1、葡 萄 膜 病 DISEASE OF THE UVEA,哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医学院眼科医院EYE HOSPITAL OF THE 1ST CLINICAL MEDICAL COLLEGE, HMU,葡萄膜又称色素膜,其富含色素,血管密集,睫状体产生房水,所以色素膜一旦发生炎症不仅影响眼球的营养供应,而且累及前房、瞳孔、晶体、玻璃体。脉络膜血流丰富而缓慢,常因致病因子的滞留而发病,视网膜外层营养由脉络膜供应,故炎症亦可累及视网膜,使视力减退,甚至失明。色素膜是由虹膜、睫状体和脉络膜三部分组成。在解剖上相互连接,在血液供应上又是同一来源,彼此延续吻合。脉络膜毛细血管层面积广,来自全身血流中的多种
2、有害物质都可以与葡萄膜产生反应发病。而葡萄膜疾患也可影响其它部位。,葡萄膜炎,葡萄膜炎(uveitis)是葡萄膜的炎症,常反复发作,是常见的致盲性眼病之一。其原因复杂,分类的方法很多。主要分类方法:(一)按发病部位分 前葡萄膜(anterior uveitis);后葡萄膜(posterior uveitis)或脉络膜炎(choroiditis);周边葡萄膜炎(peripheral uveitis)或睫状体平坦部炎(pars planitis);全葡萄膜炎(panuveitis)。,(二)按特殊病原体分 结核性葡萄膜炎(tuberculous uveitis); 梅毒性葡萄膜炎(syphilit
3、ic uveitis); 麻风性葡萄膜炎(leprosic uveitis)。,(三)按病程分 急性葡萄膜炎(acute uveitis); 亚急性葡萄膜炎(sub-acute uveitis); 慢性葡萄膜炎(chronic uveitis)。,(四)按渗出物性质分化脓性葡萄膜炎(suppurative uveitis): 渗出性葡萄膜炎(effusion uveitis)(1)浆液性葡萄膜炎(serous anterior uveitis): (2)纤维性葡萄膜炎(filainous uveitis):,(五)按病理分肉芽肿性葡萄膜炎(granulomatous uveitis):以增殖性
4、病变为主,有结节形成。非肉芽肿性葡萄膜炎(non-granulomatous uveitis)。,(六)按病因分感染性葡萄膜炎:病毒、细菌、原虫及蠕虫均可感染葡萄膜而诱发炎症。自身免疫性葡萄膜炎周身疾患并发葡萄膜炎:如风湿病及胶原性血管病,均可能合并葡萄膜炎。肿瘤性葡萄膜炎: 某些眼内肿瘤或周身肿瘤可并发葡萄膜炎。,一虹膜睫状体炎(Iridocyclitis),虹膜炎(iritis)常与虹膜睫状体炎同时发病,约占内因性色素膜炎的一半,又称前葡萄膜炎(anterior uveitis)。绝大多数属内源性,如风湿性疾病(强直性脊柱炎、幼年型类风湿性关节炎)、溃疡性结肠炎、结核病、尿道炎及性传播性疾
5、病等。研究表明,HLA-B27在急性虹膜睫状体炎中的出现率可高达60%(一般人群中通常不超过6%)。,Besides the factors of injury, operation, infection, the cause of almost all iridocyclitis belongs to endogenous. By carefully taking history, some correlated systemic disorders may be found out, for example, rheumatic disease (ankylosing spondyliti
6、s, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis), ulcerative colitis, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, urethrits as well as venereal disease and so on. In recent years, it is discovered that the occurrence rate of HLA-27 in acute iridocyclitis may get as high as 60%.,临床表现(clinical findings),1自觉症状:1)起病急,疼痛,畏光,流泪; 2)视力减退。
7、2体征:睫状充血或混合充血(ciliary injection or mixed injection);房水混浊(aqueous flare);角膜后沉着物(keratic precipitates),简称KP;,虹膜改变:虹膜因充血水肿而色泽变暗、纹理不清。在房角,渗出物可将虹膜与角膜粘着,称虹膜周边前粘连(peripheral anterior synechia of the iris)或虹膜根部于房角处粘连(goniosynechia)。虹膜炎时可出现虹膜结节。结节位于瞳孔缘色素上皮表面半透明者叫Koeppe结节,位于虹膜表面卷缩轮附近者称为Busacca结节。晚期虹膜炎发生萎缩,形成表
8、面机化膜。瞳孔缩小,瞳孔光反射迟钝或消失,3主要并发症:虹膜后粘连;虹膜周边前粘连 或房角粘连;瞳孔闭锁;瞳孔膜闭;虹膜膨隆;继发性青光眼(Secondary glaucoma);并发性白内障(Complicated cataract); 低眼压(Low IOP and atrophy );及眼球萎缩;角膜混浊。,治疗: 1. 及时散大瞳孔(mydriasis) ,防止虹膜后粘连; 2. 类固醇激素可抑制炎症(corticosteroid)、减少渗出; 3.全身应用类固醇激素(systemic treatment ); 4.抗前列腺素药; 5.并发症的治疗。,中间葡萄膜炎(Intermedia
