1、新概念英语第 4 册课文笔记1Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 发现化石人We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sa
2、gas-legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples no
3、w living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor le
4、gends to help them to find out where the firstmodern men came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of
5、long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.ROBIN PLACE Finding fossil manNew words and expressions生词短语recount /rikaunt/ v.叙述 / reikaunt/ 再数一次 record / rekd/ /ri kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后 叙述：recount : emotionless重复describedepict： a little emotionalnar
6、rate： temporal they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unli
7、ke some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spi
8、ders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are
9、 busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one yea
10、r would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The ListenerNew words and expressions生词短语flocks and herds 牛群和羊群flCk/the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分you are the same flock.也可指人herd 多指牛群cowherd cowboythrong an
11、d crowd swarmowe /U/ vt.感激 ,欠i owe you.i owe you a big favor.欠 issue oblige indebt appreciate-常用口语词 正式：grateful thankfulbeast /bi: st/ n 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用 animal 形容creature 可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性fraction / frAkFn/ n.小部分分数，小数a fraction of rice will suffice on ones behalf 代表利益I beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你好 on b
12、ehalf of somebody /somethinge.g on behalf of chinese governmenton behalf of representauthority /C:WCriti/ n.权威authorize 批准authoritative 权威性的authoritarian 独裁的tarian 带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator 独裁者dictatorial 独裁的authorities 权威（可单数可复数）当局（复数）census /senss/ n.统计数据the fifth national population census.censor 审查,
13、censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的acre /eik/ n.英亩acresquare metersfootball pitch 足球场football yard football court football field be content with 满足于满足作表语，不能出现定语结构He is content with status quo.contented heart :心满意足的人spare /spZ/ v. 不伤害，宽恕spare me He doesnt spare himself. I spare no efforts to learn english.( spare no
14、efforts: 不遗余力作什么 )Notes on the text课文注释why, you may wonderyou may wonder why 插入语先不管插入语，弄清句子结构you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置不固定why 以疑问句 开头why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings. why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.destroy 程度比 damage
15、 要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光tear into pieces greatest enemies:天敌 dying enemycrying enemydear enemy human race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词impossible 和 possible 永远不要以人开头It is impossible for somebody to do something. likely 可以以人做主语。i am likely to go.probable 也不以人做主语they would 表示假设devour 狼吞虎咽 devour the foodmake a cake of my
16、selfmake a god of myselfdevour the book it 虚拟语气前面是主句，下面是条件句 前面一般的加动词 devour,后面用一般过去时If it were not for:如果这不是因为I would not survive if it were not for his timely help. but for新概念英语第 4 册课文笔记3一定是虚拟语气 if it were not forowe 感激，欠 i owe you.引出主题all of them put together:把他们堆到一起谓语动词是 kill destroyed 后置定语，重心转到s
17、piderLesson 3 Matterhorn man马特霍恩山区人Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to t
18、he top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but th
19、ey did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goalthe top!It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to b
20、e impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers fo
21、und shelter wherever they couldsometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping bet
22、ween fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.New words and expressions生词短语1、 alpinist(1.1)/$lpinist/n登山运动员climbermountaineer词根：alpAlps(1.16)/$lps/ n阿尔卑斯山脉 Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj阿尔卑斯山的2、 attain(1.4)/+tein/ v到达to get toto arrive at/into attain ones goal=realiz
23、eto attain the top/peak/summit 达到顶点 attain youth 永葆青春attainment (n) attainments 成就 accomplishment3、perilous(1.5)/peril+s/adj危险的 peril（随时可能出现的）危险 avalanche 雪崩4、shudder (1.5)/Md+/ v不寒而栗shudder:quick and suddentremble:long and very obviousquiver:excitement ,maybe coldshiver: cold and nervous5、 go out o
24、f ones way专门 by the way 顺路too much for me 受不起6、 court （multiple meanings 多义词）1 朝廷朝臣 courtier2 courteous 彬彬有礼的3 法庭4 娱乐场 足球场 soccer/football court 高尔夫球场 golf court5 追求6 招致骄兵必败 pride courts failure7、 solitary(1.6)/s and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the
25、outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. lt was also found that alth
26、ough she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.New words and expressions生词短语1、Perceive察觉，瞬间感觉到的to make out 费尽心机辨出I looked thoroughly for my elderly mother, finally I make her out . Yeah, I remembered, I finally make him out.I perceive a fly in my te
27、acup.2、elbow ones way (用肘)挤出elbow ones way out of the crowed.挤出人群 Notes on the text新概念英语第 4 册课文笔记5课文注释 Flash 中没有详细讲解Lesson 5 No Room in the Ark诺亚方舟无容身之地The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. One thinks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or more he has been killed, capt
28、ured, and imprisoned, in zoos. His bones have been mounted in natural history museums everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics alike. He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books, and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly
29、 scientific) link with our ancestral past.Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild state, no zoologist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the dark jungles in whi
30、ch he lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the nineteen-twenties, and now lies buried among the animals he loved so well. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the fam
31、ily groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence. All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagination of climbe
32、rs in the Himalayas is hardly more elusive.New words and expressions生词短语（good article : five stars 该文写得不错。）the + n.(s) 表示一类 : the gorilla(s)scene 场景in the African scene : Africa as the background gather palace聚集地something of a paradox 自相矛盾（人对猩猩的观点） contradictory ideas about him主题句：One thinks one kno
33、ws him very well.问题：Yet the fact is we know very little about gorillas.Their ideas vary。人们对他的观点相差很大。For a hundred years or more 一百年甚至更多（包括一百年）For more than one hundred years 一百多年西方，动物一般用人称代替。本文中，gorillas 用 him 代替。另外有：cat she, dog he .imprisoned 关起来圈养be mounted in natural history museums 陈列在自然历史博物馆重点
34、句型：He exert a strong fascination upon(on) Sb. 施加给人们强大的魅力exert on 施加（压力）impose on ,例如 impose influence on , impose pressure on上句可表示为 He have a strong fascination for Sb.或 The gorilla is always fascinating to Sb.alike adv.相同，一样 adj.只能做表语。例如：The two are alike. 这两人真像。形容词只要以 a 开头，99.99% 都做表语。不能做定语词。例如：as
35、leep , awake ,afloat 等He is the stereotyped monster of the horror films and the adventure books. stereotyped old time 老样子 horror films恐怖片film (英 ) movie (美)the stereotyped monster 经典模式 省略主语 and (he is) an obvious () link with our ancestral past link with 与相联系our ancestral past(n.)through not perhaps
36、 strikly scientific尽管话说回来，不是严格的科学概念through 引导的从句主语和主句相同，可以省略。Eg: I arrived at the meeting , though (I was ) late.Yet 与 however ，表示转折，意思完全相同。但 yet 用在句首，however 加标点，可以用 在自由位置。重要句型：No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in Take picture / photograph 照相of one定语后置，satisfactory photog
37、raph of one。主要是为了句子的平衡。One 指 gorilla in a wild state 在野生状态下keep the under observation 把某事处于观察之下keep the city clean 保持城市清洁close and constant observation 持续不断的观察Eg: I have to keep the boy under close control. To control the boy very strikly.插入语：however intrepid = no matter how intrepid 无论多么英勇Eg: No ma
38、n , however intelligent , is perfect.No palace, however peaceful and tranquil , is a paradise. lies buried here among the animals he loved so well 埋葬在他所钟爱的动物中间形容词做状语：lie awake , lie crouchedlifespan 寿命how long the gorilla lives 因为猩猩的寿命客观存在，所新概念英语第 4 册课文笔记6以 live 用一般现代时。 Organs decay 器官衰竭Nor 引导否定并列句，
39、与 unable 并列 生活方式：group living , individual living 智力：intelligence IQ , intelligence qoutient CIA the Central Intelligence Agency of AmericaCID Criminal investigation Division 重案组，罪犯调查科All this and many other thing remain (amost as much ) a mystery (as ) they were. as much as 同 the same asremain a my
40、stery the same as they were.He is as much a musician as a writer.= He is both a musician and a writer.civilized world 文明世界savaged world 野生世界civilized : to get away from wild life中文中的“文明单位”不能用 civilized , 应该用 model或 pace setting unitIm a pace soldiery。我是排头兵。The Abominable Snowman who haunts the imagi
41、nation of climbers in the Himalayas is hardly more elusive. 那萦绕在喜马拉雅山爬山者脑海中的那种令人难以捉摸的雪人，看起来也不一定比我们研 究的大猩猩更加令人费尽心思。（通过侧面比较，引出结论，一种有用的写作方法）Abominable Snowman 作比较，省略 gorillaLesson 6 Youth青年People are always talking about the problem of youth . If there is onewhich I take leave to doubtthen it is older
42、people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beingspeople just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a sple
43、ndid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertainthat I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a ce
44、rtain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material thi
45、ngs. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. Its as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent an lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, illmannered, presumptuous of fatuous, but I d
46、o not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect for eldersas if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.New words and expressions生词短语sb. take leave to do sth. 允许某人做某事，冒昧做某事get down to sth.认真研究get down t
47、o +名词动名词glorious 光辉灿烂的rub 难题teenager 青少年for one thing 原因之一，有一点是连接词 for another identity身份air of freedom 无拘无束 air:神态、气势dreary 沉郁的ambition 追名逐利cosmic being 宇宙人 human being 人violent 强烈的，暴力的suburban 见识不广的，有偏见的conceited 自高自大的presumptuous 自以为是的，放肆的fatuous 愚蠢的clich 陈词滥调I take leave to say我冒昧地说I take leave
48、to be frank恕我直言。口语：maybe Im too boldor .Im bold enoughor.Allowmyselfto say Take ones leave = take leave 离开（正式用法）Would you please take your leave?我很烦的几种表示法：What a bore. What a nuisance.What a trialWhat a jerk.get down to + 名词/动名词例：我开始学习了。I get down to my studies.I get down to learning my book. to介词同义
49、词： be engaged ingloriousglory n. 光荣（rosy ,shining , brilliant , magnificent , gorgeous）in ones glory: 在某人的鼎盛时期in ones dayin ones golden daysin ones prime timein the pride of ones liferub 摩擦新概念英语第 4 册课文笔记7at odds 有矛盾have words with sb. 和拌嘴Do you get the rub?Do you get the picture? Do you catch me ?Do you get me ?Whats the range?问年龄Teenager 14 到 Under thirteen.Adolescent: 13 到 Juvenile 青少年Youth 20 到 Air :神态（多用复数） He always puts on airs. 摆谱Arrogant airs :傲气Bur
