1、1Mapping Knowledge Domains Analysis on Marxism in 21st CenturyAbstract: Using the visualization tool CiteSpace, this paper collected 456 documents published between 2000 and 2013 in the field of Marxism from the ISI Web of science.The mapping knowledge domains of regional distribution,institution di
2、stribution, cited journal and cited article in the field were presented. It is concluded that since the 21st century, more and more people have continually researched the basic theories of Marxism to deal with the real phenomena today. This paper would provide a unique perspective to fully understan
3、d the research in the field of Marxism. Keywords: Marxism, CiteSpace , journal co-citation analysis, document co-citation analysis 1 Introduction It is well known that study of Marxist theory also developed with the twists and turns in the history. In the 21st century, more and more people have real
4、ized that the world can not live without Marxism. Marxism is a classical and forever subject matter. Since the 21st century, more and more people 2from different countries and institutions in the world have continually researched the basic theories of Marxism to deal with the real phenomena today. H
5、ow did the further development of Marxism theory proceed in the 21st century? This study will be to try to explore this problem. 2 Research Methods 2.1Data Web of Science database is the largest, wide coverage of the most comprehensive academic resources database in the world, which it includes more
6、 than 9000 kinds of influential academic journals. An initial topic search for Marxism, language for English, the retrieval date for November 13, 2013,resulted in 518 records published between 2000 and 2013. After filtering out less representative record types such as proceedings papers, notes and r
7、eview articles, the dataset was reduced to 456 original research articles . 2.2 CiteSpace We will apply CiteSpace to analyze the knowledge domain of Marxism in the 21st century. CiteSpace is a freely available Java application for visualizing and analyzing trends and patterns in scientific literatur
8、e which is developed by Doctor CHEN chaomei in Drexel University. It is designed as a tool for 3progressive knowledge domain visualization . The conceptual model of CiteSpace is shown in Figure 1. 1 3 Result Co-citation studies are among the most common used methods in quantitative studies of scienc
9、e, especially including journal co-citation analysis, document co-citation analysis ,which are used in this paper.The analysis results are as follows. 3.1 Country and Institution In CiteSpace, the entire time interval of 2000 to 2013 was divided into seven 2-year slices. In Term Source, we select ti
10、tle, abstract, descriptor and identifiers, node types is for institution and country, thresholding (c,cc,ccv) is ( 2,3,15) ; ( 3,3,20) ; ( 3,3,20).After running Citespace, the mapping of country and institution of Marxism studies is showed by fig 3 . In figure 3, a round node represents a country or
11、 a research institution. The size of the circular node indicates how much output of literature the country or research institution have. the more nodes are, the greater the output of the literature. As is shown in figure 2 and figure 3, the marxist research mainly concentrated in the United States,
12、Britain, Canada, Australia, Italy, China, Russia. The two 4figures show that the counts of articles in the United States is more than that of other countries. It is also showed that the distribution of the leading research institutions is diferent in the different area of the field of Marxism study.
13、 The research in the field of Marxism literature are mainly from colleges. Main research institutes of the United States have the university of Manchester, the university of Toronto, university of Wisconsin, York university, Columbia University, etc. The research institute of ENGLAND in the field of
14、 Marsixm study is the university of London. From the perspective of the distribution of research institutions. The fig 4 is showed that the United States has the most number of research institutions. 3.2 Journal Co-citation Analysis In Term Source, we select cited journal , and run CiteSpace, then g
15、et the Fig 5. The size of Circular node represents the number of related research literature of the journal in the Marxism studies. The size is the bigger represents the number is the more. In the fig 5 and tab 1, it is easily said that the journals with the more citation counts and the higher centr
16、ality are NEW LEFT REVIEW, HISTORICAL MATERIALISMRESEARCH IN CRITICAL MARXIST 5THEORY , THEORY AND SOCIETY?, SCIENCE & SOCIETY, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY?. By looking at the introduction and research field mentioned above key journals, it has been found that the main areas in the study of the Ma
17、rxism is politics, philosophy, sociology and geography. 3.3Document Co-citation Analysis Document Co-citation Analysis (DCA) studies a network of co-cited references (Small, 1980, 2003). The fundamental assumption is that co-citation clusters reveal underlying intellectual structures. The notion tha
18、t cited documents are in effect concept symbols was introduced by Small (1978). He found a high degree of uniformity in how specific concepts and specific references to documents (cited documents) were associated in chemistry literature. These cited documents serve as symbols for scientific ideas me
19、thods, and experiments. 1 Centrality metrics provide a computational method for finding pivotal points between different specialties or tipping points in an evolving network. Pivotal points are computationally identified and rendered so that they become preattentative, or pop out, in the visualized
20、network. Pivotal points are highlighted in the display with a purple ring so that they stand out in a visualized network. 2 6The first most prominent article in the visualization is the SELECTIONS PRISON by Gramsci A in 1971 with 34 cited frequency and 0.19 centrality. The SELECTIONS PRISON contains
21、 Gramscis most important work written during his imprisonment from the Italian fascist regime. In the book, Gramsci A analyzed the historical, cultural and political problems of Italy, summing up the experience of the workers movement at that time, and probed into the west toward the road of sociali
22、sm. In the book, “civil society” ,”intellectuals”, “practical philosophy” and “cultural hegemony “ theory is of great influence in the field of Marxist theory research. The second most highly cited and centrality work in this figure is the CAPITAL V1 by MARX KAIL who is the Marxism founder. This wor
23、k the first time deeply analyzed the whole developing process of capitalism, expounded the basic theory of the capitalist commodity production, circulation and distribution , revealed the objective laws of economic development. It is also of the history of epoch-making significance in 21st century.