9、te uveitis),中间葡萄膜炎 是累及睫状体平坦部、玻璃体基底部和周边部视网膜的一种炎症性和增殖性疾病。以往所称的“睫状体平坦部炎”、“后部睫状体炎”、“玻璃体炎”、“基底部视网膜脉络膜炎”、“周边渗出性视网膜炎”和“周边葡萄膜炎”等,现统一使用中间葡萄膜炎这一名称。中间葡萄膜炎多见诙30岁以下的年轻人,常累及双眼,可同时或先后发病。多属肉芽肿性炎症。病因不明,由于其炎症部位隐蔽,发病隐匿,常被忽视。其实发病率较高,我国达11%。,脉络膜炎(后色素膜炎),脉络膜炎(choroiditis),又称后葡萄膜炎(posterior uveitis),是指由各种原因引起脉络膜、玻璃体后部及视网膜
10、组织炎性病变的总称。由于脉络膜单独有睫状后短动脉供血,故可单独发病。但因脉络膜与视网膜邻接,后者的外层营养又由脉络膜毛细血管供养,因此,当脉络膜发炎时,容易波及视网膜引起脉络膜视网膜炎,甚至视神经视网膜炎;同样,视网膜炎时也易引起脉络膜炎(视网膜脉络膜炎)。,几种特殊类型的色素膜炎,一 交感性眼炎(sympathetic ophthalmia)被认为是指穿通性外伤眼或眼内手术眼(称诱发眼或刺激眼,exciting eye),在经过一段时间的肉芽肿性(非化脓性)全葡萄膜炎后,另一眼也发生同样性质的全葡萄膜炎(称交感眼,sympathizing eye)。据不同作者认为从眼部受伤或手术到健眼出现炎
11、症的间隔从2周到2年不等(最早可在10天,最晚可在50年后发病),但大多数在2个月以内发病。是一个在病因、发病机理、患病率、临床表现,潜伏期等诸多方面说法多、争议大、无定论的一个病名。,Some specific types of uveitis,Sympathetic ophthalmia It indicates that the eye which got perforating injury or intraocular operation (called exciting eye) undergoes a period of granulomatous panuveitis, the
12、n the panuveitis with the same character takes place in another eye (called sympathizing eye). The interval from ocular injury or operation to appearance of inflammation in healthy eye is from tow weeks to two years (the earliest is in 10 days, the longest is after 50 years). But most have attack wi
13、thin 2 months, the probability of onset over 2 years decreases with the time going.,二Vogt-小柳-原田综合征,Vogt-小柳-原田综合征(Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome)是一种累及全身多器官系统,如眼、耳、皮肤和中枢神经的临床综合征,主要表现为双眼弥漫性渗出性葡萄膜炎,同时伴有头痛、耳鸣、重听、颈强直以及白发、疏发、白癜风等。脑脊液中淋巴细胞增多。由于病变程度、损害的主要部位和症状出现的早晚不同,有的表现为以虹膜睫状体炎为主(Vogt-小柳综合征),有的则表现为以双眼弥漫性渗出性
14、脉络膜炎为主(原田综合征)。,本病好发于3050岁的青壮年,容易发复再发,病程可长达数年。有色人种较白种人多,日本为高发区,占葡萄膜炎门诊病人6.8%9.2%,男女受累比率无显著差别,我国亦为高发区。,三 Behcet病,Behcet病是一种以反复发作的色素膜炎、口腔溃疡、皮肤病变、生殖器溃疡等为特征的综合征。多为双眼发病,好发于2040岁的青壮年,男性多于女性,复发率高,有时伴有骨关节及神经系统损伤。本病在日本、东地中海等地多见。,四.Fuchs异色性虹膜睫状体炎,Fuchs异色性虹膜睫状体炎(Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis)的特点有:病因不明,好发于青年
15、,男多于女,单眼患病,起病隐匿。眼部体征主要为:弥漫性虹膜基质萎缩,虹膜颜色变浅,甚至呈半透明状。细小灰白色KP。不发生虹膜后粘连,也可能有虹膜睫状体炎的其它临床表现。一般没有眼底损害。常见的并发症为并发性白内障和继发性青光眼。,视网膜病(Disease of the retina),视网膜实际上是脑组织的延续,很多神经系统的疾病都有视网膜的改变,如葡萄膜大脑炎,视网膜脊髓炎等。此外,视网膜是由中胚叶来源的血管组织和外胚叶来源的神经组织组成,前者的病变常与全身系统性疾病及血管性疾病有关,后者除与中枢神经系统疾病有关外,,本身也因神经元的不同而病变各异。视细胞的病变以原发的变性性疾病及营养障碍为
