1、#*一、时态和语态1. 如何解答时态问题例 1：Youve already missed too many classes this term. You _ just last week. A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed例 2：Anne asked Tom _ the key. A. when he left B. where he had left C. how he left D. why did he left考试重点：2. 与完成时有关的时态现在完成时 (have done) since, for/ in the
2、 past few months, up to now 例 1：Collecting toy cars as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years. A B C D例 2：English _ in a new way at my college in the past few years. A. has been taught B. was being taught C. has been taught D. had been taught. 过去完成时 (had done)例 3：Anne asked
3、 Tom _ the key. A. when he left B. where he had left C. how he left D. why did he left例 4：The chemistry class_ for five minutes when we hurried there. A. had been on B. had begun C. has been on D. would began将来完成时 (will have done) by例 5：Were late I expect the film_ by the time we get to the cinema.
4、A. had already started B. have alreadyC. will already have started D. have already been started. 现在完成进行时 (have been doing)例 6：It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right.A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking过去完成进行时 (had been do
5、ing) 将来完成进行时(will have been doing )例 7：By the time you arrive this evening, _for two hours. A. I will study B. I will have been studiedC. I had studied D. I will have been studying.3. 在时间和条件状语从句中不用将来时态用一般现在时代替一般将来时例 1：When the mixture_, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat B. will be heat
6、ed C. is heated D. has heated例 2：please be sure to telephone me the next time you _. A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come用现在完成时代替将来完成时例 3：Smith is to study medicine as soon as he_ military service. A. will finish B. has finished C. finish D. would finish注意：例 4：No one can be sure if the c
7、ar on display fits him or her until he or she_ them. A. tries B. will try C. are trying D. have tried4. 考试小窍门考试中如果遇到与完成时态相关的选项，要重点加以研读，一般说来是正确答案。二、情态动词#*1. 几个情态动词的否定式的含义cant may notmustntneedt 2. 表示推测的几个情态动词用法must 表示肯定的推测，意思是“ 一定”+do 对现在情况的推测must+have done 对过去情况的推测例 1：I _ asleep in the corner, for I
8、 remember nothing of what happened during the night. A. might fall B. must fall C. must have fallen D. can have fallen cant/couldt 表示否定的推测，意思是“不可能”+do 对现在情况的推测 cant/couldnt+have done 对过去情况的推测 may/might not 表示可能性很小的推测，意思是 “也许”+do 对现在情况的推测 may/might+have done 对过去情况的推测3. 情态动词的完成时虚拟语气的用法neednt have done
9、should have doneshould not have doneought to have donecould have done 4. 考试小窍门在遇到情态动词加完成时和情态动词加原形同时出现的情况下，一般说来情态动词加完成时是正确答案。 Must do Must have done 三、虚拟语气赵文通 考试重点：1. 条件句中的虚拟语气例：I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him. A. had known B. have known C. knew D. would know 例：If a better material
10、 _, the strength of the part would have been increased. A. had been used B. had been using C. being used D. using条件句中的虚拟语气需要注意以下三点：如果条件句中有 were, had, should 时，可以把 if 省略，然后把这三个单词提前，形成倒装。例 3：_ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.A. If he took B. if h
11、e should takeC. Were he to take D. Had he taken含蓄条件句中虚拟语气的应用三级考试中经常出现的三个句型：But for/without，, otherwise/or, but/though.#*例：But for your help, I _ the work in time. A. did not finish B. could not finishA. will not finish D. would not have finished例：Without electricity, human life _ quite different tod
12、ay.A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be例：He was very busy yesterday; otherwise he_ to the meeting.A. would have come B. would come C. could come D. had come例：We would have made a lot of money, but we halfwayA. gave up B. had given up C.would give up D. were to give up错综时间条件句例：If I were yo
13、u, I would not have missed the film last night.2. (should )+动词原形在某些从句中的应用1)当宾语从句从的谓语是 suggest, request, insist, desire , demand, propose, order, command, arrange 等动词时,如: 例：I suggested that we should go there on foot. 注意:当 insist 表示坚持认为之意时, 不用虚拟语气,用陈述语气. 如 : 例：The man insisted that he had never stole
14、n the money 2) It is ordered/desired/decided/requested/strange/important/natural/ 等后的主语从句中 例：It is desired that we should get everything ready tonight 3) advice, idea, order, plan, demand, proposal, suggestion, request 等名词之后的表语从句和同位语从句中.如: 例：My suggestion is that we should hold a meeting this evenin
15、g3. wish 后的宾与从句中应当用虚拟语气4. if only 引导的感叹句中5. as if/as though 引导的状语从句中6. would rather 后的句子的虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式7. it is (high) time that .句型中, 从句的谓语动词用过去式四、非谓语动词1. 不定式不定式的逻辑主语例：The road is wild enough for cars to pass by. 例：It is important for you to work hard. 例：It is kind of you to help me. 不定式的时态和语态例：The m
16、agnificent museum is said _ about a hundred years ago.A. to be built B. to have been builtC. to have built D. to have being built使用不带 to 的不定式1)why not do 表示委婉的建议例：Why not_Professor Li for help He is kind-hearted and willing to help.A. ask B. you ask C. to ask D. your asking2)使役动词 have, make, let 的后面
17、接不定式做宾语补足语时，用省 to 的不定式。例：The teacher has the students _ a composition every other week. A. to write B. written C. writing D. write例：While he was climbing the high mountain, he had his leg_#*A. broke B. break C. broken D. breaking 例：There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself_A. hea
18、ring B. being told C. to hear D. heard3)表示生理感觉的动词如 see, watch, notice, observe, hear 后面接不定式做宾语补足语时，用省 to 的不定式。例：With tears on her face, the old lady watched the little boy_ to a hospital. A. send B. to be sent C. being sent D. sending4)do something but/except do例：There is nothing we can do _ wait.A.
