1、1九大词性1. noun(n.) 名词：to describe a person or thing英语中的名词根据是否可数又分为可数与不可数名词。（1）可数名词可数名词规则变化：规则变化 构成方法 例词一般情况 加-s 如：pens、girls 以“s, x, ch, sh”结尾 加-es 如：bus-buses 、box-boxesWatch-watchesdish-dishes以辅音字母+y 结尾 变 y 改 i 再加 es 如：baby-babies、family-families以元音字母+y 结尾 加-s 如：boy-boys、day-days以辅音字母+o 结尾 加-es 如：po
2、tatoes、tomatoes以元音字母+o 结尾 加-s 如：photos以 f 或 fe 结尾的 变 f 或 fe 为 v 再加es如：half-halves、wife-wivesthief-thieves可数名词不规则变化A、单复数同形：deer-deer fish-fish sheep-sheep B、词尾发生变化：ox-oxen child-childrenC、内部单词发生变化：foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese woman-women man-men mouse-mice policeman-policemenD、表示某国人时,中日不变,英法变,其他
3、国家加 s：(1)Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese (2)Frenchman- Frenchmen Englishman- Englishmen (3)German-Germans Russian-Russians Americans 特殊情况i. 另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。如：people，police ，trousers，pants，clothes，scissorsii. 有些名词以 s 结尾，但不是复数形式，如：news，maths，physics，politicsiii. 有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词，如：room(空间) a r
4、oom(房间) work(工作) works(著作)(2)不可数名词：（前面不能用 a,an 等来修饰）到目前为止我们所学的不可数名词有：A 液体类 : water：juice,tea , soup ,milk,cola,coffeeB 肉类 : meat，beef, pork, muttonC 粉末类：breadD 抽象名词类 news,information,money,advice,friendship,work,homework,housework schoolwork ,help ,fun,health,priceE 食物类 : food, broccoli, rice, porri
5、dge, junk food ,tofu不可数名词计量的表达:A 个数单位词：piece （张、片、块、条）,如：a piece of newsB 容器单位词：bottle （瓶） ,bag（包）,box（盒、箱）如：a bottle of milk2C 类别单位词：kind( 种、类) D 度量衡单位词：kilo(千克、公斤) 翻译下面的词组:1.两杯咖啡: 2.四块面包: 3. 七袋大米： 4. 八只鹿： 5.一滴水： 6.三个男孩： (3)名词所有格（翻译为：的）：构成方法 例句一般在有生命名词后加s 构成 Lindas desk若以 s 结尾复数名词，则在 s 后加s，若不是以 s 结
6、尾复数名词，则加sthe boys friends the childrens day表示几个人共同的东西，只在最后一个人后加sLucy and Lilys mother表示几个人都分别有的东西，则每个人都加sLucys and Lilys book表示时间、距离的名词可以加s 或 构成所有格形式Todays newspaperFifteen minutes walk表示某人的家、店铺、诊所时，常省略所有格后面的名词at my uncles=at my uncles home表示无生命事物的所有关系：一般用.of.结构来表示无生命的名词所有格：a map of China 中国地图 the n
7、ame of the film 书的封面the cover of the book 电影的名字 用括号中所给词的适当形式填空：1The two girls are ( Japan ) 2. The ( baby ) are asleep 3. Do you know the two ( man teacher ) ?当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。eg.an apple tree，five apple trees，a girl friend，two girl friends，a twin sister但是，当 man 和 woman 作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式
8、。eg.two men teachers，three women doctors4. The ( child ) are washing their ( foot ) .5.There are two ( people ) and lots of ( sheep ) in the fields .6. September 10 is ( teacher ) Day .7. I think physics ( be )more interesting than maths 8. Dont you think the ( radio ) are too noisy ?9. Whose ( knif
9、e )are these ?10. “ Whose house is this ?” “ Its the ( Smith )” .32. verb(v.) 动词eg. do, make, go, take, bring英语中动词根据其后是否可以加宾语又分为：Vt. (及物动词） eg. speak, give, singVi. (不及物动词） eg. run, work英语中动词有 5 中形态：原形， 第三人称单数形式，过去式，过去分词（用于完成时或被动语态中） ，现在分词do does did done doingwork works worked worked workingI 动词第三人
10、称单数形式变化(三单变化)规则变化 动词原形 三单变化直接+s help/make helps/makes以字母 s/x/ch/sh 为结尾+esguess/wash/watch guesses/washes/watches以“辅音字母+y”为结尾，变 y 为i+esstudy/carry/fly studies/carries/flies以 o 为结尾的部分单词+esdo/go does/goes特殊变化 have hasII. 动词过去式和过去分词变化(1) 规则变化规则变化 动词原形 过去式和过去分词直接+ed work/call/want worked/called/wanted以“辅
11、音字母+y”为结尾，变 y 为 i+edstudy/try/carry studied/tried /carried重读闭音节元音+辅音结尾+edstop/plan stopped/planned以字母 e 为结尾 +d live/hope lived/hoped(2) 不规则变化需要单独记忆III 动词的现在分词形式变化规则变化 动词原形 现在分词直接+ing help/work helping/working以 e 为结尾，去 e 加 ing make/move making/moving重读闭音节元音+辅音结尾+ingget/begin getting/beginning以 ie 为结尾
12、，变 ie 为y+inglie/die/tie lying/dying/tying时态（找时间标志词）：4一般现在时： 结构：am / is / are play / plays 判断：sometimes, often, usually, always, every, 在 if / as soon as 等复合句中, 主将从现1. If you_ hard, you will pass the exam.A. studies B. study C. will study D. is studying 现在进行时： 结构： am / is /are playing 判断： Look, Liste