16、主,或受邻近组织的病变如脉络膜病变的影响而继发于脉络膜疾病。内颗粒层位于深浅两层毛细血管之间,易受血管病变的影响;第三级神经元则易受中毒和下行性病变的影响。视网膜邻近组织如葡萄膜、巩膜、玻璃体等病变均可影响视网膜,一些先天性疾病、遗传性疾病及退行性疾病也可引起视网膜的病变。,1.视网膜血管病变 不外视网膜动脉、静脉及毛细血管系统的病变,比较常见的有动静脉的栓塞,毛细血管的炎症等。,视网膜中央动脉阻塞(central retinal artery occlusion,CRAO),病因:动脉壁改变及血栓形成; 动脉痉挛; 栓塞;,(1) retinal artery occlusionretina
17、l artery occlusion is not commonly seen in clinic, but with very serious prognosis. If there is not proper management in time, the results is the loss of vision finally. The cause leading to retinal central artery or its branch occlusion often is the debris exfoliated from atherosclerotic plague of
18、the carotid. A few may be embolism by exfoliated thrombus on the vegetaiton of cardiac valves.,Or it is due to narrow blood vessel and spasm, vascular inflammation, pulseless disease, oral administration of contraceptive or caused by fat embolus at long bone fracture. Sometimes operation of retinal
19、detachment or intraorbital operation may cause it. Recently occasionally, the cases are seen due to injection of prednisolone and other medicines into inferior nasal concha or behind the globe that induce retinal artery occlusion.,临床表现:主干栓塞表现为突然失明。分支阻塞则为视野某一区域突然遮挡。有些病人发病前有阵发性黑蒙,但转瞬即过,多次发作后即成永久失明。眼底:
20、视网膜内层因神经纤维层的缺血、水肿而成灰白色,黄斑区呈樱桃红点样。视网膜动脉变细,血液呈节段状流动。分支阻塞,,阻塞区的视网膜的水肿。少有出血改变。FFA可见到视网膜动脉充盈时间延长及无灌注现象。ERG的b波降低或消失,a波超常增大。数周后,视网膜水肿消退,但阻塞区的神经节细胞及神经纤维均已死亡,视网膜萎缩并有色素沉着,血管变细呈白线状。视神经可出现萎缩。,治疗:视网膜对缺氧极为敏感,一旦发生供血中断,应在短时间内尽早抢救以挽回部分视力。(1)急诊处理: 扩张视网膜动脉缓解痉挛;2)后期处理:急诊处理后,视功能有所恢复时,继续口服血管扩张剂。此外,各种支持药如维生素类,ATP,辅酶A均可应用。
21、预后:取决于阻塞部位、程度和时间。,retinal vein occlusion Retinal vein occlusion is a common fundus disease; its causes are extravascular compression, stagnation of venous blood stream as well as impairment of venous vascular inner wall. Extravascular compression is most caused by sclerosis of the central retinal ar
22、tery or its branches within the optic nerve or at the arteriovenous crossing to compress its neighbor veins. So, it is commonly seen in the elder with hypertension and arteriosclerosis. Stagnation of venous blood stream is seen in the cases with insufficient perfusion pressure or increased intraocul
23、ar pressure or high blood viscosity.,So it is often complicated by insufficient blood supply of the carotid, a large quantity of blood loss, lower intraocular pressure, glaucoma,erythrocytosis, diabetes, sickle cell anemia and abnormal albumen in the blood and other diseases. Impairment of vascular