19、 but B. rather than C. in spite of C. besides.5)记住下列不带 to 的短语cant butcant help buthad better2. 动名词1. 有些动词后面既可以接动名词又可以接不定式，但意思有差异remember forgetregret stopgo on mean 2. 后面跟动名词的固定句式have trouble/problems/difficult doing somethingfeel likespend/wastedoing somethingcant helpneed/deserve/wantbe worthwhat
20、about/how about3. 分词分词作表语独立主格结构例 1：During the discussion, Mr Boyd remained silent when asking his opinion. A B C D例 2：Your experiment reports must be checked with care before_A. handed them in B. them handing in C. being handed in D. handing them in例：_ in the air fuels give off heat. A. T burn B. Bu
21、rned C. T be burned D. Being burned五、状语从句赵文通考试重点：1 时间状语从句 while/when/as/until 一就no soonerthan/hardlywhen/scarcelywhen the momentthe minute#*the instant 固定句型It is/has been .since1. 原因状语从句now that in that2. 条件状语从句unlessas long asprovided that3. 让步状语从句asthoughalthougheven ifeven thoughwhilewhatever例 1：
22、If you read the book a second time, and you will probably have quite a different A B Cunderstanding of the events described in it. D例 2：Hard as he worked, but Mr. Brown couldnt keep the shop properly. A B C D六、平行结构and, or, but比较级例 1：I enjoy eating in good restaurants and to go to the theater afterwa
23、rds. A B C D例：It usually takes much less time to fly from one country to another than traveling by train.A B C D例：The rooms were then empty and most of them have been shut up. A B C DPrefer 引出的平行结构：Prefer something to somethingPrefer doing something to doing somethingPrefer to do something rather th
24、an do somethingPrefer 的特殊用法：Prefer somebody to do somethinge.g : I prefer you to speak English in the class. 1、a number of, the number ofa number of +可数名词，谓语用复数，意为许多，大量的the number of +可数名词，谓语用单数，意为的数目2、able, capable, competentable 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，搭配是 be able to do s.th。如：A cat is able to
25、see in the dark. （猫在黑暗中能看见东西。 ）capable 指满足一般要求的能力，搭配是 be capable of +doing。competent 指“胜任” ， “合格” ，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. （医生应该能治多种病。 ）3、above all；after all ；at all; in allabove all 意为“尤其是” 、 “首先” 、 “最重要的是” ，常位于句首或句中，作插入语，起强调作用。如：But above all tel
26、l me quickly what I have to do可首先快些告诉我该做什么。 after all 意为“毕竟 ”、 “终究” 、 “终归” 、 “到底” ，在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如：#*After all，your birthday is only two weeks away毕竟，两周后就是你的生日。 He is，after all ， a small child他毕竟还是个小孩子。 He failed after all他终于失败了。 at all 用于否定句时，意为“丝毫；根本” ，用于疑问句时意为“究竟；到底” ，用于条件句时，常译为“当真；实在” 。用于
27、肯定句中，表示说话人的某种情绪或情感（如怀疑或惊奇等） ，意为“竟然”等。如： He doesnt like you at all他根本不喜欢你。 Are you going to do it at all？你究竟做不做这件事？ If you do it at all，do it well若你真要做这件事，就得做好。 I was surprised at his coming at all他竟然来了，我很惊讶。 in all 意为 “总共” ，既可放在句首，也可放在句末。如： There are 25,000 Inuit in all(In all, there are 25,000 Inui
28、t) 这儿共有 25,000 因努伊特人。 4、aboard, abroad, board, broadaboard 在船（或飞机，车）上。如：I never went aboard a ship.abroad 副词，在国外或海外。如：He often goes abroad.board 为动词，上（船，飞机，车） 。如：The passengers are boarding the plane now.broad 为形容词，宽广的。如： He has very broad shoulders.5、accept, receiveaccept 接受，receive“接到” ， “收到” 。如：I