13、n, now, Wheres sb？ 典型例题：1. -Where s mom? I want to go shopping with her.-She_ in the bedroom.A. reads B. read C. is reading D. has read一般过去时： 结构： was / were played 判断： yesterday, last, ago 及语境. 典型例题：1. -You look tired. What did you do yesterday?-I _ till night.A. works B. worked 一般将来时： 结构： will play
14、 判断： tomorrow, next及语境, 在 if /as soon as 等主从复合句中 ,主将从现 . 典型例题：1. She _ me as soon as she gets there. A. calls B. call C. called D. will call过去进行时： 结构： was /were playing 判断： at that time, at this time ,yesterday , by+过去时间, by the end of+过去时间 常用于带有 when/ while 的主从复合句中. 典型例题：1. Mom_ in the kitchen when
15、 I got home.A. cooks B. cook C. was cooking D. cooked2. I_ my homework at this time yesterday .A. did B. do C. will do D. was doing5现在完成时（动作从过去持续到现在）： 结构： has / have played 判断： just, already, yet, ever, never, so far（到目前为止）次数(once,twice) since+时间点, for + 时间段, how long 典型例题：1. He_ in the factory for
16、two years.A. works B. worked C. is working D. has worked被动语态， （主语与谓语构成被动关系）：主语+be(am/is/was/were/will be)+done如： The hole should (dig) deep enough. The students (tell) to clean the classroom.情态动词（can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared)敢 , need 等,另外,have to、had bett
17、er 也当作情态动词使用）后加动词原形(1)ATom _ (come) from America. Now he (teach) English in a middle school in Beijing. In his free time, he would like _ _ (go) in for a traditional sport so that he can (learn) more about Chinese. BNow, people use satellites to do many things. So far, man (invent) four kinds of sat
18、ellites. One of them (use) to study the weather.(2)AHenry, a 14-year-old boy, used (be )too fat to play sports. He went to the doctor and (tell) to have a balanced diet. So he tried _ _ (not eat) too much meat or sugar because they might make him get heavier. Now he isnt fat at all. He does sports e
19、very day and (become) a member of the school soccer team. Next week Henry will take part in the school sports meet.B6My mother is very kind and easygoing, she helps me a lot. I (take) good care of in mydaily life by her. When Im in trouble, she always encourages me to face my difficulties. With her
20、help, I (become) a top student in my class already. I believe she (be) proud of me in the near future.3. adjective(adj.)形容词eg. good, beautiful, nice, happy, long英语中形容词有两种形式：比较级和最高级 eg. good- better- best nice- nicer- nicest1.比较级、最高级的构成一般在词尾加 er 或 est great-greatergreatest以 e 结尾的只加 r 或 st nicenicer-n
21、icest以辅音字母加 y 结尾的，先变 y 为 i，再加 e或 esheavyheavierheaviest easyeasiereasiest busybusierbusiest funnyfunnierfunniestearlyearlierearliest以重读闭音节结尾的词，先双写最末的一个辅音字母，再加 er 或 estbigbiggerbiggest， thinthinnerthinnest，fatfatterfattest，fitfitterfittest音节和部分双音节词，前加 more 为比较级，加(the)most 为最高级carefulmore carefulmost
22、carefulusefulmore usefulmost usefulpopularmore popularmost popular不规则变化的词 goodwellbetterbestbadillbadlyworseworstmanymuchmoremostlittlelessleastoldolderelderoldest(指年龄大小)eldest(指长幼顺序 )farfarther furtherfarthest(指距离)furthest(指程度)2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法 (形容词最高级前面要加定冠词 the)(1)形容词和副词比较级的用法用于两者 比较，表示 “比更” （th
23、an 前加比较级）：eg.I am two years older than my little sister.用于两者之间的同级比较，表示“和一样”（ as+原级+as）：eg.Bill is as funny as his father.表示甲在某方面不如乙：“A+系动词 +not +asso +形容 i 司原级+as 十 B”（as/so+原级+as）eg.These books arent as interesting as those.表示某个范围内的三者相比：7“the+最高级+of 短语( 比较范围)+复数名词”eg.Penny is the tallest of these g
24、irls. .Penny 是这些女孩中最高的一个。表示“ 越来越”： “比较级+and+比较级”eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer.在春天，白天变得越来越长。表示“ 越越”： “the+比较级the+比较级”eg.The mort：you practice using English，the better youll learn it 你英语练得越多，就会学得越好。在比较级中，为了避免重复，可用 that 或 those 代替前面提到过的事情。The pants in this shop are a lot better th
25、an those(=the pants) in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。4. adverb(adv.)副词eg. fast, quickly, badly, well, happily 及频率副词： much，(a)little，a bit，very，so ，too英语中副词也有两种形式：比较级和最高级 eg. fast-faster-fatest 副词可修饰动词与形容词，分别放在动词之后，形容词前。Eg:She speaks English well.He has a very nice watch.(1)About 20 minutes later,