24、inner wall is often caused by trtinal vasculitis, so it is commonly seen in the young and diabetic patients.,视网膜中央静脉栓塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO),较CRAO常见。病因:血管外压迫,静脉血流淤滞,静脉管壁损害。临床表现:有视网膜中央静脉阻塞及分支阻塞两种类型。总干阻塞多位于视乳头筛板区或筛板后区的总干,视网膜静脉粗大、迂曲,血管呈黯红色;视网膜呈现大量的火焰状出血,静脉管壁的渗漏引起视网膜广泛的水肿,视网膜静脉呈断续状埋藏于水肿的视
25、网膜内;严重者可见棉绒斑及视乳头水肿。,分支阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion)较总干阻塞为常见,多见于高血压、动脉硬化的老年人。常为颞上或颞下支栓塞。荧光血管造影对CRVO的诊断、治疗尤其是分型极重要。早期静脉荧光回流缓慢,充盈时间延长,分支阻塞者可显示出阻塞的部位。阻塞区毛细血管明显扩张,造影后期可见毛细血管有明显的荧光渗漏。,Clinicallly, according to the different sites of occlusion, it is divided into central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) a
26、nd branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).,治疗:抗凝纤维蛋白溶解酶:包括尿激酶、链激酶、纤维蛋白溶酶、蛇毒抗栓酶等。其中尿激酶无抗原性,使用前不必作过敏试验,毒性作用较小,故最常用。 抗血小板凝集剂:常用有乙酰水杨酸肠溶片及番生丁。中药治疗:活血化瘀激光治疗:减少毛细血管渗漏,特别是阻止渗漏液进入黄斑部引起囊样水肿。,视网膜静脉周围炎(retinal periphlebitis),多发生于2040岁的男性人群,两眼多在一年内先后发病,又称Eales病,是视网膜血管炎的一种。特征为双眼反复发生的视网膜及玻璃体出血,病因不明。表现为视网膜周边部小静脉出血,血
27、管旁有白鞘,病情反复发展。病程较长者,静脉炎引起广泛的血管闭塞,致视网膜大面积缺血,新生血管形成,引起更多的出血,继而诱发严重的增殖性玻璃体视网膜,治疗:早期使用皮质类固醇控制炎症。视网膜周边部可采用激光封闭病变的血管。玻璃体出血如半年内不能吸收,应考虑玻璃体切割术。,Coats病,又称渗出性视网膜炎,多见于男性青少年,少数侵犯成年人,通常侵犯单眼,病程缓慢,呈进行性。本病是一种血管异常,血管内皮细胞屏障作用丧失,致大量血浆渗出于视网膜前、内及下,形成大片状渗出斑块,多见于后极部眼底,可导致视网膜的广泛脱离。病眼在黄斑损害之前,视力不受影响,亦无其他不适。病变多位于后极眼底,面积大小不一,单块
28、或多块,形态不规则,呈白色或黄白色,隆起于视网膜血管下方,偶尔可遮盖部分血管。渗出斑周围可见暗红色出血,并有散在或排列成环状的深层白色斑点。,眼底变性疾病,原发性视网膜色素变性(primary pigmentary degeneration of the retina)本病为慢性进行性双眼疾病,有明显的家族遗传性,父母常有近亲联姻史,男性多于女性,约3:2。,The sorts of retinal degeneration are varied. Clinically the most common one is retinitis pigmentosa. The etiology is u
29、nclear, as a kind of genetic disorders; autosomal recessive inheritance, dominant inheritance as well as sex-linked recessive inheritance may all be seen. Among the cases of three kinds of genetic defects, sex-linked recessive type is the least, but the most severe. The damage of autosomal dominant
30、inheritance is less severe, whereas the autosomal recessive one is,between both types above. Clinically there are not less sporadic cases without genetic evidence. At early stage of ill course, it mainly damages the rods and pigment epithelial cells. Whereas at advanced stage, all the retinal cells
31、and choroidal capillary layer will be impaired.,临床表现:夜盲;本病最早出现的症状,常于儿童期或青少年时期发生, 暗适应异常; 视野:早期有环行暗点,以后环行暗点向中心和周边逐渐扩大而成管状视野。中心视力:早期正常或接近正常,随病变发展而逐渐下降,最终失明。,眼底改变:视乳头萎缩:发生于晚期,色淡而蜡黄,称蜡样视神经乳头,边缘稍模糊。 视网膜色素沉着:始于赤道部,色素呈有突起的小点,继而增多扩大,多呈典型的骨细胞样,大多位于视网膜血管附近,特别是静脉前面,可遮盖一部分血管,或沿血管分布,且多见于血管分支处。以后色素沉着向中心和周边扩展 。,眼部并
