1、1猜测词义题解题技巧分析近几年的高考阅读试题中对于猜测词义题的考查力度逐步加大。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力,主要考查学生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力,而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围,但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。常见的考题形式有: The word / phrase “.” means / suggests / refers to. From the passage, we can refer that the word / phrase to. The word “.” is closed in meaning to. Which of the
2、following word can best replace the underlined word in the text? 要做好这类题,考生必须熟练掌握大纲规定的词汇,在平时的训练中要注意积累生词和短语,掌握构词法的基本知识,对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心。还要学会根据上下文语意,进行合理推测,掌握一定的解题技巧。 考生在解答这类题型时,应先通读全文、题干和选项,然后标出中心信息,即把与目标选项相关的关键词、句、段重点标出,把它们作为依据来分析词或者词组的意思,再根据对文章的全面理解,采用适当的2解题方法合理地猜测目标词的语境含义,这样既有很强的针对性,又有一定的稳妥性,同时也提升
3、了解题速度。 在实际考试中,遇到猜测词义题时,很多考生往往觉得从字面意义上看,四个词义都符合要求,无法很快判断出眼前这个新词在文章语境中的准确意思,对此,我们可以借助以下几个方法: 一、 定义法(Definition):一般通过定义、定语(从句)或者同位语(从句)来确定词义。有时这种解释用连词“or”连接。例如: 1. It will be very hard but very brittlethat is, it will be break easily.(adj. 易碎的,脆的) 2. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650
4、 yuan a year. (n. 牧羊人) 3. . , and other Germanic and Nordic peoples, who spoke what we now call Anglo?Saxon(or old English) ,a Germanic language. 其中“old English, a Germanic language”都是解释 Anglo?Saxon 的。 4. Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Centre offers a wide variety of choices deluxe sedans, miniva
5、ns, station wagons, coaches, Santana sedans are the big favourite. 从前面的“Car Rental Center”可知出租车公司提供的只能是“cars for rent(出租汽车) ”,也就是说画线的词都是出租汽车的名称。 二、 对比法(Contrast):利用文章中的反义词以及表对比关系3的词或词组猜测词义。根据上下句的连接词,如but,however,otherwise, while 等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。另外,分号(;)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如: 1.
6、A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun。 从上下句可以看出,hassle 和 a basket of fun 肯定是近乎相反的意义,也就是“a situation causing difficulty or trouble” 。 2. She is usually prompt for all her classes, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. A. on time B. late C. slo
7、wly D. quickly 根据后面 but 引导整个句子的意思,我们可以看出画线词应该与 A意义符合。 三、 相似法(Similarity): 利用文中所给的同义词、近义词或者词组猜测词义。例如: Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task. The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted. 根据后面的句子“The job is so large
8、, in fact. ” , 我们可以猜出画线词与 large 同义。 四、 因果法(Cause?Effect):根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说,4“有因必有果,有果必有因” 。根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。例如: 1. Biggest power failure in the citys history. All of our ice?cream and frozen foods melted. 根据因果关系,停电只能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品“融化” ,也就是melted。 2. One who is destitute has a great need for food and
9、clothing. 通过对句中“has a great need for food and clothing”的理解,可以看出句中画线词应该与 poor 同义。 3. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibition in one day. 从句中“impossible to see all the exhibition in one day”可以理解这个 museum 应该非常大,否则不可能花一天时间都无法全部游览完。因此画线词应该是 large 的意思。 五、 举例法(Example
10、):利用文章中的举例猜测词义。常见举例提示词有 for example,for instance,such as 等。例如: Today young couple often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions. 根据“for instance”后面列举的“washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions”这几个词我们可以看出是家用电器之类的物品,因此画线词
11、应该是指“电器用品” 。 5六、 构词法(Word Formation):英语单词大多是由词根、词头(前缀 prefix)和词尾(后缀 suffix)组成。 词根是单词最基本的部分,表达单词的基本含义。在词根前加上前缀或是在词根后加上后缀,可以用来引申或者转换原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义,那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。在中学阶段常见的前缀和后缀有:super?(超) 、mini?(极小的、微小的) 、micro?(极微小的) 、re?(再、反复) 、mis?(误、恶) 、im?(不) 、un?(不、非) 、in?(不、非) 、non?(不、非) 、?
12、able(能的) 、?less(不、无) 、?wards(向)等。例如: 1. “Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10, ” Anaclerio said, “and theyre very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.” 文中 interactive 是由前缀 inter(相互的)和 active(活动的,活跃的)构成的,同时根据上下文的意思可以判断,该词的含义应是“互动的” 。 2. (2012 年新课标卷 A
13、篇) Try hands?on science. Visit one of the many hands?on science museums around the country. These science play?lands are great fun for kids and grown?ups alike. Theyll keep your child mentally and physically 6active the whole day through while pushing buttons, experimenting, and building. 58. What d
14、oes “hands?on science” mean in the last paragraph? A. Science games designed by kids. B. Learning science by doing things. C. A show of kids science work. D. Reading science books. 从词义上来看,这个单词应该跟 hand 有关,再从最后一句“Theyll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing
15、 buttons, experimenting, and building.”可知这是指通过动手操作而学习的方式。所以选 B 最为合适。 七、 上下文(Context):根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。 文章中的代词 it,that,he,him 或 them 可以指上文提到的人或物,其中 it 和 that 还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容或者语境进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的内容。例如: 1. However, the question that“moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A
16、 growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. 首先,it 指上句中的 the question,而 the question 又指上一7段中“月球人”所提的问题,所以要经过两次查找才能选出答案。 2. He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything. Even then all I could make out was that someone called Milly
17、had had a very bad accident. A. see clearly B. understand C. expect D. recognize 从文中我们可以看出作者一开始根本没听懂任何 he 所说的话,到最后才仅仅知道“that someone called Milly had had a very bad accident” ,因此文中画线短语应该与 B 项吻合。 八、 普通常识(Common sense):根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义。 在阅读过程中,如遇到生词,有时可以根据自身的直接或者间接的经验,或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。平时可多了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等,来帮助对文章的理解,遇到生词时,猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。 相信同学们通过对以上解答猜测词义题的一些常用方法的学习和认真训练,在解答此类题型时能做到心中有数、临危不乱,从而取得好的成绩。