26、Lizzie managed to (success) pull herself(2) The river was so polluted that it _ _ (actual) caught fire and burned.(3)If so, you can (simple) do some online shopping.(4)They were (extreme) close!5. pronoun(pron.)代词eg. this, that, it, she, he, I, you, they 英语中代词有：人称代词，指示代词人称代词又有主格和宾格，形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词
27、I 是主格作主语，一般位于句首。my 是形容词性物主代词，用于名词前作定语：我的，如：my bookme 的宾格形式，位于动词后作宾语，如：Do you understand me?你懂我吗？mine 是名词性物主代词，相当于 my+名词的意义如：It is mine=it is my book. Mine is missing=my pen is missing.主格 I you he she It we you they宾格 me you him her it us you them形容词性物主代词my your his her its our Your their名词性物主代词mine
28、Yours his hers its ours yours Theirs带有反身代词的常用短语。teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随便吃些吧learn.by oneself 自学 enjoy oneself 过得愉快8不定代词（1）each“每个各个”(强调个体)（2）every“每个各个”(强调全体)（3）both 表示两者“都” (强调全体)（4）all“ 全体大家一切”用于三者以上（5）either“两者之一” ， 用于两者( 强调个体)（either of）（6）neither “两个都不”，用于否定两者。 （neither of）（7）none“ 没有
29、一个人物” 用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名词（none of+可数名词）（8）one 用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人，以免重复；复数 ones 用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人（9）few(+ 复数名词 )，little(+不可数名词)表示“没多很少 ”(表否定)。a few(+ 复数名词 )，a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定)。（10） 1. onethe other 表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个另一个”2. one another 表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另个” 。3. one the others 强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。4. so
30、me the others 表“一部分”与“其余的全部”。疑问代词(1) whowhom 谁( 指人).(2) whose 谁的（作定语）(3) which 哪一个，哪一些（指人或物）(4) what 什么（指物）6. preposition(prep.)介词eg. in, on, by, at, under, behind, from, to, for, with,介词为英语中的小词，但它们的作用可大着呢！7. numeral(num.)数词eg. one, two, three, first, sencond, third数词分为基数词和序数词两类注意下列变化：(1)不规则变化onefir
31、st，twosecond ，threethird ，fivefifth，eighteighth ，nineninth ，twelve-twelfih(2)以 y 结尾的十位整数，变 y 为 ie 再加 thtwentytwentieth， fortyfortieth ， ninetyninetieth8. conjunction(conj.)连词eg. and, but, because, so, after, before，then,连词连接两个句子，并能表示两个句子之间的关系I 从属连词( 用来引导从句)引导时间状语从句： after，before，when，while，as，until
32、，till，since，as soon as引导原因状语从句：because ，as ，since9引导目的状语从句：so that，in order that 为了引导结果状语从句：so that，sothat，such.that 以至于9. article(art.)冠词英语中冠词共 3 个，分为两类：不定冠词 a an、定冠词 the （选择时可选择代入翻译）如：23Look at _ horse over there Aa Ban Cthe D 25There is _ old woman in the car A Bthe Ca Dan 不定冠词：a an“一个”文章第一次提到的人或
33、事物表示“每(个)” ，相当于 every。(twice a week.=twice every week) 定冠词：the“那个”文章第二次提到的人或事物用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。the taller用在序数词前。the second day of a week用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。the earth在某些形容词前，表示类人或物。the rich(富人)，the poor(穷人)，the deaf(聋人)，the blind(盲人)，the dead(死者)，the wounded(伤员)用在乐器前。Play the piano不用冠词的情
34、况：在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。.play basketballsoccerchess在三餐前不用冠词。have breakfastlunchsupperdinner在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。Tina，China ， New Years Day，Tuesday ，January在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。My favorite is English.在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。eg.at noon， at work，at home，by bus, by air，on foot，from morning till night，at night，go to school，go t
35、o bed，at last1We cant see _ sun at _ night Athe；the Bthe； Ca； D； 2 _ woman over there is _ popular teacher in our school AA ；an BThe；a CThe；the DA；the 3They made him _ king Aa B the Can D 4Does Tom often play _ football after _ school？ A； B；the Cthe； Da； 5They passed our school _ day before yesterday 10Aan Bone Ca Dthe 6This is _ appleIts _ big apple Aan；a Ba ；the Ca；an Dan；the 7Ive been a student there for nearly two and _ half years Aa Ban Cthe D 8The museum is quite farIt will take you half _ hour to get there by _ bus Aan； Ban；a Ca； D；
