您满意，不满退款,Full 3 Months Unconditional Service Guaranteed保证免费维修三个月Easy Job. Good Wages. No Experience Necessary.工作容易，报酬优厚，无需经验。Big Bucks the Easy Way!轻轻松松挣大钱！Good to the last drop. 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。（麦斯威尔咖啡）,Benjamin Franklin, an American statesman, writer and scientist, once established 13 principles
10、for himself:To help myself live without fault, I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues. These virtues are: 为了使自己生活不犯错误，特制订出我认为可行的十三条守则，这些守则是：,1)Temperance2) Self-control3) Silence4) Order5) firmness6) Savings7) Industry8) Honesty9) Justice10) Cleanliness11) Calmness12) Morality13) Humblene
11、ss,节制饮食,自我克制,沉默寡言,有条不紊,坚定信念,勤俭节约,工作勤奋,忠诚老实,办事公正,衣履整洁,平心静气,品行高尚,谦虚恭顺,二、各种词类转换成汉语的名词,英语中有些词，如含义较抽象的动词、形容词、副词等，翻译过程中有时候需要转换成汉语的名词。1)把英语中的动词转换成汉语名词In the field of sports you are more or less accepted for what you do rather than what you are. 在体育领域，你或多或少得到承认的原因是你的作为，而不是你的身份。,A teacher affects eternity; h
12、e can never tell where his influence stops.教师的影响是永恒的；无法估计他的影响会有多深远。The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance.设计的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。,2)把英语中的形容词转换成汉语名词The more you study, the more you will find yourself ignorant. 学，然后知不足。在日常翻译中，“the +形容词”表示“的人或事”，常译成名词。They offer
13、ed the beautiful to the dying.他们把一切美的感受给予了濒临死亡的病人。,The new contract would be good for ten years.新的合同有效期为10年。He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。,3)把英语中的副词转换成汉语名词Oxygen is one of the most important elements in the physical world, and it is very active chemically. 氧是物质世界最重要的元素之一 ，其化学性
14、很活泼。The device is shown schematically in fig.2. 这种装置的简图，示于图2中。,4)把英语中的代词转换成汉语名词The unit of weight is the gram, that of length is the meter, and that of capacity is the liter.重量的单位是克，长度的单位是米，容积的单位是升。The great hate failure; they will conquer it and rise above it.伟人们憎恶失败，他们要战胜失败，超越失败。,三.各种词类转换成汉语的副词,1)
15、把英语中的形容词转换成汉语副词Literature flourishes best when it is half a trade and half an art.当文学一半成为贸易一半成为艺术时，就是它最繁荣的时期。There is real constitutional peculiarity in this race.这个种族确实有其体质上的特点。,A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.直升机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方。Only when we study their properties can we make better use of
16、 the materials.只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。,2)把英语中的其他词类转换成汉语副词The three foundations of learning: seeing much, suffering much, and studying much. 求学的三个基本条件：多观察、多磨砺、多研究。 （名词转换副词）People tend to read those books easy and funny to understand. 人们往往会读容易理解、又逗乐的书籍。（动词转换副词）,四、转换成汉语的形容词,1)把英语中的名词转换成汉语形容词A teacher aff
17、ects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.教师的影响是永恒的；无法估计他的影响会有多深远。Reading is a necessity to keep well informed. 阅读对信息灵通是必要的。,2)把英语中的动词转换成汉语形容词I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. 我写作只是为了增加自身的美。 No one can prove to be perfectly prescient. 没人会
18、具有完全的先见之明。,汉译英的词类转换,在汉语的句式中，动词的运用频率大大超过英语。因此，汉译英的词类转换主要是如何将汉语中的动词转换成英语的其他词类。例：如果你能陪我一块儿去，我一定会很高兴。 Of course I shall be glad of your company on the journey. 要使译文符合英语的习惯表达，就需要将汉语中的大量动词转换为名词、形容词、介词、副词、各种非谓语动词等等。,1.将动词转换为名词、形容词、介词、副词等1）徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。Xu Beihongs drawings of horses are exceptionally good.2）林
19、则徐认为，要成功地制止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片焚毁。Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.,3）邓小平在“十一大”上说：“一定要少说空话，多做工作。”Deng Xiaoping said at the 11th Party Congress, “ There must be less empty talk and more hard work.”4) 绝对不许违反这个原则。No violation o
20、f this principle can be tolerated.5) 获悉贵国遭受地震，我们极为关切。We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake.,6）这种人闹什么呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。What are these people after? They are after fame and position and want to be in the limelight.7）他们不顾一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。They kept on fighting i
21、n spite of all difficulties and setbacks.,2.除动词转换之外，汉译英也涉及其他一些词类之间的转换。1）街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。Everything in the street was gradually disappearing into a pall of gray.2) 我们的教育方针，应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展，成为有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者。Our educational policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.,以上只是探讨了英汉翻译中词性转换的基本规律，我们可望从中领悟到词性转换的基本原理。但无论怎样转换都必须忠实于原文，用符合译文习惯和规范的表达方式再现原文内容。,Thank you very much!,
