1、1Study on the Reform of Sports based on Institutional Change TheoryAbstract. In this paper， the role of the institutional change in the reform of sports is specifically analyzed through comparing the main contents of property right institutional meaning and change theory as well as the existing two
2、major institutional change theories. Key words： Institutional Change； Reform of Sports The core of the reform of sports lies in the change of an institution in reality， and it decides whether the reform of sports can adapt to the needs of the economic development of the socialist market. Under the e
3、ffect of the original planned economic system， the original system had been entirely unable to meet the needs of the reform of sports in the socialist market economy. Under the circumstances， the reform of sports is inspired by property right theory. 1.The Meaning of Institution In general， institut
4、ion refers to a standard constraining the conducts of people. On the one hand， the code of conducts of people is standardized by institution. On the other hand， 2the efficiency of people is improved by institution. In the basic framework of economics， institution refers to a kind of public goods in
5、essence， but its forms are relatively special. In addition， the “public goods“ under the normal conditions are not exclusive generally. That is， they can be used by all people within a limited range.However，public goods institution is exclusive to some extent. 2. The Meaning of Institutional Change
6、Theory Institutional change theory first appeared in new institutional economics， and North as its major representative attached high emphasis to the following viewpoint： there was no choice but admit that the innovation of technologies had brought fresh blood to economic growth indeed， but institut
7、ional innovation and related institutional changes were absent in this process. Comprehensively， North thought that institution had a very close tie with all aspects of a countrys continuous progress and development such as economic progress and social development. 3. Comparison on Two Forms of Inst
8、itutional Change Sports survive by relying on the social environment， and also constantly exchange and share all kinds of information and 3material resources with the society. Because of the constantly updating of the social environment， the related institutions or systems are also in the process of
9、 constantly accepting foreign things， and then combining with them， and finally making changes. On the one hand， institutional change is influenced by natural evolution and progress. On the other hand， a certain force can be produced by external changes. Because of the comprehensive influence from b
10、oth internal factors and external factors， institutional change is generally classified into two types： compulsive institutional change and induced institutional change， as shown in table 1. Table 1： Comparison between compulsive institutional change and induced institutional change in similarities
11、and differences 4.The Role of the Theory Change of the Property Rights Institution in the Reform of Sports The traditional property rights institution of sports was consistent with the development of many institutions such as the traditional political institution and the traditional economic institu
12、tion. The traditional socialism theory showed that the contradiction between the production socialization and the private ownership was the main contradiction of the society 4in the economic development of the capitalism， and the non-governmental state could be fundamentally removed from production
13、and the social production could normally proceed only if the original non-governmental market economy was replaced by the planned economy. However， from a different perspective， the planned economy had to be based on the state ownership， and the resources might be in a unified control only if the pr
14、oduction resources were occupied by the state. Thus， the unified planning， unified production， and unified distribution of the whole social production can be ensured. Nowadays， under the guidance of the general direction of the socialist market economic system， the traditional property rights instit
15、ution is opposite to the development needs of the social environment. In the construction process of the social economic institution， the overall economic structure of the state is changing， and also the benefit relationship among different groups is also in a state of readjustment. The traditional
16、unified and highly-centralized planned economic system had been increasingly downturn. The newly established socialist market economic system with Chinese characteristics has been gradually accepted by all aspects of the society. Because of the influence of the overall institution， the 5support and
17、management of the state for sports will unavoidably be weakened to a certain extent， so that sports have to seek certain supports from the society. In addition， along with the continuous open degree of the opening-up and reform policy， Chinas sports undertakings have been integrated into the world o
18、f sports and have become an integral part of the world of sports. Another point of view is also stressed in the western property rights theory. That is， property right should be clear and definite， because the improvement of the resource allocation efficiency can be ensured by it very well. Chinas t
19、raditional sports property rights were completely owned by the state in nature and the property relations seemed to be definite superficially， because the subjects of the property rights were all working people. However， fundamentally， it is found that the rights and responsibilities were not symmet
20、rical. Simply speaking， rights were owned， but the corresponding responsibilities were not certainly undertaken. Under the influence of traditional institution， the social function was unitary； the subjects of property rights were of uniqueness and property rights were controlled and possessed by th
21、e state or government； for the sport property rights， they were actually monopolistic， and the possibility for social 6economic organizations or social economic individuals to acquire sport property rights was removed. This hindered the enthusiasm of developing social sports to a certain extent. How
22、ever， under the influence of todays market economic system， the social functions are presented to be diversified， because the social construction goal is diversified under the force of the market economic system， including not only the pursuit of social benefit， but also the pursuit of economic bene
23、fit. In addition to the two types of benefits， there is also an integration of pursuing both social benefit and economic benefit. In fact， the traditional sports property rights were relatively rigid. However， the sports property rights， which can adapt to the development requirements of the market
24、economic system， should be free actually. In the traditional planned property rights institution， sports resources were actually controlled by the state and the government. That is， any organizations or individuals except the state and the government own no right to use sports properties. In the pro
25、cess of constructing the socialist market economic system with Chinese characteristics， it is necessary to break the rigid structure of the sports properties. On the 7one hand， this is advantageous to more efficient allocation of sports resources. On the other hand， this is helpful for the freedom a
26、nd reasonable trade of sports properties. 5. Conclusion Institutional change and innovation have become the clues of reform. In the environment led by the market economic system， the change of sports should be combined with institutional change theory， and also the exploration history of sports chan
27、ge should be emphatically analyzed. Also， it is necessary to combine with all aspects of the current conditions such as the cost of institutional change. Thus， a path with relatively high efficiency for the reform of sports can be obtained. References 1.Heng Wang. The Change of Chinas Recognition on
28、 Sports Functions. Sports Culture Guide， 2008 （7）. 2.Mingxiao Bao. A Review of Chinas Sports System Reform J. Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education， 1997， （6）. 3.Guangyou Du. Study on Chinas Professional Sports System Reform D. Huazhong Normal University， 2006. 4.Mingxiao Bao. Report on the Development of Chinas Sports 8Industry M. Beijing： Peoples Sports Press， 2006. 5.Zhongyang Jiang. Discussion on the Orientation of Chinas Sports System ReformJ.Northern Economy and Trade， 2002， （2）.