32、发症与伴发情况:1.后极性白内障;为常见的并发症,一般发生于晚期;2.约1%3%的病例可并发青光眼,多为开角型。3.约50%的病例伴发近视。,治疗:尚无特效治疗方法。应避免强光,强光可能加速视细胞外节变性,所以必需戴遮光眼镜。 预后:隐性遗传患者发病早,病情重,发展迅速,预后差。在30岁左右时视功能已高度不良,50岁左右接近全盲。,The disease of the optic nerve and pathway,Optic neuropathy optic neuritis papillitis etiology clinical findings:ocular examination f
33、undus examination examination of visual field treatment,视神经及视路病变,视神经炎(optic neuritis)视神经炎好发于青壮年,40岁以下者占86%,儿童亦不少见,老年人则较少发生。约2/3为双眼性。病势大多急剧,对视功能威胁很大,根据炎症主要损害部位,分成视神经乳头炎和球后视神经炎两类。,视神经乳头炎(neuropapillitis),病情急剧,往往数日之内光感消失,病初时,前额部或球后有隐痛及紧束感,此种病状随视力压制障碍而减轻,双眼失明病例,瞳孔散大,对光反射阴性。如尚存有部分视力,瞳孔可无改变,但对光反射不能持久(跳跃现象
34、)。视野检测可有中心暗点,傍中心暗点、象限缺损或向心性视野缩小等。红、绿色视标检查则更明显。VEP潜伏时延长。,检眼镜下,视乳头充血肿胀、轻度隆起,界限模糊。本病预后欠佳。但也有经合理治疗后,能逐渐恢复视力者。视乳头炎后,乳头一般均有不同程度的腿色,表现为苍白色。是继发性视神经萎缩。,球后视神经炎(retrobulbar neuritis),指眼底没有改变可见的视乳头炎症状。按炎症损害部位可分成三种,即球后视神经周围炎、轴性球后视神经炎及横断性球后视神经炎,以轴性视神经炎最为常见,视神经乳头水肿(Papillaedema),又称淤血乳头。视乳头无原发性炎症的被动性充血水肿。是各种因素导致筛板两
35、侧压力失调的一个共同体征。病因:1)颅压增高: 2)眶压增高: 3)眼压下降:,机理:各种原因致筛板后压力高于筛板前,引起视神经纤维轴浆回流和静脉回流障碍。水肿主要出现与组织疏松的筛板前区。正常时眼压高于球后神经组织压。,临床表现:颅压增高所致多为双眼。眼底表现视乳头充血,境界欠清,病情发展,视乳头水肿,隆起,高于视网膜面,达3D以上。视网膜静脉迂曲。视野有生理盲点扩大。,视神经萎缩(optic atrophy),视神经纤维在各种因素的影响下,发生退行性变,使视乳头褪色并有视功能损害者,称为视神经萎缩.视神经萎缩不是一个独立的病变,而是某些神经系统或视神经本身病变的结果.Optic atrop
36、hy is a final end of various severe disorders of the retina and optic nerve. Due to extensive damage of the retinal photoreceptor, gangliocyte as well as its axon, and loss of nervous fiber, gliosis, severe disturbance of visual function have been induced.,Main sysmptom of the optic atrophy is distu
37、rbance of visual function, manifesting as decrease of vision, contraction of visual field. Total loss of vision at ill eye in severe case. Moreover, the pupil may have the corresponding changes, for example, disappearance or retardation of light reflex. Clinically according to fundus manifestationg,
38、 it is divided into primary, secondary and ascending atrophy, three kinds.,临床表现及分类:根据检眼镜所见分单纯性和非单纯性两类。单纯性视神经萎缩:视乳头境界清楚,全部或部分苍白,巩膜筛板孔清晰可见,除视神经乳头外,眼底无其他改变。非单纯性视神经萎缩:视乳头境界模糊,呈灰白或蜡黄色,因神经胶质增生,生理凹陷消失,巩膜筛板孔无法透见,视乳头周围或整个眼底可见视网膜血管白鞘、充盈迂曲或变细,有的还有脉络膜视网膜萎缩斑和色素沉着。,引起单纯萎缩者,有下列数种。1轴性视神经萎缩2脊髓痨性视神经萎缩, 3外伤性视神经萎缩; 4颅内炎症所致的视神经萎缩: 5. 颅内肿瘤增长所致:属下行性萎缩。,引起非单纯性萎缩者有下列:1继发于视神经乳头炎、视乳头水肿等。2缘于原发性视网膜色素变性、变性近视等眼底退行性病变的萎缩。3视网膜动脉高度收缩狭窄,或视神经本身血供障碍而继发视神经萎缩者。有视网膜中央动脉阻塞、急性缺血性视神经前段病变、青光眼等。4. 药物或其他中毒所引起的萎缩。,