24、The third important work is the History and Class Consciousness?by the Hungarian philosopher?Gy?rgy Lukcs in 1920 which caused an ideological trend of Western Marxism .In 7this book, Lukcs attempted a philosophical justification of Bolshevism, stressing the distinction between actual class conscious
25、ness and ascribed class consciousness, the attitudes the?proletariat?would have if they were aware of all of the facts. The fourth major work is the 2000 EMPIRE by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt. The book theorizes an ongoing transition from a “modern” phenomenon of?imperialism,centered around indi
26、vidual nation-states, to an emergent?postmodern?construct created among ruling powers which the authors call “Empire”, with different forms of warfare. According to?Empire, the rise of Empire is the end of national conflict. Empire?elaborates a variety of ideas surrounding constitutions, global war,
27、 and class. Hence, the Empire is constituted by a?monarchy?,an?oligarchy and a democracy. These ideas have caused people to rethink the new development of capitalism today. The fifth important work is Hegemony and Socialist Strategy?in 1985 by?Ernesto Laclau?and?Chantal Mouffe,?which is a work of po
28、litical theory?in the?post-Marxist?tradition. Developing several sharp divergences from the tenets of canonical Marxist thought, the authors begin by tracing historically varied?discursive?constitutions of?class, 8political identity, and social self-understanding, and then tie these to the contempor
29、ary importance of?hegemony?as a destabilized?analytic?which avoids the traps of various procedures Mouffe and Laclau feel constitute a foundational flaw in Marxist thought: essentializations of class identity, the use of?a priori?interpretative paradigms with respect to history and contextualization
30、, the privileging of the?base/superstructure?binary above other explicative models. The sixth major work is Social Justice and the City?(1973) by Harvey D. Social Justice and the City expressed Harveys position that geography could not remain objective in the face of urban poverty and associated ill
31、s. It has been cited widely (over 1000 times, by 2005, in a discipline where 50 citations are rare), and it makes a significant contribution to Marxian theory by arguing that capitalism annihilates space to ensure its own reproduction. 2 The other important works with high citation counts and centra
32、lity are the GRUNDRISSE by MARK in1973, the Marxs Ecology: Materialism and Nature by Foster J. in 2000, the NEW IMPERIALISM by Harvey D in 2003. In sort, by analyzing the content of the mentioned above research literature, it is showed that Marxism has applied in 9the field of political science, phi
33、losophy, sociology, geography etc. and promote their development. Though some works were published in the last century, they still play an important role in the field of Marxism study in 21st century. The ideas of these classic works are not out of date. 4 Conclusion In conclusion, the analysis of t
34、he literature of Marxism and its citation-based expansion have outlined the evolutionary trajectory of the collective knowledge over the last 14 years to highlight the areas of active pursuit. 1) the Marxist research mainly concentrated in the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, Italy, China,
35、 Russia . The research in the field of Marxism literature are mainly from colleges. 2) the major journals of researching Marxism are NEW LEFT REVIEW, HISTORICAL MATERIALISMRESEARCH IN CRITICAL MARXIST THEORY , THEORY AND SOCIETY?, SCIENCE & SOCIETY, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY?. Main research area
36、s include politics, philosophy, sociology . 3) the major famous works include SELECTIONS PRISON , CAPITAL, V1 , HIST CLASS CONSCIOUS , EMPIRE , GRUNDRISSE etc. Reference 101.Chen, C. et al. The structure and dynamics of co-citation clusters: A multiple-perspective co-citation analysis. J.Journal of
37、the American Society for Information Science and Technology. (10.1002/asi.21309). 2010 2.Chaomei Chen.CiteSpace: Visualizing Patterns and Trends in Scientific LiteratureEB / OL.( 2010-01-28) 2013-12-5.http: / / cluster.cischool.drexel.edu/ cchen /citespace 3.Chaomei Chen. CiteSpace II: Detecting and
38、 Visualizing Emerging Trends and Transient Patterns in Scientific Literature.J. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology., (2006) 57(3):359-377 4.Karl MarxThe German Ideology, in Marx/Engels, Collected Works, Volume 5MLondon: Lawrence and Wishart,1975: 49 5.Karl Marx. The Poverty of Philosophy, in Marx/Engels Collected Works, Volume6 MLondon: Lawrence and Wishart,1976:177?178