29、 received an invitation yesterday, but I didnt accept it. （昨天我收到了一个请柬，但并没有接受邀请。 ）6、accident, incident, eventaccident 事故。如： a traffic accident （交通事故）incident“附带事件” ，在政治上特指引起国际争端或战争的事件，事变。event “事件” ，指特别重要的事件，通常是由以前的努力而产生的结果，也指国家和社会的事件。7-accurate, correct, exact, preciseaccurate 准确的，精确的。如：Clocks in ra
30、ilway stations should be accurate.（火车站的钟应该是准确的。）correct“正确的” ，指符合一定的标准或准则，含有“无错误的”意味。它的反义词是 incorrect, wrong.exact“精确的” ， “恰好的” ，比“ 大体上正确”更进一步，表“丝毫不差” 。它的反义词是 inexact。precise 强调“精确” ， “精密” 。8、accuse, charge, sueaccuse 指责，指控，常与 of 搭配。如：His boss accused him of carelessness.charge 常与 with 搭配。如：The poli
31、ce charged the driver with reckless driving.sue 常与 for 搭配。如：Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.9、acquire, require, inquireacquire 取得，获得，学到。如：acquire knowledge （获得知识）inquire 打听，询问。如：inquire a persons name（问一个人的姓名）require 需要。如：We require more help. （我们需要更多的帮助。 ）10、adopt, adaptadopt （）收养。如：
32、Since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl. （他们自己没有孩子，所以决定收养一个小女孩。 ） （）采纳，采用，通过。如：He adopted our suggestion.（他采纳了我们的建议。 ）adopt 与 adapt 词形相近，后者的意思是“使适合” ， “改编”等。11、advantage, benefit, profitadvantage 常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位，机会或时机。如：He had the advantage of good educatio
33、n. （受过良好的教育对他十分有利。 ）profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如 Did you make any profit last year （你去年赚钱了吗？）benefit 指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如：I get no personal benefit from the business.（我个人从这家企业中并不获益。 ）12、1affect, effectaffect 影响（动词） 。如 Smoking affects health.effect 效果，影响（名词） 。如：Government policy will not have any effect on us.13、
34、afford, provide, supply都有“提供，供给”的意思。afford 一般只用于抽象事物。#*provide 和 supply 意思相同，两个词都和 with 连用，构成 provide /supply somebody with something 的结构。14、ago, beforeago 表示以现在为起点的 “以前” ，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。before 指过去或将来的某时刻“以前” ，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。例如，I saw him ten minutes ago.我十分钟之前看到的他。He told me that he had se
35、en the film before.他告诉我他以前看过这场电影。15、agree on；agree to；agree withagree on 作“就取得一致意见”解。例如： The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month 上月，就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。 agree to 有两层含义和用法：其一是 to 作为动词不定式符号，其后跟动词原形，作“同意（答应）做某事”解。例如： My father agreed to buy a new pen for me 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。 其二是 to 作为介词，之后跟表示
36、“计划条件建议等一类的名词或代词” 。例如： They have a greed to our plan 他们已同意我们的计划。 agree with 作“同意某人的意见”解，其后可跟表示人的名词或代词，也可跟表示“意见”或“说的话”的名词或从句。例如： He agreed with my opinions 他同意了我的意见。 We agreed with what he said at the meeting 我们同意他在会上讲的话。 16、alive, living, livealive 指虽有死的可能，但仍活着，一般只作表语。living 可用于人或物，作定语时可前可后。live 只做前
37、置定语，用于动物和个别事物前。17、almost, nearly一般说来，almost 比 nearly 表示的意思更接近“开始” 、 “完成” （目标）等。在 all, every, always 前，两者都可用。如：He is almost (nearly) smoking. （他几乎每天抽烟。 ）almost 可同 never, no, nobody, none, nothing 连用，而 nearly 却不能。如：Almost no one believed her. （几乎没人相信他。 ）18、alone, lonelyalone 只表“ 独自”的客观状态，没有感情色彩，只作表语；l
38、onely 表“孤独” ，：“寂寞” ，能作定语和表语。如：When she is left alone, she feels lonely. （剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。 ）alone, only 均可表“只有” ，但 alone 须置于被修饰词之后， only 往往置于被修饰词前。如：He alone (Only he) can remember the story. （只有他才能记起这段经历。 ）19、altogether, all togetheraltogether 总计，总共。如：Altogether there are six of us. （我们总计六人。 ）all toget
39、her 全都在一起。如：We played the game all together. （我们大家都一起来玩游戏吧。 ）20、although; though; as 三者均可表示“尽管；虽然” ，引导让步状语从句。although 用法较正式，语气较强；though 较常用；as 则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意： 状语从句由 although, though 或 as 引导，主句之前不可有 but, and, so, however 等并列连词，但可有 yet 或 still 等副词。although 与 though 常可互换。例如： AlthoughThough he
40、believes it, yet he will not act 他虽然相信它，但却不肯有所行动。 as 表示“尽管；虽然” ，只能用于倒装句，即：将表语、状语或谓语动词放在 as 之前。though 也可这么用。例如： Young asthough he is, he knows a lot 他虽然年纪不大，却懂得很多。 注意：如果表语是单数名词，要省略 a。例如： Child asthough he is, he can speak two foreign languages 虽然他是个孩子，但他会说两门外语。though 可以放在句末，表示“但是” ，although 却不能。例如： T
41、hey said they would come; they did not, though 他们说他们会来，可是他们并没有来。 although 只用来陈述“事实” ，不能表示“假设” 。因此可以说 even though“即使”以及 as though“好像(as if) ”，不能说 even although 或 as although。例如： I believe you are on dutyeven though youre in plain clothes 尽管你穿着便衣，我相信你是在值勤。21、among, betweenamong 在 中间（三者或三者以上之间） 。如：Our
42、house is hidden among trees.between 在两者之间。如：It is easy to distinguish between a Japanese and a Chinese.22、answer, reply, respond用作动词，都可表“回答” ， “答复” 。#*answer 是常用词，后可接 letter（回信） ，question（回答问题） ，doorbell（开门） ，telephone （接电话） ，advertisement （应征广告）等。reply 较正式，一般只作不及物动词，可与 to 连用。如：He has replied to my
43、letter.（他回答了我信中提的问题。 ）respond 作“回答”解，用得较少，也同 to 搭配。如：He quickly responded to the question. （他很快就回答了问题。 ）另外，respond 还可表“对反应” ， “响应” 。23、approve, proveapprove（1）赞成，同意。如：I dont approve of wasting time.（我不赞成浪费时间。 ）（2）批准，通过。如：The minister approved the building plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。prove 和 approve 词形相似，prove 是
44、“证明” ， “表明是”等。24、arise/rise/raise/ arousearise 是一个不及物动词，意思是“起源于（和 from 连用）和“出现” 。rise 是一个不及物动词，意思是“上升” ，该词是不及物动词：rise, rose, risenraise 是一个及物动词，意思是“举起” 。arouse 的意思是“引起，导致” 。Black smoke rose from the chimney. He is too weak to raise that heavy box. Accidents usually arise from carelessness . A crisis
45、 has arisen in their marrige. Matts behavior was arousing the interest of the neighbors.25、as (so) far as; as (so) long as as（so）far as 的意思是“ 就而言（所知） ”，as (so) far as sthis concerned 是其中一种具体用法，意为“就某事而言” ；as (so) long as 意为“只要” ，引导条件状语从句。如：As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have
46、found their new jobs 就我所知，一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。There is nothing that we cant do so as long as we keep on trying to do it 只要我们不断地努力去做，就没有什么事干不成。As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go就中国的旅游业而言，需要做的工作还很多。26、as though；even though；though as though（as if ） ，意为“好像；似乎” ，引导方式状语从句
47、或表语从句。如： He spoke as though（as if）he had been here before他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。 It looks as if（as though）it is going to rain看起来好像要下雨。 even though（even if） ，意为“即使” ，引导让步状语从句。though 也引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然” ；even though 有退一步设想的意味，与 though 不同。though 引导的句子所说的是事实，even though 引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如： He will not tell the secret even though（even if）he knows it即使他知道这个秘密，他也不肯说出来。 He will not tell the secret though he knows it他虽然知道这个秘密，但他不会说出来。27、assure, ensure, insureassure 的意思是“使（某人）确信” ，一般用作：assure sb. of /that，后面不能直接跟 that 从句。ensure 的意思是“保证” ，后面可以接
